粒子群算法求16个经典函数的最小最大值

天线经典手册，人手一本参考文献303)第11章行波天线11.1行波人线的基本原理(305)11.2长线大线与V形天线菱形大线3104螺旋天线l1.5八木大线(324)l1.6表面波线(329)11.7漏波人线342)参与文献第12章宽频带天线12.1宽频带天线的基本概念12.2“宽带振子天线12.3加载天线(3692.4非频变大线(381)12.5宽频带喇叭大线(40212.6超宽频带接收天线(41012.7宽频带匹配技(413)参考文献第13章绒阵和平面阵13.1阵列线基础(4293.2线阵13.3平面阵13.4方向性和信噪比的最佳化13.5方向图综合(452参考文献(462)第14章微带天线463)概述(463)±4.2微带贴片大线466)14.3微带振子天线和微带隙缝天线(494)14.4宽频带、多频段和频率捷变技术(503)14.5微带线形天线与微带线阵5014.6微带面忤天线参考文献第15章喇叭天线(531)15.]通论15.2主模喇叭天线15.3双模喇叭天线547)15.4多模喇叭天线15.5波纹喇叭天线…56215.6组合喇叭人线15.7其他形式的喇58115.8校正喇叭口亩场的相位分布与透镜天线参考文献第16章反射面天线16·1基木方法和基木公式16.2单反射面天线—一抛物前天线16.3双反射亩天线16.4赋形双反射而天线610)6.5对称双镜天线的效分析6l2)6.6单偏置抛物亩人线16.7双偏置钷物面大线l6.8波束扫描反射面人线(628)6.9溅散板馈源天(638)喇叭抛物而天线(6416.1!抛物柱面天线16、12等强度线波束线(645)参若文献第17章相控阵天线6419)17.1相控:阵人线参数计算公式17.2料阵大线轴射方向性和旁瓣的挖制17.3阵元辐射器的选抒174移相器附遨择17.5相控忤馈电网络的设计(672)17.6相控阵天线的带宽678)17.7柑摔阵天线宽带和宽角匹配方法(681)17.8相控阵的暈化误差(684)17.9颛率扫描大线阵参考文献第18章信号处理天线与阵列倍号处理技术(693)(698.2倍号处理天线18.3自适应∵城滤波天线(718)4白适应抗扰大线系统(737)18.5空间谱估计技术(749第19章时域天线19.!时域人线的研究对象及指标(75l)9.2偶极天线(751)l9.3隙缝轴射器(754)19.4偶极子用作接收天线19.5加载天线19.6渐近线喇叭天线(756)19.7频率无关天线川时城人线19.8脉冲阵列天线75919.9时域凵径辋射及时域面大线19.10时域接收天线与发射天线的关系19.11馈电问题参考文献(769)第三篇天线应用第20章圆极化天线770)20.1引0.2圆极化波的特性与参数20.3圆极化器(7730.4电磁振子惻极化线0.5螺旋人线799)0.6隙缝闶极化天线20.7微带极化天线20.8反射器圆极化极化天线2(0.10其他圆极化天线与文献第21章长、中、短波和超短波通信天线21.!长、中波通信天线设计考虑2.2长、中波通信天线的基本形式及方问性1.3T型与T型大线214笼『型大线1.5高Q铁氧休加感人线(833)21.6短波通信天线设(8321.7水平极化与垂直极化知波通信天线1.8笕带短波通信人线21.9超短波通信天线设计(86721、10超短波接力通信大线1.于栘动通信873参考文献第22章卫星通信天线879)2.l卫星通倍天线发展状况(8792.2对称型双反射镜通信地球站天线的设计22.3对称双镜天线的赋形技术(892)224且星通信天线获得低旁瓣的办法22,5对称型双镜卩通信天线旁瓣源的分析与计算(907)2.6馈源的设计与选择22.7多波束星通信地球站天线22.8跟踪体制及选择参考文献939)第23章雷达天线9403.1达大线的般设计要求………23.2笔形泼束天线扇形波束天线23.4赋形波束人线—余割平方天线…(948)精密龈踪达天线一-单脉冲线及馈源设计(951)36H达天线的电扫描精度妓波束控制(96223.7超视进雷达大线23.8合成!径人线974)参考文献第24章测向天线980)24.)测向系统天线设计原则980)4.2测向系统单兀人线4.3测向系统的宽孔径天线(983244多波束测向24.5伏尔与多普勒伏尔地面天线992)塔康人线24.7仪表着陆系统和微波着陆系统天线(997248环境对测向线场性能的影24.9测向大线系统的误差分析与性能评估考文献第25章飞行体上的天线(I0235.1飞行体L的大25.2椭圆桂面和双曲柱上:的天线l025)253椭圆柱体上的天线园锥体上的天线(045)255椭球体上的天线(105025.6飞行体天线的电兼谷(1056)献第26章毫米波天线概述26.2反射面天线与亳米波馈26.3表衣面被与漏波大线264微带天线与其他的印制天线(I099)26.5集成大线(1108)参考文献第四篇相关论题第27章天线罩(1113般设计考虑(l11327.2外形与结构27.3材料选择(1115)274电磁性能设计参考文前第28章天线的雷达散射截面般概念(1143)28.2反射面天线的R(114728.3阵列人线的HCS1162大线RCS的减缩8.5天线H(S的测量参考文献第29章天线测量(119629.1天线测试场的设计与鉴定(1l969.2振幅方向图测量29.3增益测量(12l0294极化测量(l21929.5相位测量(1223)29.6近场测量(1226)29.7阻抗测量298模型天线法(1242)9.9射电源法(2439.10天线的时域测量参考文献第一篇天线基础第1章引1.1天线功能大线在无线电设备中的主裳功能有两个:第个是能量转换功能,第一个是定向镉射(或接收)功能能量转换功能是指导行波与自由空间波之间的转换,发射天线是将馈线引导的电磁波(高频电流)转换为向空问辐射的电磁波传向远方,接收天线是将空闾的磁波转换为馈线引导的电嵫波(高频电流)送给接收机定向作用是指线辐射或接收电磁波有定的方向性,根据无线电系统设备的要求,发射天线可把电磁波能量集中在一定方向轴射出去,接收天线可只接收特定方向传来的电憾波可以看出,发射天线和接收天线之间的关系类似于发电机与电动机之间的关系,前者是在导行波与自由河波之间往返变换,后者圳在机械能和电能之间往返变换,这种相似性表明:收、发天线之间存在着·定的可逆性。第二汽中4易原理的讨论将证明,只要天线中不含有非线件材料(如铁氧体器件),同一副天线用作发射和川作接收时,其基木特性保持不变。此,本于册中讨论的各种类型天线一般都不特别注明它是发射天线或是接收天线(除特殊应川场合外),都按发射天线处埋。1.2天线类型随着无线电技术的飞速发展和无线电设备应用场合的H靥扩展,已出现了适于不同用途种类繁多的天线,在天线工程设计中选择哪种类型大线很人程度上取决于特应川场合系统的电气和机械方面的要求阵列大线对品种繁多的大线进行分类是件十分难的事。若按工作性线、蛋达天线播天线、电视人线等:若按频段又可分为长波天10 K 100k IM IOM IG 10G 100(线、中波天线、短波天线微波线等。但这些分类法都显得笼不太科学因为有的线既可作发射又可作接收,甚至可收发共用;有的大线既叮用丁通信又可用背达;有的大线既适用于短波又适用于超知波甚至微波。很难将它归属于哪一类行业天线手册将从三个人的方面来讨论天线I程问题,即犬线基础、天线设计和天线应用。在大线分类上则按天线辐射方式进行,适当考虑天线结构、作频段和应川等判素。我们将天线分为四组人寸(/x基木类型:线元天线、行波天线、阵列大线和孔径大线。它们适用的频率范围和天线的大致电尺寸如图1-1所示。表1.1中举出图1-1天线分类些常用天线实例及属的天线类别当然,将天线类型简单地划分为这四红基本形式也仅是·种近似,不能说它十分严密的科学性,因为总还能找到一些例外。但这种分类法有利于读者对本于册的阅表1.1天线类型线元天线阵列大孔径天线单极天线侧射阵角铧喇叭偶极天线菱形天端射阵扇形喇叭螺旋天线直线阵员喇叨陈缠人平面阵多模喇叭载体大线对数时期天线圆形阵混合模喇叭微带天线慢曼波天线波纹喇叭加载大线快波大线信号处坪抛物而瘌叭有源天线漏波逗应阵仪锥大线表面波天线多波束阼单反射面天线鞭状夫线长介质棒天线相控阵双反射面天线密度加权阵球形反射面无线极低副瓣阵偏置反射面天线「焦反射面天线切割反射面天线孔径扫描天线透镜天线角形反射面大线背射人线1.3场区划分假设将发射大线置于图1-2所示球坐标系统的原点处,它向周围辐射电磁波,则其周围的电磁波功率密度(或场强)分布般都是距离r及角坐标(6,q)的函数。因此根据离开天线距离天线位置的不同,将天线周围的场区划分为感应场区,辐射近场区和辐射远场区感应场区感应场冈是指很靠近天线的区域。在这个场区里,电磁波的图t-2球坐标中的天线感应场分量远大于辐射场,而占优势的感应场之电场和磁场的时间相位相差90°,坡印亭矢量为纯虛数,因此,不辐射功率,电场能量和磁场能量柑互交替地贮存于天线附近的空间内。图1-3(a)所小电尺寸小的偶极天线,其感应场区的外边界是λ/2x。这里,入是工作波长。无限大孔径大线不存在感应场区,有限大孔径天线,在其中心区域感应场区仍可忽略,只是在孔径边缘附近存在感应场,感应场随离川天线距离的增加而极快衰减,超过感应场区后,就是辐射场占优势的辐射场区了。图1-3(6)所示电人寸大的孔径大线的帮射场区又分为近场区和远场区1.3.2辐射近场区辐射近场区里电磁场的角分布与离开大线的距离有关,即在不同距离处的天线方向图是不同的。这是因为:(a)由天线各辐射元所建立的场之相对相位关系是随距离而变的;(b)这些场的相对振幅也是随距离而改变的。在辐射近场区的内边界处(即感应区的外边界处),天线方向图是-个主瓣和副瓣难分的起伏包感应场区辐射远场区辐射近场区感应b)孔径天线(a)电尺小小偶坂天线图13天线周围的场区络。随饣离开线距离的增加,直到近远场辐射区时天线方向图的主瓣和副瓣才明显形成,但零点电乎和副辦电平均较3.3辐射远场区辐射近场区的外边就是轴射远场区。这个区域里的特点是:(1)场的大小与离开天线的距离成反比;(2场的角分布(即方问图)与离开天线的距离无关;(3)方向图瓣、鲥瓣和零值点已全部形成辐射远场风的起始边界通常规定为2D(1.1式中,R是从观察点到天线的距离,D足天线孔径的最大线尺寸在这个距离上,孔径中心与孔径边缘到观察点的行程差为边缘与中λ/16,相应的相仪差为225°如果在这个距离上对孔经天线的辐程差=k缘与中心射特性进行测量,其结果与在无穷远距离上测得的结果相差甚微程差=λ/4在【程上是完全可以接受的天线通常是用来向远场区传送能量,因此,天线上作者的主要兴趣也在这一区域上。对孔径线尺寸为D,孔径面上相位恒定的大电尺寸天线而言,远场区的大部分能量集中在±λD弧度的角空间内;在靠近天线的地方,能量主要集中在宽度为D的管道内,如图1-4所示。在近场区的起始部分,可认为辐射大体|是平平行波束区标准-3d点行的;在R≥D2/2A的过渡区域内,场以半角为A/D弧度的锥形向外发散,R=D2/2A处的孔径中心与边缘行程差为A;在R≥近场区R=2Da/k场区2D2/A处则是天线的辐射远场区场在近场区域内的细微变化情况是复杂的,它取决于孔径面图1-4孔径人线的辐射上的特定振幅分布,但流过任一近场“管道”截面的功率恒等于总的辐射功率、随着向远场区的接近,功率密度逐渐趋于1/R2规律变化4功率传输若收、发天线相互处于远场区内,相距为R,若已知发射功率为P1,问接收天线接收的功率为多少?这是-个很有实际用途的工程向题无论通信、需达或电视、播,只要是无线信总传输系统都会面临这题,它与天线特性密切相关,因此,下面进行简要讨论设收发天线设置的相对坐标如图1-5所示。发射线输入功率为P,天线效率为,则辐射功率将是P该辐射功率P住接收天线处产生的功率密度为日,q)D).(6,g)4πR

本文档主要定义了汽车故障码，以及汽车故障码的定义。可以帮助大家很快的了解汽车诊断故障码soDs15031-63ContentsForewardIntroduction,…,…,Scope..…n-n-n-……n1Normative references…,2345Terms and definitionsGeneral specifications.…,,,…,,,Format structure5.1 Description256675.2 ISO/SAE controlled codes(core DTCs5.3 Manufacturer controlled codes(non-uniform DTCs)....5.4 Body system groupings85.4.1 B0XXX ISO/SAE controlled542B1 XXX manufacturer contro∥ep∴885. 4.3 B2XXX manufacturer controlled8544B3 XXX reserved by document.…..,,,…,…,…………………85.5Chassis system groupings.85.5.1 COXXX ISO/SAE controlled85.52c1XXXmanufacturercontroled..85.5.3 C2XXX manufacturer controlled8Powertrain system groupings -DTC numbers and descriptions are given in AnnexB. BM,....5.5. 4 C3XXX reserved by document85.65.6.1 POXXX ISO/SAE controlled85.6.2 P1XXX manufacturer control85.63P2XXX|SOSAEcontoed…85.6.4 P3XXX manufacturer controlled and iso/sae reserved5.7Network groupings- dtc numbers and descriptions are given in Annex c5.7.1 UOXXX ISO/SAE controlled5.7.2 U1XXX manufacturer controlled5.7.3 U2XXX manufacturer controlled5.7.4 3XXX reserved88888896Diagnostic trouble code descriptions.……Change requests,.,,,,,,,,,…,…,10Annex a (normative)Diagnostic trouble code naming guidelines11A1 DiscussionAnnex B(normative) Powertrain system diagnostic trouble code...14B. 1 PooXX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls.14B2P01 XX Fuel and air metering-….…17B.3P02XX Fuel and air metering20B.4P03 XX Ignition system or misfire……………,……,.,…………………………………23B5P04 XX Auxiliary emission controls.……,…,………,……,,……………,………………27B6P05 XX Vehicle speed, idle control, and auxiliary inputs,,,,,,…,…,…,…,…30o Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.3B7 P06XX Computer and auxiliary outputs3B.8P07XX Transmission画画画画国面面国面面画画面B国画面画国36B 9P08 XX Transmission…………39B.10P09XXTransmissSion.42B11 P0AXX Hybrid Propulsion..l量amB12 POBXX Reservedn47B13 PoCXX Reserved by Document画B47B14 PODXX Reserved by Document………47B15 POEXX Reserved by documentB16P0 FXX Reserved by d。 cument…,,,,,…,,…47B 17 P10XX Manufacturer controlled fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls....... ....47B 18 P11XX Manufacturer controlled fuel and air metering....47B19P12 XX Manufacturer controlled fuel and air metering……….…....….…..….…….…….47B20P13 XX Manufacturer controlled ignition system or misfire…………47B21 P14XX Manufacturer controlled auxiliary emission controls.................47B22 P15XX Manufacturer controlled vehicle speed, idle control,B23 P16XX Manufacturer controlled computer and auxiliary outputs......47B24 P17XX Manufacturer controlled transmission47B.25P18XXManufacturercontro|ledtransmission∴…47B26 P19XX Manufacturer controlled transmission47B27 P20XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls48B28 P21XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls..m..8…………51B 29 P22XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls54B 30 P23XX Ignition system or58B31 P24XX Auxiliary Emission Controls59B32 P25XX Auxiliary Inputs61B33P26 XX Computer& Auxiliary outputs.……63B, 34 P27XX Transmission66B,35 P28XX ISO/SAE reserved69B 36 P29XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls69B 37 P30XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls69B38 P31XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls........69B39P32 XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls……………a69B40 P33XX ignition system or misfire69B41 P34XX Cylinder Deactivation...n69B, 42 P35XX ISO/SAE reservedB.43P36XS0SAEeserved.73B.44P37XXSOSAEreserVved173B, 45 P38XX ISO/SAE reserved∴73B, 46 P39XX ISO/SAE reserved73Annex C(normative)Network communication groupings74C,1 U00XX Network electricala74C2 U01XX Network Communication77C,3 U02XX Network Communication80C, 4 U03X Network Software81C 5 U04XX Network Data83o ISo 2002- All rights reservedsoDs15031-6.3ForewardISo(the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies(Isomember bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISo technicalcommittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established hasthe right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, inliaison with Iso, also take part in the work. Iso collaborates closely with the International ElectrotechnicalCommission(EC)on all matters of electrotechnical standardizationInternational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the iSo/EC Directives, Part 3Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votingPublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 of the member bodies casting a voteAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of iso 15031 may be the subject of patentrights. ISo shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rightsInternational Standard ISo 15031-6 was prepared by Technical Committee ISo/C 22, Road vehiclesSubcommittee SC3, Electric and electronic eguipmentThis second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (1.DIs) dated June 2000 of which has been technicallyrevisedISo 15031 consists of the following parts, under the general title Road vehicles-Communication between vehicleand external test equipment for emissions-related diagnosticsPart 1: Genera/ informationPart 2: Terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronymsPart 3: Diagnostic connector and related electrical circuits: specification and usePart 4: EXternal test equipment- Part 5: Emissions-related diagnostic servicesPart 6: Diagnostic trouble code definitionso Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.3IntroductionIso 15031 consists of a number of parts which taken together provides a coherent self consistent set ofspecifications to facilitate emissions-related diagnostics. Parts 2 through 7 are based on SAE recommendedracticesThis part is based on SAE J2012: MAR99(Recommended Practice for Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions)ISo 15031-1 General information, provides an introduction to the standardMost automobile manufacturers are equipping at least a portion of their product line with some on-board diagnostic(OBD) capability. These systems provide an indication as to the general location of the diagnosed malfunction. Thisinformation is provided through an alphanumeric codeo ISo 2002- All rights reservedDRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDlso/D|s150316.3Road vehicles -Communication between vehicle and externaltest equipment for emissions-related diagnostics- Part 6Diagnostic trouble code definitions1 ScopeThis part of iso 15031 provides some recommended uniformity for alphanumeric trouble codes. It further providesguidance for uniform messages associated with these codesIt specifies several sections addressing format, structure, messages, and a few examples, and is applicable toelectricallelectronic systems diagnostics of motor vehiclesAnnex A specifies the diagnostic trouble code naming guidelines for signals from componentsAnnex B specifies the actual code assignments and description for Powertrain system diagnostic trouble codesAnnex C specifies the actual code assignments and description for network communicationAdditional annexes for body systems and chassis systems are under preparation2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis part of iso 15031. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publicationsdo not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of iso 15031 are encouraged to investigate thepossibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of iso and IEC maintainregisters of currently valid International StandardsSo15031-2Road vehicles -Communication between vehicle and external equipment for emissionsrelated diagnostics- Part 2: Terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronymsSO15031-5Road vehicles- Communication between vehicle and external equipment for emissionsrelated diagnostics- Part 5: Emissions-related diagnostic serviceso Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.33 Terms and definitionsFor the purpose of this part of Iso 15031, the following definitions apply. terms and definitions of iso 15031 -1 maybe used to hold definitions of terms used within more than one part of iso 15031. It is not intended to be used forterms and definitions of vehicle component terminology: these may appear in ISo 15031-23.1circuit/openfixed value or no response from the system where specific high or low detection is not feasible or can be used inconjunction with circuit low and high codes where all three circuit conditions can be detectedNOTEThe term"malfunction"has, in most cases, been deleted from the dtC description3.2range/performancecircuit is in the normal operating range, but not correct for current operating conditions, it may be used to indicatestuck or skewed values indicating poor performance of a circuit, component, or system3.3low inputcircuit voltage, frequency, or other characteristic measured at the control module input terminal or pin that is belowthe normal operating range3.4high inputcircuit voltage, frequency, or other characteristic measured at the control module input terminal or pin that is abovethe normal operating range3.5bankspecific group of cylinders sharing a common control sensor, bank 1 always contains cylinder number 1, bank 2 isthe opposite bankNOTE If there is only one bank, use bank #1 DTCs and the word bank may be omitted. With a single"bank"system usingmultiple sensors, use bank #13.6sensor locationlocation of a sensor in relation the engine air flow, starting from the fresh air intake through to the vehicle tailpipe orfuel flow from the fuel tank to the engine in order numbering 1, 2, 3 and so onNOTEsee figures 1-42o ISo 2002- All rights reservedso/Ds15031-63B1 S3B1 S1B1S2(wide range)(heated)CatalystCatalystTail PipeCyl.1 Cylinder Bank 1V6/8/V12 CylinderEngingCylinder Bank 2Exhaust Bank 2analystCatalystTail PipeB2 S12S2(Bank 2- Sensor 1) Bank 2-Sensor 2B2 S3(Bank 2-Sensor 3)Figure 1-V6/v8/12 Cylinder Engine with 2 exhaust banks and 4 Catalysts example1s1(Bank 1- Sensor 1)(Banκ1- Sensor2)CaiystExhaust bankB1 S3yC ylinder bank 1(heatedV6/V8/V12 CylinderCatalystTail PipeEngineC ylinder bank 2Exhaust Bank 2B2 S2(Bank 2- sensor 2)32S1heated(Bank2· sensor1)Figure 2-V6/8/V12 Cylinder Engine with 2 exhaust banks and 3 Catalysts exampleo Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.3B1 S3B1 S1B1 S2(Bank 1-Sensor 1)(Bank 1-Sensor 2)(Bank 1-Sensor 3(heated(wide range)(heated)兰∞Sx山CatalystCatalystTail PipeFigure 3-L4/L5/L6 Cylinder Engine with 1 exhaust bank and 2 Catalysts exampleB1 S1B1 S2(Bank 1- Sensor 1)(Bank 1-Sensor 2(wide range)(heated)=2CatalystTail Pipe834Figure 4-L4/L5/L6 Cylinder Engine with 1 exhaust bank and 1 Catalyst example3.7eft/right and front/rearcomponent identified by its position as if it can be viewed from the drivers seating position3.8ABwhere components are indicated by a letter (i.e., A,B, C, etc. this would be manufacturer defined, starting withcomponent A3.9intermittent/erraticthe signal is temporarily discontinuous, the duration of the fault is not sufficient to be considered an open or shortor the rate of change is excessiveo ISo 2002- All rights reserved

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