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这是一个c#版本的wpf datagrid控件，实现自定义wpf datagrid控件。

RBM 算法理解 这份笔记参考了很多网上的资源，也加入很多自己的理解和详细推导， 非常适合初学者使用， 这篇笔记属于复合型产物，感谢那些网上无私奉献自己心得的人们。RBM能量模型这里说一下RBM的能量模型,这里关系到RBM的理解能量模型是个什么样的东西呢?直观上的理解就是,把一个表面粗糙又不太圆的小球,敚到一个表面也匕较粗糙的碗里,就随便往里面一扔,看看小球停在硫的哪个地方。一般来说停在碗底的可能性比较大,停在靠近碗底的其他地方也可能,甚至运气好还会停在碗口附近(这个碗是比较浅的一个碗):能量模型把小球停在哪个地方定义为一种状态,每种状态都对应着个能量,这个能量由能量函数来定义,小球处在某和状态的概率(如停在碗底的概率跟停在碗口的慨率当然不一样)可以通过这种状态下小球具有的能量来定义(换个说法,如小球停在了碗∏附近,这是·种状态,这个状态对应着一个能量,而发生“小球停在碗口附近”这种状态的概率,可以用来表小,表小成,其中是能量函数),其实还有一个简单的理解,球在碗底的能量一般小于在碗边缘的,比如重力势能这,显然碗底的状态稳定些,并且概率大些,就是我认为的能量模型。1.概率分布函数。各个节点的取值状态是概率的、随机的,这里用了3种概率分布来描述整个RBM网络,有联合概率密度,条件概率密度和边缘概率密度2.能量函数。随机神经网络的基础是统计力学,差不多思想是热力学米的,能量函数是描述整个系统状态的一种测度。系统越有序或者概率分布越集中(比如小球在碗底的情况),系统的能量越小,反之,系统越无序并且概率分布发散(比如平均分布),则系统的能量越大,能量函数的最小值,对应着整个系统最稳定的状态RBM能量模型的作用是什么呢?为什么要弄清楚能量模型的作用呢?第一、RBM网终是一种无监督学习的方法,无监督学习的目的自然就是最大限度的拟合输入数据和输出数据。第二、对于组输入数据来说,如果不知道它的分布,那是非常难对这个数据进行学习的。例如:如果我们实现写出了高斯函数,就可以写出似然睬数,那么就可以进行求解,就知道大致的参数,所以实现如果不知道分布是非常痛苫的·件事情,但是,没关系啊,统计力学的一项硏究成果表明,任何概率分布都可以转变成基于能量的模型,即使这个概率分布是未知的。我们仍然可以将这个分布改写成能量函数第三、能量函数能够为无监督学习方法提供个特殊的东两)日标函数b)标解换句话说,使用能量模型使得学丬一个数据的变得容易叮行了。能否把最优解的求解嵌入能量模型中至关重要,决定着我们具体问题求解的好坏。能量模型要捕获变量(这里我理解的是各个分量之间的关系)之间的相关性,变量之间的相关程度决定了能量的高低。把变量的相关关系用图表是一个图,以概率为测度,所以是概率图)模型的能量模型。由上面所说,RBM是一种概率图模型,既然引入了概率,那么就可以通过采样技术来求解,在CD( contrastive diⅳ vergence)算法中采栟部分扮演着模拟求解梯度的角色。能量模型需要定义一个能量函数,RBM能量函数如下:()=∑∑∑∑这个式子的含义非常明显,每个节点有一个能量, hidden和wsbe之间的连接也有个能量,如何求解呢?如果ⅵ isible有组取值(1,0,1),对应的 hidden取值是(1,0,1,01,0,分别带入上面的公式,最后得到的结果就是能量,这里要注意到()里面的地位是相等的,不存在先后顺序,这是一个结构整体的能量值为什么要搞能量函数?前面指出未知分布不好求解但是可以通过能量函数米表示,那么能量函数的概率模型很大程度上可以得到未知分布的概率模型,这样大致就知道了未知分布的分布既然知道了—个RBM网络 hidden和 visible整个框架的能量函数,那么可以定义这个能量函数(能量)出现的概率,很显然这个能量的出现与 hidden和sbe的每个节点的取值都有关系,那么这个能量出现的概率就是和的联合概率密度里可以将能量函数理解成小球在碗里面具体的一个位置所具有的一个能量,那么联合概率密度就是能量也就是这个状态出现的概率)这个概率不是随便定义的,是有统计热力学解释的定义了联合概率密度,那么我就可以得到一个分布,现在再回来前面的知识,可以得到1最初是未知分布的数据,求解参数,完全无从下手2.将未知分布的数据与能量函数联合在起3定义这个能量函数出现的概率,其实也就是对应着未知分布数据一个函数出现的概率4我们可以得到能量函数的概率分布,这个分布就叫 Gibbs分布,这里不是一个标准的Gibs分布,而是一个特殊的 Gibbs分布,这个分布有一组参数,其实就是能量函数中的那儿个前面知道∫下面可以得到边缘概率密度和()∑∑也可以得到条件概率密度和∑∑从概率到极大似然上面的内容已经得到了Gb分布的各种概率密度函数,现在回到最初的目的,即求解让RBM网络表示的Gibs分布最大可能的拟合输入数据,或者换一种说法,求解的目标可以认为是让RBM网终表示的 Gibbs分布与输入样本的分布尽可能的接近现在的小问题是“最大可能的拟合输入数据"这句话怎么定义:假设表小样本空间,即里面含有很多个不同的,是输入样本的分布,()表示训练样本的概率,再假设是RBM网络表示的 Gibbs分布的的边缘分布,即可以理解成每种不同情况的都对应着一个概率。输入样本的集合定义为,那么样木真实的分布和RBM网络表示的边缘分布的KL距离就是2者之间的差异性(KL的详细讲解见附录),样本的真实分布(什么是样本的分布?见附录)与RBM网络表示的边缘分布的KL距离如下所示()20)-0=2()0)2()(如果输入样本表小的分布与RBM表小的Gbbs分布完全符合,这个KL距离就是0,否则是一个大于0的数山附录对熵的定义(在KL讲解里面)可知,上面)的第一项是输入样本的熵,这个是·个固定的数,输入样本固定了,熵就固定了,第二项明显无法直接求。由KL的性质可知,KL是一定大于0的,那么当第二项最大的时候,整个KL最小,我们本来的日的也是求KL最小。注意到第二项-∑()()中的()当样木固定的时候,是固定的而函数是递增的,即当∑()最大即可。在实际应用中,我们采用的是∑(),其中是样本的个数。这里的-∑()就是极大似然估计(这里大家可以∈代替了∈Ω,这是为什么呢?拿一个2维向量来说,(1,0),(1,1),(0,0)这3个的概率和是1,(0,1)出现的概率是0,那么样本空间是(1,0),(1,1),(0,0),但是我们采样的时候只采样到∫(1,0),(1,1),那么这次的输入样本的集合就是(1,0)(1,1))。结论就是求解输入样本的极大似然,就能让RBM网络表示的 Gibbs分布和样本本身表示的分布最接近。求解极大似然这里对似然的定义参考我的另一篇笔记EM算法这个样本从所有样本被取到的概率为0)=∏(b)b∈6()=(0)=∑(0)c⊙在RBM模型中,上面的似然函数写成(上面的式子中是样本,也可以理解为一个isbe节点):(O)-(0)-l()O∈()=∏(b)=∑()0∈对这个函数进行求导02(066∈⊙66我们由能量模型应该也知道了()的概率∑,那么下面开始求导∑06∑c8上面这个式子一定要注意一个问题,即第一项的和第二项的00是不一样的。第一项的是固定的里面的取多少它就取多少而第二项里面的是所有可能的,其实这个细节也可以从∑和∑中发现出来()注意到()和,上面的式子可以写成∑0606∑()∑x((2m0)2x(2m0606第一项和第二项分别是和的期望,这2个是不同的,第一060个求在下的期望,第二项求的是这个函数在概率()下的期望。将O和()由最前面的东西代换,可得到以下3个式了∑∑∑∑∑∑()∑∑()∑()∑∑(这里用到了一个技巧∑这里∑是指hden中第个向量为0,其他分量的值任取的一组向量。?岁∑()∑()∑()∑()∑∑∑∑)-∑()-∑∑()()-∑()∑()∑∑=∑()-∑∑()()=∑()-∑()∑())-∑()(可以发现和的第二项都含有∑,这意味着要对进行遍历,这明显不可能,但是算梯度需要怎么小呢?这时就可以通过 markov采样来算,只要抽取一堆样本,这些样本符合RBM网络表示的Gibs分布,就可以把上面3个偏导数算出来。具体的处理过程是对于每个训练样本,都用某种抽样方法抽取一个对应的,这个是符合RBM网络所表示的Gbs分布的。那么对于整个训练集{米说,就得到一组对应的符合RBM网络表示的Gibs分布的样本集{然后拿这个样本去估算第二项∑,那么梯度就可以用以下的式了来近似了:()(=)-∑()(=)-∑()上面的式子中表小第个训练样木,是所对应的符合RBM网络表小的Gs分布的样本,在式子中用表示。梯度求出来了,就可以求解了,最后不断迭代就可以得到

FDTD 一维 高斯激励源 电磁场数值分析 matlab 动态图 源文件 完美运行，动态图。

matlab代码，批处理，读入图片，存储矩阵

OpenCV和MFC的实例功能如下： 有良好的mfc界面，可以打开图像、视频，并作简单的数字图象处理，视频目标检测、跟踪等等，包含大量的基础算法，基于opencv1.0和vc6.0（vs2008）都可以应用，不用安装，直接编译运行就可以，对于初学者熟悉opencv的常用函数很有帮助。新手共享资源，多多交流。

方便快捷免安装哦，DEA的基础模型即CCR模型在用来研究具有多个输入输出变量的的技术效率时十分有效，但其假设条件是所有评价单元都是规模有效的，其模型运算结果实际上是一种纯技术效率。

安卓记账本毕业设计项目源码Android应用源码

MATLAB编程实现简支梁模态分析。 结构健康监测应用

这是一本关于随机规划比较全面的书！比较难，不太容易啃，但是读了之后收获很大。这是高清版的！To Julia, Benjamin, Daniel, Nalan, and Yael;to Tsonka Konstatin and Marekand to the memory of feliks, Maria, and dentcho2009/8/20pagContentsList of notationserace1 Stochastic Programming ModelsIntroduction1.2 Invento1.2.1The news vendor problem1.2.2Constraints12.3Multistage modelsMultiproduct assembl1.3.1Two-Stage Model1.3.2Chance Constrained ModeMultistage modelPortfolio selection131.4.1Static model14.2Multistage Portfolio selection14.3Decision rule211.5 Supply Chain Network Design22Exercises2 Two-Stage Problems272.1 Linear Two-Stage Problems2.1.1Basic pi272.1.2The Expected Recourse Cost for Discrete Distributions 302.1.3The Expected Recourse Cost for General Distributions.. 322.1.4Optimality Conditions垂Polyhedral Two-Stage Problems422.2.1General Properties422.2.2Expected recourse CostOptimality conditions2.3 General Two-Stage Problems82.3.1Problem Formulation, Interchangeability482.3.2Convex Two-Stage Problems2.4 Nonanticipativity2009/8/20page villContents2.4.1Scenario formulation2.4.2Dualization of Nonanticipativity Constraints2.4.3Nonanticipativity duality for general Distributions2.4.4Value of perfect infExercises3 Multistage problems3. 1 Problem Formulation633.1.1The general setting3.1The Linear case653.1.3Scenario trees3.1.4Algebraic Formulation of nonanticipativity constraints 7lDuality....763.2.1Convex multistage problems·763.2.2Optimality Conditions3.2.3Dualization of Feasibility Constraints3.2.4Dualization of nonanticipativity ConstraintsExercises4 Optimization models with Probabilistic Constraints874.1 Introduction874.2 Convexity in Probabilistic Optimization4.2Generalized Concavity of Functions and measures4.2.2Convexity of probabilistically constrained sets1064.2.3Connectedness of Probabilistically Constrained Sets... 113Separable probabilistic Constraints.1144.3Continuity and Differentiability Properties ofDistribution functions4.3.2p-Efficient Points.1154.3.3Optimality Conditions and Duality Theory1224 Optimization Problems with Nonseparable Probabilistic Constraints.. 1324.4Differentiability of Probability Functions and OptimalityConditions13344.2Approximations of Nonseparable ProbabilisticConstraints134.5 Semi-infinite Probabilistic Problems144E1505 Statistical Inference155Statistical Properties of Sample Average Approximation Estimators.. 1555.1.1Consistency of SAA estimators1575.1.2Asymptotics of the saa Optimal value1635.1.3Second order asStochastic Programs5.2 Stoch1745.2.1Consistency of solutions of the SAA GeneralizedEquatio1752009/8/20pContents5.2.2Atotics of saa generalized equations estimators 1775.3 Monte Carlo Sampling Methods180Exponential Rates of Convergence and Sample sizeEstimates in the Case of a finite Feasible se1815.3.2Sample size estimates in the General Case1855.3.3Finite Exponential Convergence1915.4 Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods1935.Variance-Reduction Techniques198Latin hmpling1985.5.2Linear Control random variables method200ng and likelihood ratio methods 205.6 Validation analysis5.6.1Estimation of the optimality g2025.6.2Statistical Testing of Optimality Conditions2075.7Constrained Probler5.7.1Monte Carlo Sampling Approach2105.7.2Validation of an Optimal solution5.8 SAA Method Applied to Multistage Stochastic Programmin205.8.1Statistical Properties of Multistage SAA Estimators22l5.8.2Complexity estimates of Multistage Programs2265.9 Stochastic Approximation Method2305.9Classical Approach5.9.2Robust sA approach..23359.3Mirror Descent sa method235.9.4Accuracy Certificates for Mirror Descent Sa Solutions.. 244Exercis6 Risk Averse Optimi2536.1 Introductio6.2 Mean-Risk models.2546.2.1Main ideas of mean -Risk analysis546.2.2Semideviation6.2.3Weighted Mean Deviations from Quantiles.2566.2.4Average value-at-Risk2576.3 Coherent risk measures2616.3.1Differentiability Properties of Risk Measures2656.3.2Examples of risk Measures..2696.3.3Law invariant risk measures and Stochastic orders2796.3.4Relation to Ambiguous Chance Constraints2856.4 Optimization of risk measures.2886.4.1Dualization of Nonanticipativity Constraints2916.4.2Examples...2956.5 Statistical Properties of Risk measures6.5.IAverage value-at-Ris6.52Absolute semideviation risk measure301Von mises statistical functionals3046.6The problem of moments306中2009/8/20page xContents6.7 Multistage Risk Averse Optimization3086.7.1Scenario tree formulation3086.7.2Conditional risk mappings3156.7.3Risk Averse multistage Stochastic Programming318Exercises3287 Background material3337.1 Optimization and Convex Analysis..334Directional Differentiability3347.1.2Elements of Convex Analysis3367.1.3Optimization and duality3397.1.4Optimality Conditions.............3467.1.5Perturbation analysis3517.1.6Epiconvergence3572 Probability3597.2.1Probability spaces and random variables7.2.2Conditional Probability and Conditional Expectation... 36372.3Measurable multifunctions and random functions3657.2.4Expectation Functions.3687.2.5Uniform Laws of Large Numbers...,,3747.2.6Law of Large Numbers for Random Sets andSubdifferentials3797.2.7Delta method7.2.8Exponential Bounds of the Large Deviations Theory3877.2.9Uniform Exponential Bounds7.3 Elements of Functional analysis3997.3Conjugate duality and differentiability.......... 4017.3.2Lattice structure4034058 Bibliographical remarks407Biibliography415Index4312009/8/20pageList of Notationsequal by definition, 333IR", n-dimensional space, 333A, transpose of matrix(vector)A, 3336I, domain of the conjugate of risk mea-C(X) space of continuous functions, 165sure p, 262CK, polar of cone C, 337Cn, the space of nonempty compact sub-C(v,R"), space of continuously differ-sets of r 379entiable mappings,176set of probability density functions,I Fr influence function. 3042L, orthogonal of (linear) space L, 41Sz, set of contact points, 3990(1), generic constant, 188b(k; a, N), cdf of binomial distribution,Op(), term, 382214S, the set of &-optimal solutions of theo, distance generating function, 236true problem, 18g(x), right-hand-side derivative, 297Va(a), Lebesgue measure of set A C RdCl(A), topological closure of set A, 334195conv(C), convex hull of set C, 337W,(U), space of Lipschitz continuousCorr(X, Y), correlation of X and Y 200functions. 166. 353CoV(X, Y, covariance of X and y, 180[a]+=max{a,0},2ga, weighted mean deviation, 256IA(, indicator function of set A, 334Sc(, support function of set C, 337n(n.f. p). space. 399A(x), set ofdist(x, A), distance from point x to set Ae multipliers vectors334348dom f, domain of function f, 333N(μ,∑), nonmal distribution,16Nc, normal cone to set C, 337dom 9, domain of multifunction 9, 365IR, set of extended real numbers. 333o(z), cdf of standard normal distribution,epif, epigraph of function f, 333IIx, metric projection onto set X, 231epiconvergence, 377convergence in distribution, 163SN, the set of optimal solutions of the0(x,h)d order tangent set 348SAA problem. 156AVOR. Average value-at-Risk. 258Sa, the set of 8-optimal solutions of thef, set of probability measures, 306SAA problem. 181ID(A, B), deviation of set A from set Bn,N, optimal value of the Saa problem,334156IDIZ], dispersion measure of random vari-N(x), sample average function, 155able 7. 2541A(, characteristic function of set A, 334吧, expectation,361int(C), interior of set C, 336TH(A, B), Hausdorff distance between setsLa」, integer part of a∈R,219A and B. 334Isc f, lower semicontinuous hull of funcN, set of positive integers, 359tion f, 3332009/8/20pageList of notationsRc, radial cone to set C, 337C, tangent cone to set C, 337V-f(r), Hessian matrix of second orderpartial derivatives, 179a. subdifferential. 338a, Clarke generalized gradient, 336as, epsilon subdifferential, 380pos w, positive hull of matrix W, 29Pr(A), probability of event A, 360ri relative interior. 337upper semideviation, 255Le, lower semideviation, 255@R. Value-at-Risk. 25Var[X], variance of X, 149, optimal value of the true problem, 1565=(51,……,5), history of the process,{a,b},186r, conjugate of function/, 338f(x, d), generalized directional deriva-g(x, h), directional derivative, 334O,(, term, 382p-efficient point, 116lid, independently identically distributed,1562009/8/20page xlllPrefaceThe main topic of this book is optimization problems involving uncertain parametersfor which stochastic models are available. Although many ways have been proposed tomodel uncertain quantities stochastic models have proved their flexibility and usefulnessin diverse areas of science. This is mainly due to solid mathematical foundations andtheoretical richness of the theory of probabilitystochastic processes, and to soundstatistical techniques of using real dataOptimization problems involving stochastic models occur in almost all areas of scienceand engineering, from telecommunication and medicine to finance This stimulates interestin rigorous ways of formulating, analyzing, and solving such problems. Due to the presenceof random parameters in the model, the theory combines concepts of the optimization theory,the theory of probability and statistics, and functional analysis. Moreover, in recent years thetheory and methods of stochastic programming have undergone major advances. all thesefactors motivated us to present in an accessible and rigorous form contemporary models andideas of stochastic programming. We hope that the book will encourage other researchersto apply stochastic programming models and to undertake further studies of this fascinatinand rapidly developing areaWe do not try to provide a comprehensive presentation of all aspects of stochasticprogramming, but we rather concentrate on theoretical foundations and recent advances inselected areas. The book is organized into seven chapters The first chapter addresses modeling issues. The basic concepts, such as recourse actions, chance(probabilistic)constraintsand the nonanticipativity principle, are introduced in the context of specific models. Thediscussion is aimed at providing motivation for the theoretical developments in the book,rather than practical recommendationsChapters 2 and 3 present detailed development of the theory of two-stage and multistage stochastic programming problems. We analyze properties of the models and developoptimality conditions and duality theory in a rather general setting. Our analysis coversgeneral distributions of uncertain parameters and provides special results for discrete distributions, which are relevant for numerical methods. Due to specific properties of two- andmultistage stochastic programming problems, we were able to derive many of these resultswithout resorting to methods of functional analvsisThe basic assumption in the modeling and technical developments is that the proba-bility distribution of the random data is not influenced by our actions(decisions). In someapplications, this assumption could be unjustified. However, dependence of probability dis-tribution on decisions typically destroys the convex structure of the optimization problemsconsidered, and our analysis exploits convexity in a significant way

matlab中仿真自适应信号处理序贯回归SER算法，成功运行通过，并有详细注解。