Principles of Mobile Communication Third Edition
Gordon L. Stüber著，为英文原文第三版。其第二版已经翻译成中文，即为移动通信原理（第二版），由电子工业出版社出版，但翻译水平很差。Gordon L. StuberPrinciples of mobileCommunicationThird edition② SpringerGordon L. StuberGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta gaUSAstuber @ece gatech. eduISBN978-1-4614-0363-0e-ISBN978-1-46140364-7DOI10.1007/978-1-46140364-7Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg londonLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2011934683C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2002, 2011All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writtenpermission of the publisher(Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use inconnection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer softwareor by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbiddenThe use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they arenot identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subjectto proprietary rightsPrinted on acid-free paperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com)To Alana, our son nickolasmy father lothar Stuiberand my late mother Beatrice stiiberPrefacePrinciples of Mobile Communication, third edition, is a major revision of thesecond edition. Like its earlier editions, this book provides a mathematicallyrigorous overview of physical layer wireless communications. The basic pedagogicmethodology is to include fully detailed derivations from first principles. The text isintended to provide enough principle material to guide the novice student, whilit the same time having plenty of detailed material to satisfy graduate studentsinclined to pursue research in the area. The book is intended to stress the principlesof wireless communications that are applicable to a wide array of wireless standardsIt is intended to serve as a textbook and reference for graduate students, and a usefulreference for practicing engineersOrganization of the bookChapter 1 begins with an overview that is intended to introduce a broad array ofissues relating to wireless communications. Included is a brief description of theevolution of various wireless standards, the basic concepts of cellular frequencyreuse, the land mobile radio propagation environment, link budgets, and coverageand capacity of cellular radio systemsChapter 2 provides an extensive treatment of radio propagation, since goodunderstanding of the physical wireless channel is essential for the developmentand deployment of wireless systems. The chapter begins with a treatment ofthe narrow-band faded envelope for conventional fixed-to-mobile channels foundin cellular radio systems, mobile-to-mobile channels found in mobile ad henetworks, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels where multipleantennas are used at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve high capacity afterconsidering the narrow-band channel, we consider the statistical treatment of wide-band channels. The emulation of wireless channels is essential for the developmentand testing of wireless systems, and the chapter provides a detailed discussion ofchannel simulation techniques. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion ofshadowing and path loss models for land mobile radio environmentsPreraceChapter 3 provides a detailed treatment of co-channel interference which is therimary impairment in spectrally efficient cellular frequency reuse systems. Veryoften the receivers in such systems are affected by multiple co-channel interferersand the probability distribution of the total interfering power is considered. Thchapter also considers the link outage performance due to co-channel interferencein a variety of wireless environmentsChapter 4 covers the various types of modulation schemes that are used in mobilecommunication systems along with their spectral characteristics. The chapter beginswith the mathematical representation of bandpass modulated signals, along withNyquist pulse shaping. Later, a large variety of modulation schemes used in wirelesssystems are considered, including both single-carrier and multi-carrier modulation,and both linear and nonlinear modulation techniques This is followed by a treatmentof the power density spectrum of modulated signals. Although quite mathematicalin nature, power spectrum is an important topic, since wireless systems are requiredto operate within a specified out-of-band emission maskChapter 5 discusses the error probability performance of various digital modulation schemes on narrow-band fat fading channels. The performance is evaluatedwith a variety of receiver structures, including coherent detectors, differentialcoherent detectors and noncoherent detectorsChapter 6 includes a treatment of multi-antenna techniques for combatingenvelope fading. The chapter includes a discussion of various diversity combiningtechniques for coherent, differentially coherent, and noncoherent receiver detectionof signals on fading channels with additive white gaussian noise. also consideredis optimal combining which is effective when the primary additive impairment isco-channel interference rather than noise. Finally, the chapter considers the use ofmultiple antennas at the transmitter in the context of classical beam-forming andtransmit diversityChapter 7 provides an extensive treatment of digital signaling on intersymbolinterference(ISI) channels that are typical of broadband land mobile radio systemsThe chapter begins with the characterization of Isi channels and goes on todiscuss techniques for combating ISI based on symbol-by-symbol equalization andsequence estimation. Later, error probability for maximum likelihood sequenceestimation is considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of co-channeldemodulation for the purpose of mitigating co-channel interference on Isi channelsChapter 8 covers error control coding techniques for wireless systems. Thechapter begins with a discussion of basic block coding including space-time blockcodes Convolutional coding is considered next along with the Viterbi and BCJRalgorithms for decoding convolutional codes, followed by trellis coded modulationThe chapter then provides a detailed discussion on the design and performanceanalysis of convolutional and trellis codes for awgn channels, and interleaved fatfading channels, and fading isi channels. Later, space-time trellis codes are treatedand the chapter concludes with Turbo codinChapter 9 is devoted to spread spectrum techniques The chapter begins with anintroduction to direct sequence and frequency hop spread spectrum. This is followedy a detailed treatment of spreading sequences. Also included is a discussionPrefaceof the effects of tone interference on direct sequence spread spectrum, and theRAKE receiver performance on wide-band channels. The chapter wraps up witha discussion of cdma multiuser detectionChapter 10 is devoted to multi-carrier techniques. It considers the performanceof ofdm on frequency-selective channels and considers the effect of residualISI and problem of residual ISI cancellation. Later, the chapter examines singlecarrier frequency-domain equalization(SC-FDE)techniques. This is followed by atreatment of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)on both theforward and reverse links. The chapter concludes with a discussion of single-carrierfrequency division multiple acceSs (SC-FDMA)Chapter 11 considers frequency planning techniques for cellular systems. Thechapter begins with a discussion of cell sectoring, cell splitting, and reuse partition-ing. Later, the chapter considers radio planning for OFDMa cellular systems. Thisis followed by hierarchical overlay/underlay architectures based on cluster planningFinally, the chapter wraps up with macrodiversity TDMA cellular architecturesChapter 12 considers CDMa considers CDMA cellular systems, consideringtopics such as capacity and power control This is followed by a discussion ofhierarchical macrodiversity CDMa architectures and their performanceChapter 13 is devoted to cellular radio resource management. The chapter beginswith an introduction to basic hard and soft handoff. Later, the chapter considers theimportant problem of link quality evaluation, including signal strength averaging,velocity estimation, and velocity adaptive hard handoff algorithms later, a detailedanalysis of hard and soft handoff is provided. Finally, the chapter wraps up withmethods for estimating received carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio(CINR)The Appendix includes a brief and focused tutorial discussion of probabilityand random processes. A good understanding of the material in the Appendix isessential, since the concepts are widely used throughout the textUSing This Book for InstructionThe book has been developed from a graduate-level course on physical wirelesscommunications that I have taught at Georgia Tech since 1993. Normally, I prefera graduate-level course in digital communications as a prerequisite for this courseHowever, such a prerequisite may be waived to the extent that there is extensivebackground material in each chapter. A course may cover the introductory materialin each chapter and skip the more specialized material. In my own classes, I alwaystry to judge the mathematical level of the students early and adapt accordinglyThe book obviously contains far too much material to be taught in a onesemester course. However, i believe that it can serve as a suitable text in mostsituations through the appropriate instructor selection of background sections. Myown preference for a one semester course is to include the following material inorder: Chap. 1, Chap 2(skipping the more advanced material), and the first twosections of Chap 3. In moving to modulation waveforms in Chap. 4, an instructormay have to treat/assume basic signal-space representation. However, most students
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基于SOC fpga的开发教程
SoC 芯片， 相较于传统的单一 ARM 处理器或 FPGA 芯片， Intel Cyclone V SoCFPGA 既拥有了 ARM 处理器灵活高效的数据运算和事务处理能力， 同时又集成了 FPGA 的高速并行处理优势， 同时， 基于两者独特的片上互联结构， 使用时可以将 FPGA 上的通用逻辑资源经过配置，映射为 ARM 处理器的一个或多个具有特定功能的外设。目录目录基于 Cyclone V SoC FPGA的嵌入式系统设计教程.1ntel Cyclone SoC FPGA介绍SOC FPGA的基木概念soPC的基本概念SoPC与 SOC FPgA之间的差异SOC FPGA架构的优势基于 Cyclone V SoC FPGA器件的重要电路设计FPGA IO和时钟SOC FPGA JTAG电路设计569AC501SoC开发板介绍11布局及组件11轻触按键用户LED……14时钟输入....::.::::::.:::∴15GP|O接∏15DDR3 SDRAM重着::::::....:::...通用显示扩展接口USB to uart∴………以太网收发器,21SOC EPGA开发板的FPGA配置数据下载和固化…….…SOC FPGA启动配置方式介绍∴23sof文件烧写方式.24JC文件生成和烧写26SOC FPGA开发流程简介31SOCEPGA开发流程使件开发.31软什开发AC501 SOC FPGA开发板黄金参考设计说明34什么是GHRD…34GHRD FOR AC501-SoC34打开和查看GHRD.…34clk o38sysid qsys39led_pio...,.,…,…………39button pIospIi2c 042alt vip vfr tft0.......……………42alt vip itc_ 044总结Step by step为HPS添加UART外设,45目录修改GHRD工程打开GHRD工程45添加 UART IP.246关于HPS与FPGA数据交互连接UART|P信号端口分配组件基地址…49生成Qsys系统的HDL文件50添加uat_1的端口到 Quartus工程中51分配FPGA管脚生成配置数据二进制文件54制作 Preloader Image打开 SOCEDS工具生成bsp文件56编译 preloader和 uboot60更新 preloader和 uboot62使用新的 Uboot启动SoC.:::::::::::·::·制作设备树设备树制作流程...64准备所需文件65生成dts文件…生成dtb文件.…67运行修改后的工程.68使用Ds-5编写和调试SoC的 Linux应用程序,,,…70启动DS-5创建C工程…72编详工程.176建立SSH远程连接77创建远程连接复制文件到目标板3运行应用程序85远程调试…GDB设置GDB连接和调试287总结使用 Win sCp在 Windows和 Linux系统之间传输文件……91为什么要使用 Winscp.安装 Win SCP.…91建立远程主机连接91新建远程连接.94调用 putty终端基丁虚拟地址映射的 Linux硬件编程....….….97什么是虚拟地址映射97虚拟地址映射的实现:::::::::.:a·基于虚拟地址映射的PIO编程应用目录P|O外设的虚拟地址映射…在DS-5中建立PO应用工程.102添加和包含HPS库文件.103添加FPGA侧外设硬件信息P|O|P核介绍108Po核寄存器映射110P|O|P核应用实例..112合理的程序退出机制.…116关于按键消抖.基于虚拟地址映射的UART编程应用…..119UART(RS232 Serial port)核介绍UART(RS-232 Serial port)寄存器映射UART|P核应用实例……122在DS-5中建立UART应用工程…虚拟地址射122设置波特率.:::::::·:.::.·:.124字符发送124字符串发送…125字符接收125宇符串接收UART|P核板级调试131总结基于虚拟地址映射的12C编程应用……133Open Cores2CP简介133Open Cores2C|P奇存器哄射.134PRER:时钟频率预分频寄存尜134CTRL:控制寄存器.134TXR:发送数据寄存器CR:命令寄存器135SR:状态寄存器136l2CP核应用实例.….135在DS-5中建立12C应用工程136虚拟地址映射1362C|P核基本寄存器配冒,140使用12C|读写图像传感器寄存器1412C护P读写oV5640摄像头板级调试.146总结.152本章小节152基于 Linux应用程序的HPS配置FPGA……………………53制作 Quartus工程.153生成rbf格式配置数据……154编译 Linux配置FPGA应用稈序156在系统重配置FPGA实验…157本章小结159目录编译嵌入式LiuX系统内核160安装 VMware161安装 Ubuntu系统灬162下载 Linux系统源码172设置交叉编译环境…配置和编译内核∴……180快速配置内核180使能 Altera UART驱动182使能 Altera sp驱动使能OC12C控制器驱动.…184使能 Framereader驱动保存内核配置文件.187编详内核使用内核启动开发板本章小节192Linux设备树的原理与应用实例.:::::::::::..........:::..:193什么是设各树193设备树基木格式194设各树加载设备驱动原理编写12C控制器设备节点202加载OC12C驱动206使用RTC206使用 EEPROM∴211编写5P控制器设备节点211本章小节214基于 Linux标准文件/o的设备读写…………………………215什么是文件/O215基于文件|O操作的一般方法215文件描述符215打开设备(open)21向设各写入数据( write):::.::aa..216读取设备数据(read).216杂项操作( ioctl)…………217关闭设备(cose)……218其他操作218使用文件1O实现12C编程218本章小节.…221FPGA与HPS扃速数据交互应用222FPGA与HPS通信介绍.……………………………………22H2 LW AXI Master桥H2FAX| Master桥224F2 H AXI Slave桥225AX与 Avalon-MM总线的互联……225Ayalon-MM总线225目录Avalon-MM Slave接口227基本Aa|on- MM Slave iP设计框架29PWM控制器设计…1233Avalon-MM Master接口.253常见的通用 Avalon mm master主札………….…253高速数据采集系统……261Linux驱动编写与编译..273基本字符型设备驱动274字符型设备驱动框架275头文件包含276变量和宏定义.………277en方法278e方法278read方法.278write方法279ioct|方法:::::.::::::::::..a:::a.:....:280fops定义..281模块初始化代码282模块退出代码…284模块声明…284PWM控制器驱动完整源码.….284驱动编译 Makefile289Ubuntu卜编译设备驱动291字符型设备驱动验证292安装驱动文件292设计测试程序…::::::::::.:.:.·:...:::·293基于DMA的字符型设备驱动Avalon -MM Master Write驱动…297Avalon-MM Master Write测试303安装驱动文件303设计测试程序.::::·303本章小节310介绍介绍的基本概念(原于年发布的一款在单一芯片上集成了双核的处理器和逻辑瓷源的新型芯片,相较于传统的单处理器或片既拥有了处理器灵活高效的数据运算和事务处理能力,同时又集成的高速并行处理优势,同时,基于两者独特的片上互联结构,使用时可以将上的通用逻辑资源经过配置,映射为处理器的一个或多个具有特定功能的外设,通过高达位宽的高速总线进行通信,完成数据和控制命令的交互。出于片上的处理器是经过布局布线的硬线逻辑,因此其能工作的时钟主频较高,因此单位时间内能够执行的指令也更多。的基本概念在技术推出之前,各大厂家已经推广了有多年的技术。和不相同的是,是在单纯的心片上使用的逻辑和存储器资源搭建一个软核系统,由该软核实现所需处理器的完整功能。由于是使用的通用逻辑搭建的,因此具有一定的灵活性,用户可以根据自己的需求对进行定制裁剪,增加一些专用功能,例如除法或浮点运算单元,用于提升在某些专用运算方面的性能,或者删除些在系统里面使用不到的功能,以节约逻辑资源。另外也可以根据用户的实际需求,为添加各种标准或定制的外设,例如等标准接口外设,同时,用户也可以自己使用的逻辑资源,编写各种专用的外设,然后连接到总线上,由进行控制,以实现软硬件的协同工作,在保证系统性能的同时,増加了系统的灵活性。而且,如果单个的软核无法满足用户需求,可以添加多个软核,搭建多核系统,通过多核协同工作,让系统拥有更加灵活便捷的控制能力但是,由于是使用的通用逻辑资源搭建的,相较使用经过布局布线优化的硬核处理器来说,软核处理器够运行的最高实时钟主频要低一些,而且也会相应的消耗较多的逻辑资源以及片上存储器资源,因此方案仅适用于对于数处理器整体性能要求不高的应用,例如整个系统的初始化配置,人机交互,多个功能模块问的协调控制等功能介绍与之间的差异从架构的角度来说,和是统一的,都是由部分和处理器部分组成。在中,嵌入的是公司的硬核处理器,简称技术中,嵌入的是软核处理器,两者指令集不一样,处理器性能也不一样核处理器性能远远高于软核处理器。片上的部分,不仅集成了有双核的硬核处理器,还集成了各种高性能外设,如控制器控制器等,有这些外设,部分就可以运行成熟的操作系统,提供统一的系统,降低开发者的软件开发难度。而软核虽然可以通过配置,用逻辑资源来搭建相应的控制器以支持相应功能,但是从性能和开发难度上来说,基于架构进行设计开发是比较好的选择。另外,虽然片上既包含了有又包含了有,但是两者一定程度上是相互独立的,芯片上的处理器核并非是包含于逻辑单元内部的,和()处理器只是封装到同一个芯片接冂、电源引脚和外设的接口引脚都是独立的,因此,如果使用芯片进行设计,即使不使用到片上的处理器,处理器部分占用的芯片资源也无法释放岀来,不能用作通用的资源。而」是使用通用逻辑和存储器资源搭建的,当不使用时部分占用的资源可以被释放,重新用作通用资源。架构的优势嵌入式处理器开发人员面对的一个最大挑战就是如何选择一个满足其应用要求的处理器。现在口有数百种嵌入式处理器,每种处理器都具备一组不同的外设、存储器、接口和性能特性,用户很难做出一个合理的选择:要么为∫匹配实际应川所需的外设和接口要求而不得不选择在某些性能上多余的处理器要么为」保持成本的需求而达不到原先预计的理想方案。采用集成架构的芯片,用户将不会局限于预先制造的处理器技杺,而是根捃自己的要求定制处理器,按照需要选择合适的外设、存储器和接口。此外,用户还可以轻松集成自己专有的功能(如,用户逻辑),创建一款“完美”的处理器,如图所示,使用户的设计具有独特的竞争优势。介绍vOFLASHlo LIcCPUFLASH1/OSDRAMFPGADSPFPGACPU CPU DSPSDRAM用户所需要的嵌入式设备主控制器,应该能够满足当前和今后的设计功能及性能需求。由于今后发展具有不确定性,因此,设计人员必须能够更改其设计,例如为处理器加入新的功能电路,定制硬件加速器,或者加入协处理器,以达刭新的性能日标,而基于的系统能够满足以上要求。采川芯片,用户不仅可以使川处理器的高性能运算和事务处理能力,还可以根据需要定制功能。在单个中实现高性能处理器、外设、存储器和接口功能,可以降低用户的系统总体成本。开发人员希望快速将产品推向市场并保持一个较长的产品生命周期,避免更新换代。基于的系统在以下几个方面可以帮助用户实现此目标≯缩短产品的上市时间—可编程的特性使其具有最快的产品上市速度。许多的设计通过简单的修改都可以被快速地实现到设计处理器能够运行成熟的操作系统,基于操作系统,用户能够非常简单高效的编写应用程序,加快软件开发周期。而系统的灵活性和快速上市的特性源于提供完整的开发套件、众多的参考设计、强大的硬件开发工具(和软件开发工具(套件。用户可以借助厂商提供的参考设计和易用的开发工具。在几个小吋内就完成自己的设计原型。建立有竞争性的优势一维持一个基于通用硬件平台的产品的竞争优势是非常困难的。而器件,能够充分发挥的可编程特性,设讣独有的硬件加速和协处理逻辑,配合处理器协同工作,具备硬件加速、定制的可裁剪的外设等的系统,具备了竞争的优势>延长了产品的生存时间一使川器件的产品带来的一个独特优势就是能够对硬件进行升级。即使产品口绎交付给客户,仍可以定期升级。这些特性可以解决很多问题:
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