高能物理分析软件ROOT的入门使用方法
root是cern开发的数据分析软件，根据cern官网的A ROOT Guide For Beginners英文版翻译的中文文档，适合初学者了解root软件的使用723存储任意类型的 N-tuples…724处理跨文件的 n-tuple7.2.5对进阶用户:使用送择器即本处理树…547.2.6对干进阶价用户:使用 PROOF lite进行多核处理72.7关于 N-tuples的优化8 ROOT in python:::::::::::t·::::··:598. 1 PYROOT598.1. 1 More Python-less C++8.2自定义代码:从C+到 Python9结束语…64References64摘要ROOT是一个用于数据分析和I/O的软件框架:一个强大的工只,可以应对最先进的科学数据分析的典型任务。它的突出特点包括高级图形用户界面,非常适合交互式分析,C++编程语言的解释器,快速高效的原型设计和C艹+对象的持久性杋制,还用于写入大型强了对撞机实验记录的每年PB级数据(1PB=1024TB译者注)。本入门指南说明了ROOT的主要特征,这些特征与数据分析的典型问题相关:输入和绘制测量数据和分析功能的拟合。原创作者-D. Piparo-G. Quast-M,cisc译者注:本文均是 Google翻译结果,仅对代码和板式作调整,欢迎修改分享软件背景与简介欢迎来到数据分析ROOT!测量与理论模型的比较是实验物理学中的标准仟务之一。在最简单的情况下,“模型”只是提供测量数据预测的函数。通常,模垩取决于参数。这种模型可以简单地表示“电流I与电压U成比例”,并且实验者的任务包括从一组测量中确定电阻R作为第一步,需要数据的可视化。接下来,通常必须应用一些操作,例如,校正或参数转换。通常,这些操作是复杂的,并且应该提供强大的数学函数和程序库-例如,考虑应用于输入光谱的积分或峰值搜索或傅立叶变换以获得模型描述的实际测量偵。实验物理学的一个特点是影响每个测量的不可避免的不确定性,可视化工具必须包括这些。在随后的分析中,必须正确处理错误的统计性质作为最后一步,将测量值与模型进行比较,并且需要在此过程中确定自由模型参数。有关适合数据点的函数(模型)的示例,请参见图1.1。有儿种标准方法可供使用,数据分析工具应能方便地访问其中一种以上。还必须提供量化测量和模型之间一致性水平的方法。通常,要分析的数据量很大-考虑借助计算机累积的细粒度测量。因此,可用工具必须包含易于使用且有效的方法来存储和处理数据在量子力学中,模型通常仅根据许多参数预测测量的概率密度函数(“pdf),并且实验分析的目的是从观察到的频率分布中提取参数,其中观察测量。这种测量需要生成和可视化频率分布的装置,所谓的直方图和严格的统计处理,以从纯粹的统计分布中提取模型参数。预期数据的模拟是数据分析的另一个重要方面。通过重复生成“伪数据”,其以与用于真实数据的预期相同的方式进行分析,可以验证或比较分析过程。在许多情况卜,测量误差的分布并不是精确已知的,并且模拟提供了测试不同假设的景响的可能性。满足上述所有要求的强大软件框架是ROOT,这是个由日内瓦欧洲核了研究中心欧洲核研究组织协调的开源项目ROOT非常灵活,既可以在自己的应用程序中使用编程接口,也可以提供用于交互式数据分析的图腦用户界面。木文档的目的是作为初学者指南,并根据学生实验室中解决的典型问题为您自己的用例提供可扩展的示例。本指南有望为您未来科学工作中更复杂的应用奠定基础,建立在现代,最先进的数据分析上具之上本指南以教程的形式向您介绍ROOT包。根据“边做边学”的原则,这个目标将通过具体的例子来完成。也正因为这个原因,本指南无法涵盖ROOT包的所有复杂性。然而,一日您对以卜章节中介绍的概念有信心,您将能够欣赏ROOT用户指南( The Root Users guide2015)并浏览类参考(根参考指南2013)以査找所有详细信息您可能会感兴。您甚至可以查看代码本身,因为ROOT是一个免费的开源广品。与本教程并行使用这些文档!ROOT数据分析框架本身是编写的,并且在很大程度上依赖于C++编程语言:需要些关于C++的知识。如果您不了解这种语言的含义,Js可以利用有关C++的大量文献。ROOT可用于许多平台( Linux, Mac osx, Windows….),但在本指南中我们将隐含地假设您使用的是 Linux。你需要做的第一件事就是安装ROOT,不是吗?获取最新的ROOT版本非常简单。只需在此网页htp:/ root, cern.ch/ downloading-root上寻找“专业版”。您将找到针对不同体系结构的预编译版木,或者您自凵编译的ROOT源代码。只需拿起您需要的味道并按照安装说明操作即可。让我们深入了解ROOT!ROOT基础既然你凵经安装了ROOT,那么你止在运行的这个交互式 shell是什么?就像这样:ROOT带来了双重功能。它有一个宏的解释器(Cing( What is Cling”2015)),您可以从命令行运行或像应用程序一样运行。但它也是一个可以评估任意语句和表达式的交互式 shell这对于调试,快速黑客攻击和测试非常有用。我们先来看一些非常简单的例子2.1ROOT作为计算器您甚至可以使用ROOT交互式she代替计算器!使用该命令启动ROOT交互式shelroot在你的Liux机器上。提示应该很快出现:root「8让我们来看看这里显示的步骤root [0] 1+1(int)2root[1]2*(4+2)/12(doub1e)1.0000root [2] sqrt(3.( double)1.732051root[3]1>2(bool) falseroot [4] TMath: Pi()( double)3.141593root [5] TMath: Erf( 2)( double).222703不错。您可以看到,ROOT不仅可以输入C++语句,还可以输入存在于 MAth命名空间中的高级数学函数。现在让我们做一些更详尽的事情。一个众所周知的几何系列的数字小例root [6 double X=5(double)0.500000root [7] int N=30(int)30root [8] double geom series=0(doub1e)8.099root [9] for (int i=0; i
- 2020-06-28下载
- 积分：1
使用CC2591作为CC2530的功放
使用CC2591作为CC2530的功放, CC2591 PAThe absolute maximum ratings and operating conditions listed in the CC2530 datasheet [1]and the CC2591 datasheet [4] must be followed at all times. Stress exceeding one or more ofthese limiting values may cause permanent damage to any of the devicesNote that these characteristics are only valid when using the recommended register settingspresented in Section 4.6 and in Chapter 8, and the CC2530 - EM reference designOperating Frequency240524835MHzOperating Supply Voltage2036VOperating Temperature-40CTC=25C, VDD=3.0V, f=2440 MHz if nothing else is stated. All parameters are measuredon the CC2530-Cc2591EM reference design [11] with a 50 Q2 loadReceive CurrentWait for sync, -90 dBm input levelWait for sync, -50 dBm input level24mATXPOWER OXE5166mATXPOWER OXD5149mATXPOWER OXC5138mATXPOWER OXB5127mATransmit currentTXPOWER OXA5115ATXPOWER = 0X95100mATXPOWER = 0X8594ATXPOWE=0×75mATXPOWE=0×6579APower Down Current PM2UAISTRUMENTSPage 3 of 19SWRA308ATC=25C, Vdd=3.0V, f= 2440 MHz if nothing else is stated. All parameters are measuredon the CC2530-CC2591 EM reference design with a 50 Q2 loadReceive Sensitivity HGM 1 %PER, IEEE 802. 15.4[6] requires -85 dBm-988dBmReceive Sensitivity LGM1 PER, IEEE 802. 15.4 [6] requires -85 dBm-90.4dBmSaturationlEEE 802.15. 4 [6] requires-20 dBm10dBmWanted signal 3 db above the sensitivity levelIEEE 802.15.4 modulated interferer at ieee 802.15.4 channelsInterferer Rejection+5 MHz from wanted signal, IEEE 802. 15. 4 [6] requires 0 dBdB+10 MHz from wanted signal, IEEE 802. 15. 4 [6] requires 30 dB49dB+20 MHz from wanted signal wanted signal at- 82d BmdBdue to in the external lna and the offset in cc2530 the rssi readouts from cc2530CC2591 is different from rssi offset values for a standalone cc2530 design the offsetvalues are shown in table 4.4High Gain Mode79LoW Gain mode67Real rssi Register value-Rssl offsetISTRUMENTSPage 4 of 19SWRA308ATc=25C, Vdd=3.0V, f=2440 MHz if nothing else is stated All parameters are measuredon the CC2530-CC2591 EM reference design with a 50 Q2 load Radiated measurements aredone with the kit antennaRadiated Emissionwith TXPOWer Oxe5Conducted 2. RF (FCC restricted band)-462|dBmConducted 3. RF(FCC restricted band46.5 dBmComplies withFCC 15.247. SeeChapter 7 for moredetails about regulatoryRadiated 2.RF(FCC restricted band)42.2dBmrequirements andcomplianceIEEE 802.15.4[6]requires max.35%%Measured as defined by IEEE 802.15. 4 6TXPOWER OxE5. f= EEE 802.15. 4 channels13TXPOWER= OXD5. f= EEE 802.15.4 channelsTXPOWER= OXC5 f= EEE 802.15.4 channelsMax error∨ ectorTXPOWER OxB5 f= IEEE 802.15. 4 channelsMagnitude(EVM)TXPOWER OxA5. f= IEEE 802.15.4 channelsTXPOWER 0X95. f= IEEE 802. 15.4 channels643333%%%%%%%TXPOWER= 0x85. f= iEEE 802. 15.4 channelsTXPOWER =0x75 f= IEEE 802. 15.4 channels%TXPOWER= 065. f= iEEE 802. 15.4 channelsThe RF output power of the CC2530- CC2591 EM is controlled by the 7-bit value in theCC2530 TXPOWER register. Table 4.6 shows the typical output power and currentconsumption for the recommended power settings The results are given for Tc= 25 C, Vdd3.0V and f= 2440 MHz, and are measured on the cC2530-CC2591 EM reference designwith a 50 Q2 load. For recommendations for the remaining CC2530 registers, see Chapter 8 oruse the settings given by SmartRF StudioOXE520166OxD519149OxC18138OxB517127OxA5161150x95141000x8513940X75860x651079Note that the recommended power settings given in Table 4.6 are a subset of all the possibleTXPOWER register settings. However, using other settings than those recommended mightINSTRUMENTSPage 5 of 19SWRA308Aresult in suboptimal performance in areas like current consumption, EVM, and spuriousemissionTc=25C, Vdd=3.0V, f=2440 MHz if nothing else is stated All parameters are measuredon the CC2530-CC2591EM reference design with a 50 32 load2221-2V201918171611121314151617181920212223242526251510OxE5OxC5OxA50X850x65540-30-20-1001020304050607080ISTRUMENTSPage 6 of 19SWRA308A98Avg 3.6VAva 3vAvg 2V110111213141516171819202122232425261023.6V-1062V-110-40-30-20-100102030405060708070604020-Wanted signal at:-82 dBm10ISTRUMENTSPage 7 of 19SWRA308ACC2530-CC2591EM High Gain ModeC C2530-CC2591EM Low Gain Mode- CC2530EM40000-100110100908070-60-50-40-30-20-100The IEEE standard 802.15. 4 [8] requires the transmitted spectral power to be less than thelimits specified in table 4.7If-fc>3.5 MHz-20 dB-30 dBmThe results below are given for Tc=25 C, Vdd=3.0V and f= 2440 MHz, and are measuredon the CC2530-CC259 1EM reference design with a 50 Q loadIEEE absoluteChannel 182432.52435243752442524452447.5ISTRUMENTSPage 8 of 19SWRA308AOnly a few external components are required for the CC2530-CC2591 reference design. Atypical application circuit is shown below in Figure 5.1. Note that the application circuit figuredoes not show how the board layout should be done. The board layout will greatly influencethe RF performance of the CC2530-CC2591EM. TI provides a compact CC2530CC2591 EM reference design that it is highly recommended to follow. The layout, stack-upand schematic for the CC2591 need to be copied exactly to obtain good performance. Notethat the reference design also includes bill of materials with manufacturers and part numbersL102 L10=TI INF inductorVDD13cc2530LA 1RF PANTCC2591 RF NFNPA EN(P1 1)i工工I NA FNP:1HGM ENPO 7)T:1Proper power supply decoupling must be used for optimum performance. In Figure 5.1, onlythe decoupling components for the CC2591 are shown. This is because, in addition todecoupling, the parallel capacitors C11, C101, and C131 together with, L101, L102, TL11TL101 and TL131 also work as RF loads. These therefore ensure the optimal performancefrom the CC2591. C161 decouples the AvDD blAs power.The placement and size of the decoupling components, the power supply filtering and thePCB transmission lines are very important to achieve the best performance Details about theimportance of copying the CC2530-CC2591EM reference design exactly and potentialconsequences of changes are explained in chapter 6The RF input/output of CC2530 is high impedance and differential. The CC2591 includes abalun and a matching network in addition to the PA, LNa and RF switches which makes theinterface to the CC2530 seamless. Only a few components between the CC2530 andCC2591 necessary for RF matching For situation with extreme mismatch(VSWR 6: 1 till 12: 1out-of-band as shown in Figure 6.2) it is recommended to include all the components asshown in Figure 5.1ISTRUMENTSPage 9 of 19SWRA308ANote that the PCB transmission lines that connect the two devices also are part of the RFmatching. It is therefore important to copy the distance between the devices, the transmissionlines and the stack-up of the PCB according to the reference design to ensure optimumperformanceThe network between the CC2591 and the antenna(L111, C112, C111 C113 and L112matches the CC2591 to a 50 2 load and provides filtering to pass regulatory demands. C111also works as a dc-blockR151 is a bias resistor the bias resistor is used to set an accurate bias current for internaluse in the cc2591The TI reference design contains two antenna options. As default, the Sma connector isconnected to the output of CC2591 through a 0 Q2 resistor. This resistor can be soldered offand rotated 90 clockwise in order to connect to the PCB antenna, which is a planar invertedF antenna(PIFA). Note that all testing and characterization has been done using the SMAconnector. The PCB antenna has only been functionally tested by establishing a link betweentwo EMs. Please refer to the antenna selection guide [6] and the Inverted F antenna designnote [7 for further details on the antenna solutionsISTRUMENTSPage 10 of 19SWRA308A
- 2020-11-30下载
- 积分：1
