ISO16750-3-2012
ISO16750-3-2012Road vehicles — Environmentalconditions and testing for electricaland electronic equipment —Part 3:Mechanical loadsContents PageForeword.............................................................................................................................................Iso16750-3:2012[EContentsPageForewordScope12Normative references1Terms and definitions4Tests and requirements4.1ibration4.2 Mechanical shock274.3 Free fall…294.4 Surface strength/ scratch and abrasion resistance294.5 Gravel bombardmentCode letters for mechanical loads29Documentation…,…………111111130Annex A (informative) Guideline for the development of test profiles for vibration tests.32Annex B (informative) Recommended mechanical requirements for equipment depending on themounting location44Bibliography46C ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EForewordISo (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standardsbodies (Iso member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried outthrough iso technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technicalcommittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internationaorganizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the workIso collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters ofelectrotechnical standardizationInternational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISo/IEC Directives, Part 2The main task of technical committees is to prepare lnternational standards. draft InternationalStandards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votingublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 of the member bodiescasting a voteAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject ofpatent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rightsIso 16750-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicle, Subcommittee SC 3,Electrical and electronical equipment.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (Iso 16750-3: 2007), which has beentechnically revisedISo 16750 consists of the following parts, under the general title road vehicles-Environmental conditionsand testing for electrical and electronic equipment:Part 1: GeneralPart 2: electrical loadsPart 3: Mechanical loadsPart 4: Climatic loadsPart 5: chemical loadso ISO 2012-All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARDIso16750-3:2012(E)Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical and electronic equipmentPart 3Mechanical loads1 ScopeThis part of IS0 16750 applies to electric and electronic systems/components for road vehicles. Itdescribes the potential environmental stresses and specifies tests and requirements recommended forthe specific mounting location on/in the vehicleThis part of iso 16750 describes mechanical loads2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including any amendments applies.Iso16750-1, Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical andelectronicequipment-Part 1: GeneralIEC 60068-2, 6, Environmental testing- Part 2-6: Testing, Test Fc: Vibration SinusoidalIEC60068-2, 14, Basicenvironmental testing procedures- Part 2-14: Tests-Test Nb: Change oftemperatureTEC 60068-2, 64, Environmental testing Part 2-64: Test methods -Test Fh -Vibration, broad-bandrandom(digital control)and guidanceIEC 60068-2, 80, Environmental testing- Part 2-80: Tests- Test Fi: Vibration - Mixed mode testingIEC 60068-2-31, Environmental testing procedures- Part 2: Tests; Test Ec: Free fall, Clause 5.23 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in Iso 16750-1 app4 Tests and requirements4.1 Vibration41.1 GeneralThe vibration test metho ds specified consider various levels of vibration severities applicable to on-board electrical and electronic equipment. It is recommended that the vehicle manufacturer andsupplier choose the test method, the environmental temperature and vibration parameters dependingon the specific mounting locationFollowing the expressions in MIL-STD please noticeC ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EWhen applied properly, the environmental management and engineering processes described in this partof Iso 16750 can be of enormous value in generating confidence in the environmental worthiness andoverall durability. However, it is important to recognize that there are limitations inherent in laboratorytesting that make itimperative to use proper caution and engineering judgement when extrapolating theselaboratory results to results that may be obtained under actual service conditions. In many cases, realworld environmental stresses (singularly orin combination cannot be duplicated practically or reliably intestlaboratories. Therefore, users of this part of Iso 16750 should not assume that a system or componentthat passes laboratory tests of this part of Iso 16750 would also pass field/ fleet verification trialsThe specified values are the best estimation one can get up to the moment when results frommeasurements in the car are received - but they do not replace a car measurement!The specified values apply to direct mounting in defined mounting locations. Using a bracket formounting can resultin higher or lower loads. If the device under test ( DUT)is used in the vehicle with abracket then all vibration and mechanical shock test shall be done with this bracketCarry out the vibration with the dut suitably mounted on a vibration table. The mounting method (sused shall be noted in the test report. Carry out the frequency variation by logarithmic sweeping of 0,5octave/minute for sinusoidal tests and the sinusoidal part of sine on random tests. The scope of therecommended vibration tests is to avoid malfunctions and breakage mainly due to fatigue in the fieldTesting for wear has special requirements and is not covered in this part of ISo 16750Loads outside of the designated test frequency ranges are to be considered separatelNOTE Deviations from the load on the DUT can result, should vibration testing be carried out according tothis part of Iso 16750 on a heavy and bulky dut, as mounting rigidity and dynamic reaction on the vibrator tableexcitation are different compared to the situation in the vehicle. This deviation can be minimized by applying theaverage control method(see Annex A)Application of the weighted average control method according to IEC 60068-2, 64 is to be agreed uponSubject the dut during the vibration test to the temperature cycle according to iEC 60068-2, 14, withelectric operation according to diagram 1. Alternatively, a test at constant temperature may be agreed onOperate the dutelectrically as indicatedin Figure l at Tmin(Short functional testafterthe dUT completelyreached Tmin). This functional test shall be as short as possible- only long enough to check the properperformance of the dUt. This minimizes self-heating of the dUT. Additional electrical operation of theDUT between 210 min and 410 min of the cycle (see Figure 1)Additional drying of test chamber air is not permittedIn the vehicle, vibration stress can occur together with extremely low or high temperatures; for thisreason, this interaction between mechanical and temperature stress is simulated in the test, too. afailure mechanism is, for example, a plastic part of a system/component, which mellows due to the hightemperature and cannot withstand the acceleration under this condition2o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[EYmax20aburditt0100200300400500600yY temperature[°C]x time [ minIa Operating mode 3.2 according to ISo 16750-1.b Operating mode 2. 1 according to ISo 16750-1One cycleFigure 1-Temperature profile for the vibration testTable 1- Temperature versus time for the vibration testTimeTemperaturemin°C0206040150-4021020300max41048020See Is016750-44.1.2 Tests4.1.2.1 Test I- Passenger car, engine4.1.2.1.1 PurposeThis test checks the dUt for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a piston engine can be split up into two kinds: Sinusoidal vibration which results from theunbalanced mass forces in the cylinders and random noise due to all other vibration-schemes of an engine,C ISO 2012-All rights reserved3Iso16750-3:2012Ee.g. closing of valves. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-roadconditions is taken into account. The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueNOTE 1 Road profile usually has negligible impact on engine-mounted components. Shock inputs are effectivelysolated by suspension, and engine-mounting systemsThe test profiles specified in the following clauses apply to loads generated by(four strokereciprocating enginesNotE 2 If the dut is to be tested for a specific resonance effect, then a resonance dwell test according to 8.3.2of IEC 60068-2, 6: 2007 can also be applied4.12.1.2Test4.1.2.1.2.1 GeneralIt is required to perform this test as a mixed mode vibration test according to IEC 60068-2, 80NOTE The test duration is based on A 4. The temperature in the chamher is above room temperature (rt)atthe end of the test (2 3/4 temperature cycles4.1.2.1.2.2 Sinusoidal vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 6, but using a sweep rate of s 0,5 octave/minute. Use a testduration of 22 h for each plane of the dUTUse curve l in Table 2/ Figure 2 for DUT intended for mounting on engines with 5 cylinders or fewerUse curve 2 in Table 2/Figure 2 for dUT test intended for mounting on engines with 6 cylinders or moreBoth curves may be combined to cover all engine types in one test2502001501005050100150200250300350400450500ⅩKeyamplitude of acceleration [m/s2IXfrequency [Hzcurve1(≤5 cylinders)curve 2(5 cylindersFigure 2- Vibration severity curves4o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[ETable 2- values for max acceleration versus frequencyCurve 1(see Figure 2FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHz100100200200240200270100440100Curve 2(see Figure 2)FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHm/s2100100150150440150CombinationFrequencyAmplitude of accelerationH1001001501502002002402002551504401504,1.21.2.3 Random vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 64. Use a test duration of 22 h for each plane of the DUTThe r.m.s. acceleration value shall be 181 m/s2The psd versus frequency are referred to in Figure 3 and Table 3NoTE The Power Spectral Density(PSD)values (random vibration] are reduced in the frequency range of thesinusoidal vibration testC ISO 2012-All rights reserved5Iso16750-3:2012EY100100,110100100010000KeyY PSD [(m/s2)2/HzX frequency [Hz]Figure 3- PSD of acceleration versus frequencyTable 3- Values for frequency and PsDFrequencyPSDH:(m/s2)2/Hz1010100103000,5150020200024.1.2.1.3 RequirementBreakage shall not occur.Functional status a see iso 16750-1) is required during operating mode 3.2 as defined in ISo 16750-1and functional status C during periods with other operating modes4.1.2.2 Test II-Passenger car, gearbox4.1.2.2.1 PurposeThis test checks the dut for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a gearbox can be split up into two kinds which result partly from sinusoidal vibrationfrom unbalanced mass forces of the engine(e. g dominating orders) in the frequency range from 100 Hzto 440 Hz and vibration from the friction of the gear wheels and other schemes, which are tested in therandom part. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-road conditionsis taken into account The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueChanging the gears can create additional mechanical shock and shall be considered separatey brationsThe test profiles specified in the following subclauses apply to loads generated by gearbox vibo ISO 2012-All rights reserved
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高频电路设计与制作 市川裕一.pdf
高频电路设计与制作 市川裕一.pdf 高频电路设计与制作 市川裕一.pdf图字:01-2005-1166号内容简介本书是“图解实用电子技术丛书”之一。全书共分9章。本书首先对高频的基本知识加以介绍,然后在后续的篇章里,对开关、低噪声放大器、混频器、滤波器、检波电路、振荡电路、PLL的设计与制作等进行详细论述。本书全面地阐述了有关高频电路设计的基础理论及其实际制作,且配有大量的印制电路板图、仿真电路等,图文并茂,大大地提高了本书的参考阅读价值本书适合电子通信及其相关领域的工程技术人员参考阅读,也可作为大专院校电子、通信专业学生的课外阅读资料。图书在版编目(CIP)数据高频电路设计与制作/(日)市川裕一,青木胜著;卓圣鹏译;何希才校北京:科学出版社,2006(图解实用电子技术丛书)ISBN7-03-017369-4I.高…Ⅱ.①市…②青…③卓…④何…Ⅲ.高频电路-设计Ⅳ.TN710.2中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2006)第058116号责任编辑:赵方青崔炳哲/责任制作:魏谨责任印制:刘士平/封面制作:李力北京东方科龙囹文有限公司制作http://www.okbook.com.cn学寓版出版比京东黄城根北街16号邮政码:100717http://www縹海印剁有限责任公司印刷科学出版社发行各地新华书店经销2006年8月第版开本:B5(720×1000)2007年2月第二次印刷印张:印数:4001-7000字数:271000定价:39.00元(如有印装质量问题,我社负责调换(新欣》)译者序对电路设计而言,高频电路是由具有丰富经验的技术人员进行设计的。所以,高频电路的设计工作重任往往肩负在前辈工程师的身上。因为高频电路涉及的参数很多,设计时受周边电路的影响很大,不仅要考虑电路本身的设计,也要顾及所使用印制基板的材质、厚度和印制布线等。只要设计不当,就会产生寄生电容形成谐振电路,造成信号被衰减或产生噪声,导致无法满足设计要求。因此,高频电路设计人员需要有经验,所谓经验,就是设计时能事先避免一些不合常理的设计以及解决电路设计时所遇到的问题般初学者可能不具备这些能力。但是,随着科技的进步,高频电路设计的门槛逐渐降低,高频电路/微波电路用的仿真软件也得到了快速的发展。不了解高频电路的人,只要使用髙性能仿真软件,就能得到所需要的性能。因此,设计人员只要依照仿真电路,稍具备一些基本设计概念,就能够设计出高频电路。一般说来,虽能靠仿真软件来设计出所期望的电路,但是,最后还是靠人工去完成。因此,设计人员必须不断学习新知识、积累实际操作经验才能顺利地完成设计任务,而本书就是充实自己的一本好书。本书是高频电路设计的入门书,其内容包括:高频的基础知识,开关、低噪声放大器、混频器、滤波器、检波电路、振荡电路以及PLL等的设计与制作。这些设计与制作都是最基本的概念,根据实际的图表加以说明,使初学者能很快进入高频电路设计领域,对一些有经验的设计者而言,本书也是一本不可或缺的参考书本书内容新颖,深入浅出地介绍了高频电路设计。由于时间仓促,立意虽宏,疏漏之处尚祈不吝指教GHz Jidai no Kousyuuha Kairo SekkeiBy yuichi Ichikawa, Masaru AokiCopyright c 2003 by Yuichi Ichikawa. Masaru AokiAll rights reservedOriginally published in Japan by CQ Publishing Co, Ltd, TokyoChinese (in simplified character only) translation rights arranged withCQ Publishing Co, Ltd, JapanGHz時代O高周波回路設計市川裕—青木胜cQ出版株式会社2004著者简介市川裕一1963年生于群马县1985年毕业于群马大学部电子工学科1985年进入日本光电工业(株)1985年进入日本电气电波机器 Engineering(株),从事微波电路设计1988年进人(株)横尾制作所,从事卫星通信用LNB的设计开发1992年进入太阳诱电(株),从事微弱无线组件设计1999年创办 I-Laboratory,从事高频/微波电路的开发、设计与试制,咨询现在出任1 Laboratory代表青木胜1955年生于埼玉县1979年进入八重州无线(株),从事无线通信设备开发1983年进入日本摩托罗拉(株),从事通信设备的信号处理,控制软件的开发现在出任(有)DST代表董事长图解实用电子技术丛书高频电路设计与制作开关/放大器/检波器/混频器/振荡器的技巧详解〔日]市川裕一青木胜著卓圣鹏译何希才校钭学出版北京前言直到最近,所谓“高频”是指在电气电路中一块特殊的领域。那里是“电子技术人员的世界”,尤其在微波电路的设计现场,反复使用小刀加工印制图案,完成焊接铜箔的作业。作者到现在仍然记得,在刚刚进入高频行业时,听公司的前辈说过,“成为一名合格的技术人员,需要花费10年的工夫”。由于在高频领域常采用试探法,因此,也许从事数字电路或低频电路的专业人员看来,高频电路世界是不易接近的领域。然而随着移动电话的迅速普及,蓝牙( Bluetooth)、无线LAN等无线数据通信设备的快速开发,高频电路技术越来越受到关注。直到今天,人们认为“高频、微波设备是面向防卫产业的特殊技术”,但随着时代的变迁成为最先进技术及通信革命中不可或缺的普遍技术。实际上,在以电气大厂家为中心的高频领域,各种行业不同厂家的加入,且此领域中高频电路技术人员难求的局面仍在延续与过去相比,现在高频电路设计门槛变低而容易进入。原因是根据用户的要求,高频电路/微波电路用的仿真软件在迅速发展。不了解高频电路的人,看看学学久而自通,对输入电路进行最佳化,就能简单设计出相应特性的电路。若使用最近高性能的仿真软件,如果是简单的无源电路,有时也能够实际得到趋近预测特性的性能。但是,仿真软件毕竟是工具,是否能有效利用这种工具全凭使用者所具备的经验与理论基础。在实际的高频电路中,由于有仿真软件不能表现的许多电路要素;因此,实际上,一定要考虑肉眼看不见的电路要素,进行元件的配置,绘制印制图案。使用仿真软件的人,由于积累经验、具备知识的不同,完成的性能有很大差异。常听说“在公司只能做确定工作,不能积累各种经验”。此时,最有效的工作方法是使用仿真软件。若使用仿真软件,就能验证工作中所处理电路的工作情况,并进行调整。若使用刊载于文献与书中的电路或仿真软件附属的样品电路,就能够简单处理各种电路。若由仿真得到虚拟经验,并同时进行日常实用电路的设计与调整,就能极大地提高设计能力。这里,作者最想说的是“要积累丰富的经验”,不仅要阅读文献、书籍,还要尽量多地接触电路,自己动手实际制作,并通过测试调整使电路稳定可靠地进行工作。若接触众多电路,即使要必须设计全新电路或无经验电路时,也会取得成功的。本书是以晶体管技术2000年11月~2001年12月的连载与2000年6月特刊内容作为蓝本,内容加以补充,而后编辑而成。第2章以必须理解的内容为最低限度,对设计高频电路时史密斯图的用法和匹配方法进行了说明。高频电路入门者阅读的图书定是以电磁场理论为中心进行讲解,因此,本书尽量删除了一些难以理解的说明。第3章~第9章,是实际设计、试作并评价2GHz频带的各种高频电路本书所试作的电路还不是十分成熟的电路,有许多改善之处。试作相同电路,无问题也正常动作,“成功啦!”由此感到很高兴,但这并不是结束,而是“经验”积累的开始,大家手脑并用,使这种电路具有更佳的特性。采用试探法过程中,或许大家有新的发现。这就是电路特性好过了头,反而会变坏,这也是“经验”。作为积累经验的题材若能利用本书,那是件高兴的事将自己的想法整理出来以文章的形式呈现给大家,这对于作者来说,也是一次很好的学习机会,并且也是积累经验的过程。本人能够承担本书编写工作,感到非常荣幸最后谨向在百忙之中很快完成了第8章和第9章的编写任务的DST公司的青木胜先生,以及为了使本书浅显易懂而做编辑工作的晶体管技术编辑部的寺前裕司先生致以深深的谢意。2002年冬市川裕目录第1章欢迎进入高频世界—一成为高频工程师为目标1.1频带和电路1.2高频电路设计环境的变化………11241.3现在高频电路设计中广泛存在的弊端……第2章高频的基础知识——为了更好地理解高频信号…2.1信号的波长…………2.2高频电路看作分布常数的电路………2.3高频中最重要的工作是传输线的设计…………112.3.1表示传输线电气特性的“特性阻抗”…………112.3.2高频使用的传输线……2.4用分布常数与集中常数制作的高频电路2.5高频中功率比电压与电流更容易处理…162.5.1S参数的概要…………………2.5.2实际高频元件数据表中记载的S参数…2.6用史密斯图求阻抗2.6.1史密斯图222.6.2在史密斯图上描绘阻抗………………………252.6.3元件与传输线路的增加以及史密斯图上的阻抗轨迹………………………262.7高效率地传输高频信号的技术—匹配………302.7.1禁止使用电阻取得匹配……,,,2.7.2阻抗匹配实例1………………322.7.3阻抗匹配实例2…2.7.4匹配电路构成的不同造成输入阻抗特性的差异……………………………3目录2.7.5使用实际元件的匹配电路………2.8实际无源元件的高频阻抗………2.9能发挥高频电路性能的印制基板的设计2.9.1高频电路用印制基板的基础知识2.9.2印制图案的精度与特性阻抗的偏差2.9.3印制图案“弯曲”对特性阻抗的影响……2.9.4邻近接地图案对信号图案的影响2.9.5邻近信号图案的耦合会彼此影响……………第3章开关的设计与制作—控制信号流的技术3.1高频开关的作用与性能……………3.1.1开关的作用……………………3.1.2开关要求的性能……………3.2开关的种类与选择……………3.3高频开关所使用的半导体元件3.3.1PIN二极管…………3.3.2 MESFET……………………………………633.4PIN二极管作为开关元件的特性实验……………63.5开关基本型—SPST开关的种类与特性…3.5.1两种SPST开关…………………………3.5.2SPST开关的接入损耗与隔离特性3.6SPDT开关的种类与动作3.6.1串联型与并联型的组合开关………………753.6.2两种串联型的组合开关……3.7试作的SPDT开关特性的仿真分析3.7.1SPDT开关的规格…………………………793.7.2试作SPDT开关的高频特性+,隔离特性的改善、,单3.8SPDT开关的试作873.9试作SPDT开关基板的初始特性与调整3.10试作前仿真预测与评价结果不同的原因…………95
- 2021-05-06下载
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