汽车DTC定义
本文档主要定义了汽车故障码，以及汽车故障码的定义。可以帮助大家很快的了解汽车诊断故障码soDs15031-63ContentsForewardIntroduction,…,…,Scope..…n-n-n-……n1Normative references…,2345Terms and definitionsGeneral specifications.…,,,…,,,Format structure5.1 Description256675.2 ISO/SAE controlled codes(core DTCs5.3 Manufacturer controlled codes(non-uniform DTCs)....5.4 Body system groupings85.4.1 B0XXX ISO/SAE controlled542B1 XXX manufacturer contro∥ep∴885. 4.3 B2XXX manufacturer controlled8544B3 XXX reserved by document.…..,,,…,…,…………………85.5Chassis system groupings.85.5.1 COXXX ISO/SAE controlled85.52c1XXXmanufacturercontroled..85.5.3 C2XXX manufacturer controlled8Powertrain system groupings -DTC numbers and descriptions are given in AnnexB. BM,....5.5. 4 C3XXX reserved by document85.65.6.1 POXXX ISO/SAE controlled85.6.2 P1XXX manufacturer control85.63P2XXX|SOSAEcontoed…85.6.4 P3XXX manufacturer controlled and iso/sae reserved5.7Network groupings- dtc numbers and descriptions are given in Annex c5.7.1 UOXXX ISO/SAE controlled5.7.2 U1XXX manufacturer controlled5.7.3 U2XXX manufacturer controlled5.7.4 3XXX reserved88888896Diagnostic trouble code descriptions.……Change requests,.,,,,,,,,,…,…,10Annex a (normative)Diagnostic trouble code naming guidelines11A1 DiscussionAnnex B(normative) Powertrain system diagnostic trouble code...14B. 1 PooXX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls.14B2P01 XX Fuel and air metering-….…17B.3P02XX Fuel and air metering20B.4P03 XX Ignition system or misfire……………,……,.,…………………………………23B5P04 XX Auxiliary emission controls.……,…,………,……,,……………,………………27B6P05 XX Vehicle speed, idle control, and auxiliary inputs,,,,,,…,…,…,…,…30o Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.3B7 P06XX Computer and auxiliary outputs3B.8P07XX Transmission画画画画国面面国面面画画面B国画面画国36B 9P08 XX Transmission…………39B.10P09XXTransmissSion.42B11 P0AXX Hybrid Propulsion..l量amB12 POBXX Reservedn47B13 PoCXX Reserved by Document画B47B14 PODXX Reserved by Document………47B15 POEXX Reserved by documentB16P0 FXX Reserved by d。 cument…,,,,,…,,…47B 17 P10XX Manufacturer controlled fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls....... ....47B 18 P11XX Manufacturer controlled fuel and air metering....47B19P12 XX Manufacturer controlled fuel and air metering……….…....….…..….…….…….47B20P13 XX Manufacturer controlled ignition system or misfire…………47B21 P14XX Manufacturer controlled auxiliary emission controls.................47B22 P15XX Manufacturer controlled vehicle speed, idle control,B23 P16XX Manufacturer controlled computer and auxiliary outputs......47B24 P17XX Manufacturer controlled transmission47B.25P18XXManufacturercontro|ledtransmission∴…47B26 P19XX Manufacturer controlled transmission47B27 P20XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls48B28 P21XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls..m..8…………51B 29 P22XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls54B 30 P23XX Ignition system or58B31 P24XX Auxiliary Emission Controls59B32 P25XX Auxiliary Inputs61B33P26 XX Computer& Auxiliary outputs.……63B, 34 P27XX Transmission66B,35 P28XX ISO/SAE reserved69B 36 P29XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls69B 37 P30XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls69B38 P31XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls........69B39P32 XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls……………a69B40 P33XX ignition system or misfire69B41 P34XX Cylinder Deactivation...n69B, 42 P35XX ISO/SAE reservedB.43P36XS0SAEeserved.73B.44P37XXSOSAEreserVved173B, 45 P38XX ISO/SAE reserved∴73B, 46 P39XX ISO/SAE reserved73Annex C(normative)Network communication groupings74C,1 U00XX Network electricala74C2 U01XX Network Communication77C,3 U02XX Network Communication80C, 4 U03X Network Software81C 5 U04XX Network Data83o ISo 2002- All rights reservedsoDs15031-6.3ForewardISo(the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies(Isomember bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISo technicalcommittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established hasthe right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, inliaison with Iso, also take part in the work. Iso collaborates closely with the International ElectrotechnicalCommission(EC)on all matters of electrotechnical standardizationInternational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the iSo/EC Directives, Part 3Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votingPublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 of the member bodies casting a voteAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of iso 15031 may be the subject of patentrights. ISo shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rightsInternational Standard ISo 15031-6 was prepared by Technical Committee ISo/C 22, Road vehiclesSubcommittee SC3, Electric and electronic eguipmentThis second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (1.DIs) dated June 2000 of which has been technicallyrevisedISo 15031 consists of the following parts, under the general title Road vehicles-Communication between vehicleand external test equipment for emissions-related diagnosticsPart 1: Genera/ informationPart 2: Terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronymsPart 3: Diagnostic connector and related electrical circuits: specification and usePart 4: EXternal test equipment- Part 5: Emissions-related diagnostic servicesPart 6: Diagnostic trouble code definitionso Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.3IntroductionIso 15031 consists of a number of parts which taken together provides a coherent self consistent set ofspecifications to facilitate emissions-related diagnostics. Parts 2 through 7 are based on SAE recommendedracticesThis part is based on SAE J2012: MAR99(Recommended Practice for Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions)ISo 15031-1 General information, provides an introduction to the standardMost automobile manufacturers are equipping at least a portion of their product line with some on-board diagnostic(OBD) capability. These systems provide an indication as to the general location of the diagnosed malfunction. Thisinformation is provided through an alphanumeric codeo ISo 2002- All rights reservedDRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDlso/D|s150316.3Road vehicles -Communication between vehicle and externaltest equipment for emissions-related diagnostics- Part 6Diagnostic trouble code definitions1 ScopeThis part of iso 15031 provides some recommended uniformity for alphanumeric trouble codes. It further providesguidance for uniform messages associated with these codesIt specifies several sections addressing format, structure, messages, and a few examples, and is applicable toelectricallelectronic systems diagnostics of motor vehiclesAnnex A specifies the diagnostic trouble code naming guidelines for signals from componentsAnnex B specifies the actual code assignments and description for Powertrain system diagnostic trouble codesAnnex C specifies the actual code assignments and description for network communicationAdditional annexes for body systems and chassis systems are under preparation2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis part of iso 15031. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publicationsdo not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of iso 15031 are encouraged to investigate thepossibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of iso and IEC maintainregisters of currently valid International StandardsSo15031-2Road vehicles -Communication between vehicle and external equipment for emissionsrelated diagnostics- Part 2: Terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronymsSO15031-5Road vehicles- Communication between vehicle and external equipment for emissionsrelated diagnostics- Part 5: Emissions-related diagnostic serviceso Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.33 Terms and definitionsFor the purpose of this part of Iso 15031, the following definitions apply. terms and definitions of iso 15031 -1 maybe used to hold definitions of terms used within more than one part of iso 15031. It is not intended to be used forterms and definitions of vehicle component terminology: these may appear in ISo 15031-23.1circuit/openfixed value or no response from the system where specific high or low detection is not feasible or can be used inconjunction with circuit low and high codes where all three circuit conditions can be detectedNOTEThe term"malfunction"has, in most cases, been deleted from the dtC description3.2range/performancecircuit is in the normal operating range, but not correct for current operating conditions, it may be used to indicatestuck or skewed values indicating poor performance of a circuit, component, or system3.3low inputcircuit voltage, frequency, or other characteristic measured at the control module input terminal or pin that is belowthe normal operating range3.4high inputcircuit voltage, frequency, or other characteristic measured at the control module input terminal or pin that is abovethe normal operating range3.5bankspecific group of cylinders sharing a common control sensor, bank 1 always contains cylinder number 1, bank 2 isthe opposite bankNOTE If there is only one bank, use bank #1 DTCs and the word bank may be omitted. With a single"bank"system usingmultiple sensors, use bank #13.6sensor locationlocation of a sensor in relation the engine air flow, starting from the fresh air intake through to the vehicle tailpipe orfuel flow from the fuel tank to the engine in order numbering 1, 2, 3 and so onNOTEsee figures 1-42o ISo 2002- All rights reservedso/Ds15031-63B1 S3B1 S1B1S2(wide range)(heated)CatalystCatalystTail PipeCyl.1 Cylinder Bank 1V6/8/V12 CylinderEngingCylinder Bank 2Exhaust Bank 2analystCatalystTail PipeB2 S12S2(Bank 2- Sensor 1) Bank 2-Sensor 2B2 S3(Bank 2-Sensor 3)Figure 1-V6/v8/12 Cylinder Engine with 2 exhaust banks and 4 Catalysts example1s1(Bank 1- Sensor 1)(Banκ1- Sensor2)CaiystExhaust bankB1 S3yC ylinder bank 1(heatedV6/V8/V12 CylinderCatalystTail PipeEngineC ylinder bank 2Exhaust Bank 2B2 S2(Bank 2- sensor 2)32S1heated(Bank2· sensor1)Figure 2-V6/8/V12 Cylinder Engine with 2 exhaust banks and 3 Catalysts exampleo Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.3B1 S3B1 S1B1 S2(Bank 1-Sensor 1)(Bank 1-Sensor 2)(Bank 1-Sensor 3(heated(wide range)(heated)兰∞Sx山CatalystCatalystTail PipeFigure 3-L4/L5/L6 Cylinder Engine with 1 exhaust bank and 2 Catalysts exampleB1 S1B1 S2(Bank 1- Sensor 1)(Bank 1-Sensor 2(wide range)(heated)=2CatalystTail Pipe834Figure 4-L4/L5/L6 Cylinder Engine with 1 exhaust bank and 1 Catalyst example3.7eft/right and front/rearcomponent identified by its position as if it can be viewed from the drivers seating position3.8ABwhere components are indicated by a letter (i.e., A,B, C, etc. this would be manufacturer defined, starting withcomponent A3.9intermittent/erraticthe signal is temporarily discontinuous, the duration of the fault is not sufficient to be considered an open or shortor the rate of change is excessiveo ISo 2002- All rights reserved
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三维装箱问题的模型与改进遗传算法
关于三维装箱算法问题, 一些算法理论, 感觉对这方面的应用有一定帮助144效学的实践与认识40着∑(B,*v)≤VB,B,PD,PWy=0或者1v∈{1,2,…,D},y∈{1,2,…,W},z∈{1,2,…,H},j∈{1,2,…,n}(12目标函数是箱子未装填物品的空间最少(亦即空间浪费最少)条件(2)确保子的1个装填空间单元被装填不超过1次即保证物品间不会互相嵌入;(3)式说明上层物品会有支撑,不会悬空(4),(5),(6)式说明物品装箱位置约束;(7),(8},(9)说明物品的摆放问;(11)是箱子的容积约束2這传算法21遗俊法遗传算法(GAs)是建立在达尔文进化论基础上的搜索算法,它从代表问题潜在解的个种群( population)开始,而一个种群则由经过基因(gene)编码 coding)的一定数目的个体individual)组成遗传算法采用了自然进化模型,如选择,交叉变异等计算开始时,一定数目S个个体(父个体1、父个体2……)即种群随机地初始化,并计算每个个体的适应度函数第一代也即初始代产生如果不满足优化准则,开始产生新一代的计算为了产生新一代按照适应度选择个体,父代通过基因重组(交叉)而产生子代所有的子代按一定的概率变异然后重新计算子代的适应度,将子代插入到种群中取代父代构成新的一代循环执行这一过程,直到满足优化准则22算法设计2.21编码方法采用矩阵编码方法,用多维数组(二维矩阵表示染色体结构,数组元素表示染色体基因,编码清晰,易于理解,遗传算子操作方便染色体S=(L,P,Px,Py,T)来表示问题的一个解其中:向量L=(Li,L1,…,Ln)为待装箱物品的一个排列;向量P=(Bn,B1,…,B3n)为对应于排列L的B,一个排列向量Px=(PB,PB,…,PB)为对应于排列L的PB一个排列向量Py=(PB,PB},…,PB为对应于排列L的PBx一个排列矩阵T=(x2=欢面为对应于排列L的装箱物品坐标22适值函数问题的目标是最小化箱子的浪费空间,适应度函数可定义为空间利用率函数(S代表染色体C1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.net2期陈德良,等:三维装箱问题的模型与改进遗传算法Fitness(s)(∑B3*v/若∑(B;*v)≤V否则23解的不可行性,罚函数与评估函数由于对染色体作遗传运算时可能获得不可行的子代,惩罚技术是用遗传算法解约束优化问题中最常用的技术,本质上它是通过惩罚不可行解将约束优化问题转化为无约爽问题就本文讨论的问题而言,惩罚项包括:1)物品在装箱时不交叠,即满足约束条件{2},有着∑By≤1g:(S)1,否则2)物品装箱时不能出现悬空即满足约束条件(3),有0若∑B-B+)>0g2(S)=(151,否则3)物品装箱不能超出箱子边界,即满足约束条件(4,(5)和(6),有0若吃+B(Pp++Pwy*吗)≤D1,否则0若+B*(PD*+PWy*m)≤W941,否则(17)95(S)=0,若x+B*h;≤H8)1,否则eat(s=∑9(S)b=1那么,式(14)至(18)任何一个取值为1,都是不可行评估函数eval(S)=Fitness(S)*(5-Genalty (S)24算法步骤)初始化进化代数计数器,随机产生一定数目(大于设定的初始种群规模)的染色体;2)利用式(14)检验初始种群染色体可行性,对不可行解旋转赌轮接受小部分不可行解,与可行解构成初始种群3)对初始种群染色体进行遗传运算;①按照式(14)至(20)计算评估函数:⑩按顺序交叉方法产生子代;④变异算子;4)旋转赌轮选择染色体;)重复3至4)直到完成给定的循环次数;C1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.net数学的实践与认识40卷6)确定最好的染色体作为最优解3实验结果我们用C++编程实现了上述算法在配置为CPU24GH/512 Mb ram的微机上,用随机产生的数据进行实验取遗传算法运行参数为:{群体大小进化代数,交叉概率,变异概率}-{100,50,0.85,0.05}用随机产生的数据进行实验,求解20个种类100件物品的装箱问题,得到最好解耗时小于1秒;计算50个种类200件物品的装箱问题,得到最好解耗时小于2秒以下是3类共16件物品的装箱问题.实验数据图2,第!行为箱子尺『;第2至第4行为待装箱物品,每行第1个数据表小序号第2至镌4数据分别为物品尺寸,第5个数据表示物品件数在计算转桌中包含数据依次是:序号,是否装载,物品长,物品宽,物品高,纵向坐标横向坐标,垂向坐标纵向长度,横向长度,垂向长度(图4).从图4可知第12号物品未能装箱,物品装箱的顺序可以从“序号列中得出.绘制的物品装箱示意图见图31421,2,乙2,2,图2实验数据图3装箱示意图文件((格式(Q帮助新 s REPORT耗时:.1 most g sec次数:01615积:7580001016每a0库:92.875989名寸:=280;y=1210;2=300NO: P st Din 1 Din 2 in 3 C xC YPu y Pu 2202002002002001002812B20020012010010020012鲁2020012010020020020020012B100100212021201215024015824815015561111111111115152每000ao00015150240202020055020200201002001215502D0200120100100201205s012020028012015024075000015024815015024075015015024a152002009o002002001002012090020012日未装相物品121501502年图1计算结果o1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHousealLrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.net2期陈德良,等:三维装箱问题的模型与改进遗传算法1474结束语装箱问题是一常见而难解的优化问题,利用遗传算法求解时,随机产生的初始解会出现大量的不可行解(装箱物品占用空间出现大量交叠),本文将箱子内部空间划分为一个个立方体单元:算法的第2)步对标准遗传算法做了修改通过剔除大量不可行解提高算法的收敛速度,实验结果表明此算法运算过程及绪果稳定,具有较强的实际应用价值能有效解决复杂的三维装箱何题,今后将继续研究将该方法运用到其它不同的有关装箱问题或组合优化问题中参考文献[1] John J, et al. An improved algctithra for the ncn-guillctine-constraincd cutting-stock problem(JIOperational Resee ch Society, 19 /0,+1: 141-149[2] Coffmau E. G, et al. ver age-case analysis of cutting and packing in two dimensions [J]. Euro. Jof Operatic al Reseaich, 1990, 44: 134-14413) Fabien C, et al. A Two-phase heuristic for the two-dinensional cutting-stock problem [J. Opera-tional Research Society, 1991, 42: 39-744 Martello Silvano, Pisinger, David, and Vigo, Daniele. The Three-Dimensional Bin Packing ProblemJ. Operations Research, 2000 Informs. Vol. 48: 256-267]何大勇,査建中,姜义东遗传算法求解复杂集装箱装载问题方法研究向]软件学报,201,12(9):13801385阿]张德富魏丽军陈青山陈火旺等.三维装箱问题的组合启发式算法软件学报,2007,18(9):20832089A Mixed Integer Programming Model ofThree-Dimensional Bin-Packing Problem and ImprovedGenetic AlgorithmsCHEN De-liang, 2, CHEN Zhi-yaSchool of Traffc &z transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 41076, China)(2. Logistics School, Central South University of Forestry Technology, Changsha 410004, ChinaAbstracts The three-dimensional bin-packing problem is complicated but a high level ofinterest in developing effective way to solve this kinds of NP-hard problem. First a MixedInteger Programming model was worked out in this paper, which resorted to dividing box spaceinto unit cube. Then an improved genetic algorithm was mainly developed. Tests on hundredsof problems show that this algorithm makes the most of volume utilization in minimal timeKeywords: three-dimensional bin-packing problem; space division; mixed integer program-ming model; improved genetic algorithmso01994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishinghOuse.Allrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.net
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