NGSIM使用手册（1）
美国NGSIM系统的使用手册，方便读者高效的利用NGSIM进行数据下载，完成交通领域的研究Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No2. Government Accession no3. Recipients Catalog NoFHWA-HOP-06-0124. Title and subtitle5. Report DateNext Generation Simulation(NGSIM) Data Format Planly20046. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s8. Performing Organization report noVijay Kovvali, richard margiotta, Robert franc, vassiliAlexiadis9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit NoCAMBRIDGE SYSTEMATIC INC150 CAMBRIDGE PARK DRIVE SUITE 400011. Contract or grant noCAMBRIDGE MA 02140DTFH61-02-C-0003612. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredDepartment of transportationFinal reportFederal Highway AdministrationJuly 2003-july 2004Office of Acquisition Management14. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street SW, RM 4410Washington, DC 2059015. Supplementary notesFHWA COTR: John Halkias, Office of Operations, and James Colyar, Office of Operations r&d16. AbstractThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGSIM) Data Format Plan was developed to define thestructure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be collected for estimationcalibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. The development of the data Format Plan isbased on existing formats that are relevant to ngsim and augmented to fill in gaps. to this end, a reviewof existing data formats was undertaken and their relevance to NGSiM was assessed. The review includeddata standards developed for intelligent transportation systems(ITS), data formats developed specificallyfor traffic simulation models, and data formats developed for broader transportation applications. Thespecified data formats were developed with the objective of promoting efficient research by maintainingonsistency between data collection and research, and providing consistent storage and transmittalprotocols. On the other hand, this plan intentionally avoids over specification of data formats, so as tominimize unnecessary limitations to research. This document specifies the conceptual data model by meansof Unified Modeling Language UMl class diagrams; the data dictionary in the data standard prescribed bP1489-1999 format developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE); the dataexchange structure for data transfer from user to user or from the database/repository to users; and theNGSIM metadata17. Key words1 8. Distribution StatementNext generation simulation, NGSIM, trafficNo restrictions. This document is available to thesimulation, high-level plan, traffic data collection, public through the National Technical Informationvehicle trajectory dataService, Springfield, VA2216119. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages22. PriceUnclassifiedUnclassifiedForm dot e1700.7(8-72)Reproduction of completed pages authorizedTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1High- Level plan context……垂垂垂垂·着垂垂垂垂非垂·非垂垂看垂音非非;·垂垂音看垂看垂1.2 Background1.3 Data Collection Types……1344581. 4 Data Conversion1.5 Data Formats·····.···············.··.···.·;···..·.··..·.···2.0 NGSIM DATA REQUIREMENTS22 Microsimulation Software Data format,…………172.1 NGSIM Data…192.3 Rcquirements for NgsiM data Collection..................193.0 RECOMMENDED NGSIM DATA FORMATS..m. 233.1 NGSIM Data model233.2 NGSIM Data Dictionary……………243.3 NGSIM Metadata.............................253.4 NGSIM Data Exchange Format273.5 File and Directory Naming Convention……293.6 Summary30REFERENCES31APPENDIX A-REVIEW OF EXISTING TRANSPORTATION DATA FORMATS3APPENDIX B-ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR NGSIM DATACOLLECTION,45APPENDIX C-DATA MODEL∴….,,53APPENdIXD-DATA DICTIONARY.APPENDIX E-METADATA. ...........................................................................................99APPENdIX F-SYSTEM-STATE DATA看香音看音香n117List of FiguresFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies4Figure2. Diagran. Data format classification relevant to ngsim1………Figure 3. Diagram. Top level data model of general traffic simulation55Figure4. Diagram. Influencing factors database packages………………56Figure 5. Diagram. Behavioral models packages57Figure6. Diagran. Facility type generalization…………18Figure 7. Diagram. Traffic management systems generalization......59Figure 8. Diagram. Transit management systems generalizationFigure9. Diagran. nvironment generalization.………………………0Figure 10. Diagram NTCIP Controller class diagram61Figure 11 Diagram Actuated traffic signal controller generalization2Figure12 Diagram. Generalized microsimulation data model………………63Figure 13 Diagram Data concept components and constructs(IEEE Std 1489-1999)66List of tablesTable 1. Example validation data by algorithm categoryTable 2. Summary of NGSiM categorizations for data formatsTable 3. Accuracy requirements for vehicle trajectory data. ..45Table 4. Accuracy requirements for instrumented vehicle data.........46Table 5. Accuracy requirements for wide-area detector data......... 47Table 6. Accuracy requirements for nctwork-rclated data48Table 7. Accuracy requirements for representative transportation managementsystems data52Table 8. Terminology for UMLmodeler54Table 9. Data dictionary for NgSim.67Table 10 processing documentation metadata for ngsimwwwwwm116Table1l. Requisite vehicle trajectory data…………………………117Table 12. requisite wide-area detector data requirements……118EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGsim) Data Format plan was developed todefine the structure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be col-lected for estimation, calibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. Thedevelopment of the data format plan is based on existing formats that are relevant toNGSIM and augmented to fill in gaps. To this end, a review of existing data formats wasundertaken and their relevance to ngsim was assessed. The review included data standards developed for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), data formats developed spe-cifically for traffic simulation models and data formats developed for broader transporta-tion applications. The specified data formats were developed with the objective of pro-moting efficient research by maintaining consistency between data collection andresearch, and providing consistent storage and transmittal protocols. On the other handthis plan intentionally avoids overspecification of data formats, so as to minimize unnecessary limitations to researchFour data format components were specified in this document, including: 1)data model,2)data dictionary, 3 )metadata, and 4) data exchange formatNGSIM Data Model- The conceptual data model for NGSIM data formats is pre-sented by means of Unified Modeling Language() class diagrams. Used in con-junction with the data dictionary, the data model allows for construction of a formaldatabase/repository for NGSIM validation dataNGSIM Data Dictionary This provides definition of individual data elementsrequired by NGsim. It follows the data standard prescribed by P1489-1999 formatdeveloped by the Institutc of Elcctrical and Electronics Engineers(ieee)NGSIM Data Exchange Format- The data cxchange structure dcfincs how datashould be transferred from user to user or from the database /repository to users. Thisdocument specifies the framework for developing data exchange formats by providingthe data model and the data dictionary; it also provides clear guidance on the formatstandards with which the data exchange format should conform Currently it doesnot provide specific schema for the data exchange formatsNGSIM Metadata- This includes both traditional metadata(definitions, specificationsand valid value lists for data elements and general information about the dataset andits availability); and processing metadata(what has happened to the data from data col-lection to data archival). Administrative metadata formats were adapted fromContent Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata(FGDC-STD-001-1998), developedby the Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC). Recommendations for NGSiMprocessing metadata are based on the guidance provided in ASTM E2259-03, devel-oped by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTm)1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe objectives of the NGsim program include the followingDevelopment of a core set of open behavioral algorithms in support of traffic simulation with a primary focus on microscopic modelingCollection of extensive data that will be used for estimation calibration and validationof the core behavioral algorithms; and storing the data in a repository that can be uni-versally accessedThe High-Level Plan for DatasetsTask E3)identified different kinds of traffic data col-lection methods and technologies and recommended three kinds of data collection effortsfor ngsim, including vehicle trajectory data wide area detector data and instrumentedvehicle dataThis report Task F)presents the documentation, format structure, and transfer requirements for the ngsim data formats for these data collection efforts identified in task e3This report is organized as followsExecutive Summary -Provides an executive summary of this documentSection1.0-Provides an overview and introduction to this report, including the con-text of the data format plan within NGsIM, information on NGsim data collection anddata types, information on data conversion, general information on data formats, anda summary of available transportation data formats and their relevance for ngsimSection 2.0-Presents definitions and categorization for different data types, and pro-vides ngsim data requirementsSection 3.0-Presents data format recommendations for the NGsim program,including a data model, data elements for the data dictionary, metadata to describe thedata collection effort and data exchange formatsReferences-Presents references used in developing this data format planAppendix a-Presents a review of existing transportation data formatsAppendix B-Presents accuracy requirements for NGSiM data collectionAppendix C- Presents a UML representation of the ngsim data modelAppendix D-Presents a high-level NGSIM data dictionaryAppendix E- Presents metadata categories, dictionary, and recommended metadataformats for ngsim1.1 HIGH-LEVEL PLAN CONTEXTInterdependencies among NGSIM tasks are shown in figure 1. The High-Level Plan forDatasets(Task E. 3) presents an assessment of existing datasets of potential use for NGSIM,and makes recommendations on the focus for nGsim data collection methodologies. Thisreport on the data Format Plan task f) provides recommendations on the data exchangeformat(s) for NGSIM data collection efforts. The data formats are also influenced by theHigh-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e 2)Task E 1-1Core algorithmAssessmentTask e,3Task e.1-2Task e2High-LevelCore AlgorithmHigh-Level Verificationlan for DatasetsPlanandⅤ alidation planTask eData format planFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies.1.2 BACKGROUNDThe NGSiM field data collection effort pursues data required for developing, estimating,calibrating and validating traffic behavioral algorithms. Tactical route execution, opera-tional driving, and en-route strategic traveler behaviors were identified as the focus of theNGSIM core behavioral algorithm research in the identification and prioritization of coreAlgorithms Task D)report. The High-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e2)provides an example of the data collection datasets for each algorithm category as shownin table 1. the table illustrates the extent over which data must be collected for each levelof algorithm. For example, for operational driving algorithms, a single stretch of roadwayon a freeway will likely be sufficient, while, for development of tactical driving algo-rithms, the data collection effort should be expanded to include the freeway section andmultiple entry and exit ramps that feed the freeway. The data formats developed in thisplan address the data, both static and dynamic, that are pertinent to the data collectionefforts necessary for developing and validating all three categories of driver behavioralalgorithms4
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随机微分方程（胡适耕）PDF
随机微分方程（胡适耕）PDF完整版，随机微分方程学习资源0211.63/52008大学数学科学从书22随机微分方程胡适耕黄乘明吴付科著学出版社北京内容筒介本书介绍Ⅰto型随机微分方程(包括随机泛函微分方程与中立型随机微分方程)的基本理论与研究进展.前半部分简要介绍随机微分方程的基本概念与一般理论,然后以较大篇幅综述该领域若千有代表性的近期研究成果其内容集中于随机微分方程解的渐近状态,包括稳定性、有界性、持久性非爆发性等.特别深入讨论了有重要应用价值的随机神经网络系统与随机Lotka- Volterra系统.部分内容为作者的近期研究成果本书可用作相关专业研究生的教材或高校教师的参考书,亦可供有兴趣于随机微分系统的科技工作者阅读图书在版编目(C|P)数据随杋微分方程胡适耕,黄乘明,吴付科著.一北京:科学出版社,2008(大学数学科学丛书;22)ISBN978-7-03-021380-8L.随…Ⅱ.①胡…②黄…③吴…Ⅲ.随机微分方程Ⅳ.0211.63中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2008)第034312号责任编辑:吕虹赵彦超/责任校对:赵桂芬责任印制:赵德静/封面设计:王浩辞学实服出版北京东黄城根北街16号邮政编码:100717http://www.sciencep.com新着仰厂印刷科学出版社发行各地新华书店经销2008年5月第版开本:B5(720×1000)2008年5月第一次印刷印张:241/4印数:1-3000字数:366000定价:68.00元(如有印装质量问题,我社负责调换新欣〉)《大学数学科学丛书》编委会(以姓氏笔画为序)顾问:王元谷超豪姜伯驹主编:李大潜副主编:龙以明冯克勤张继平袁亚湘编委:王维克尹景学叶向东叶其孝李安民李克正吴宗敏吴喜之张平文范更华郑学安姜礼尚徐宗本彭实戈作者简介胡适耕,湖南湘乡人.1967年毕业于湖南大学数学系,1979年起在华中理工大学(即今华中科技大学)任教.现为华中科技大学数学系教授、博士生导师,并兼任《应用数学》杂志常务副主编长期从事基础数学与应用数学的教学和研究,主要研究领域为非线性动力系统与随机动力系统.发表了一系列研究论文与著作,代表性著作有《非线性分析》、《抽象空间引论》、《宏观经济的随机模型》等.《大学数学科学丛书》序按照恩格斯的说法,数学是研究现实世界中数量关系和空间形式的科学.从恩格斯那时到现在,尽管数学的内涵已经大大拓展了,人们对现实世界中的数量关系和空间形式的认识和理解已今非昔比,数学科学已构成包括纯粹数学及应用数学内含的众多分支学科和许多新兴交叉学科的庞大的科学体系,但恩格斯的这说法仍然是对数学的一个中肯而又相对来说易于为公众了解和接受的概括,科学地反映了数学这一学科的内涵.正由于忽略了物质的具体形态和属性、纯粹从数量关系和空间形式的角度来研究现实世界,数学表现出高度抽象性和应用广泛性的特点,具有特殊的公共基础地位,其重要性得到普遍的认同整个数学的发展史是和人类物质文明和精神文明的发展史交融在一起的.作为一种先进的文化,数学不仅在人类文明的进程中一直起着积极的推动作用,而且是人类文明的一个重要的支柱.数学教育对于启迪心智、增进素质、提高全人类文明程度的必要性和重要性已得到空前普遍的重视.数学教育本质是一种素质教育;学习数学,不仅要学到许多重要的数学概念、方法和结论,更要着重领会数学的精神实质和思想方法.在大学学习高等数学的阶段,更应该自觉地去意识并努力体现这一点作为面向大学本科生和研究生以及有关教师的教材,教学参考书或课外读物的系列,本丛书将努力贯彻加强基础、面向前沿、突出思想、关注应用和方便阅读的原则,力求为各专业的大学本科生或研究生(包括硕士生及博士生)走近数学科学、理解数学科学以及应用数学科学提供必要的指引和有力的帮助,并欢迎其中相当一些能被广大学校选用为教材,相信并希望在各方面的支持及帮助下,本丛书将会愈出愈好李大潜2003年12月27日前言半个多世纪之前,当I0的划时代著作 On Stochastic Differential equations(Ito,1951)面世时,对于“随机微分方程”(SDE)这一新的数学分支的要义、价值与前景,人们能够确切说明的东西尚不多.经历半个多世纪堪称辉煌的发展之后sDE已负盛名,但人们似乎仍然难以评说—不是因为材料缺乏,而是因为材料实在太多!今天,SDE已积累了如此丰富的成果,欲加以适当的概括以睹其全貌已非易事尽管如此,有两件重要的事情无论如何值得一提其一就是,SDE在其发展过程中展示出与某些经典数学问题之间存在着出人意料的深刻联系,最著名的例子就是 Feynman-Kac公式,它将一定偏微分方程(PDE)问题的解表为适当的SDE的解,从而为在PDE的研究中使用随机分析方法开辟了道路.无论这一联系所导致的实际结果如何,在两个看来相距甚远的领域建立起明确的联系,在整个数学发展史上都是值得大书特书的事件这一事实令人信服地表明,建立在初看起来颇为诡异的随机微积分基础上的SDE,并非纯粹是概率论学者独特思想的逻辑衍生物,而是现代数学统一理论大厦中一个自然的部分.在Fe公式这类成果面前,随机数学与非随机数学之间看来难以逾越的鸿沟最终消失了.仅此一端,就不能不说是过去这个世纪数学发展进程中的一件大事SDE理论中另一件值得一提的大事是:一些明显不稳定的确定性微分系统,因随机扰动的介入居然可能成为稳定的系统这就完全颠覆了人们对于随机扰动似乎理所当然的负面看法,人们终于明白,在动态过程中,随机扰动或噪声并非总是不稳定或紊乱的根源,而且在特定情况下甚至是镇定系统所必需的.这一事实的发现,其理论价值也许不及 Feynman-Kac公式那么重大,但其实际意义则可能更大它实际上宣告,即使对于确定性系统的稳定性研究,SDE也是必需的.大而言之,上述事实恰好印证了数学发展中的一条普通规律:对于一个旧体系的真正深刻理解来自该体系的某个新的扩展.从实分析到复分析的扩展提供了熟知的例子,而从通常微分方程理论过渡到SDE理论,则可能是更令人振奋的例子或许,使以上两件事都显得黯然失色的是SDE在范围广泛的领域中卓有成效的应用.近几十年来,SDE在物理、力学、化学、生物学、经济与金融学、控制理论、航天工程等多个部门发挥了重要作用,已有不可计数的文献作证尽管这些应用的某些方面本书有所涉及,但在总体上加以概括,则远非本书作者的学识所能胜任.我前言们只能指出如下已成定论的事实:对于许多实际领域的专家而言,为运用强有力的现代数学工具,对所考察的系统建立某种随机模型常常是不可避免的,而这往往就意味着运用SDE!正是这样一种广泛而又实际的需求,促使我们生出了一种冲动:应当为希望运用SDE这一工具的科学工作者做点什么这就是写作本书的意图同时,我们也意识到,只能将目标限定在一个较小的题目上,即限于考虑I型的SDE,而且将重点放在以稳定性理论为中心的问题上,这既是本书作者研究兴趣所及的领域,似乎也是许多研究者的关注点之所在就其渊源而言,本书所涉及的问题已有颇长的研究历史.大约十年前,当本书作者听英藉华裔教授毛学荣关于SDE稳定性的讲演时,对于贯穿于其中的基本思想就已颇有感触.这些思想除了其特有的效力之外,即使从纯数学方法论的角度考虑,也是很有价值的,甚至可以说是异常优美的.这些体验与理解对于本书的形成不无作用在写作本书时,我们充分利用了20年来SDE领域的人量文献,其中尤其要提到毛学荣等人影响深远的系列工作.作为合作者,本书作者在与毛学荣等的讨论中受益匪浅,由衷感激,自不待言本书也包含了作者及其合作者近年来的某些研究成果.特别,第4章的大部分结果(其主导思想或表达方法)是属于作者及其合作者的就这些部分而言,对于同行们的批评自然有特别的期待为方便读者阅读,本书一开始就汇集了所用的主要记号以供查询,但仍需作点说明.首先,作者力求使用通用的记号,但一本专著要使散见于各种文献的材料连成一气,记号上的统一与调整难度较大,有些符号没有使用通用记号总是不可避免的此外,有少数几个似乎源于作者偏爱的记号,在简化公式与富于启发性两方面都效果显著,即使可能引发异议,也不能割爱了特别要提到的是x()=x(4)-u(x,)与Hale倡用的C(=C([-T,0],R2))这两个例子(参看§3.1与§3.3)本书的写作得到国家自然科学基金及华中科技大学研究生院专项基金的资助,在此谨致以诚挚的感谢.作者2007年4月于武汉记号与约定集A的补;AB=A∩BAAa矩阵A的转置几乎必然BSDE倒向随机微分方程通常记 Borel集族空间E中的 Borel集族C([-r,0],RCccc[-7,0],R,)r阶连续可微函数类对t为C类对x为C2类的函数v(t,x)之全体(Ω,C)可测有界C值随机变量之全体cov(X,Y)X与Y的协方差或协方差矩阵随机函数x(t)的It微分Kronecker记号EX随机变量X的期望E(.名)在名下的条件期望;E(·)=E(·);E(Y)E(t o(n))随机变量X的分布函数F(s, x, t, y)P(x1≤y|x,=x)F(t,x, y)F(0,x,t,y)FDE泛函微分方程基本的a代数;:a代数流;=σ(∪)随机过程X1生成的σ代数流随机变量X的密度函数f(s, x, t,y)转移密度;f(t,x,y)=f(0,x,,y)gx(·)随机变量X的特征函数单位矩阵或某个区间集A的示性函数
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