Vehicle Dynamics Theory and Application
不错的汽车动力学教材，是参与汽车底盘电子开发的动力学基础。Reza n. jazarVehicle DynamicsTheory and ApplicationsSpringerReza n. jazarDept of Mechanical EngineeringManhattan collegeRiverdale. NY 10471ISBN:978-0-387-74243-4e-ISBN:978-0-387-74244-1Library of Congress Control Number: 200794219c 2008 Springer Science+ Business Media, LLCAll rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without thewritten permission of the publisher(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 SpringStreet, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrievalelectronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now knownor hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarksservice marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as anexpression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rightsPrinted on acid-free paper987654321springer. comKavoshmy daughter, Vazan,and my wife, MojganHappiness is when you win a race against yourselfPrefaceThis text is for engineering students. It introduces the fundamental knowledge used in vehicle dymamics. This knowledge can be utilized to developcomputer programs for analyzing the ride, handling, and optimization ofroad vehiclesVehicle dynamics has been in the engineering curriculum for more thana hundred years. Books on the subject are available, but most of themare written for specialists and are not suitable for a classroom applicationA new student, engineer, or researcher would not know where and howto start learning vehicle dynamics. So, there is a need for a textbook forbeginners. This textbook presents the fundamentals with a perspective onfuture trendsThe study of classical vehicle dynamics has its roots in the work ofgreat scientists of the past four centuries and creative engineers in thepast century who established the methodology of dynamic systems. Thedevelopment of vehicle dynamics has moved toward modeling, analysisand optimization of multi-body dynamics supported by some compliantmembers. Therefore, merging dynamics with optimization theory was anexpected development. The fast-growing capability of accurate positioninsensing, and calculations, along with intelligent computer programming arethe other important developments in vehicle dynamics. So, a textbook helpthe reader to make a computer model of vehicles, which this book doesLevel of the bookThis book has evolved from nearly a decade of research in nonlineardynamic systems and teaching courses in vehicle dynamics. It is addressedprimarily to the last year of undergraduate study and the first year graduatestudent in engineering. Hence, it is an intermediate textbook. It providesboth fundamental and advanced topics. The whole book can be coveredin two successive courses, however, it is possible to jump over some sections and cover the book in one course. Students are required to know thefundamentals of kinematics and dynamics, as well as a basic knowledge ofnumerical methodsThe contents of the book have been kept at a fairly theoretical-practicallevel. Many concepts are deeply explained and their application empha-sized, and most of the related theories and formal proofs have been explained. The book places a strong emphasis on the physical meaning andapplications of the concepts. Topics that have been selected are of highinterest in the field. An attempt has been made to expose students to aPrefacebroad range of topics and approachese There are four special chapters that are indirectly related to vehicle dy-amics: Applied Kinematics, Applied Mechanisms, Applied dynamics, andApplied vibrations. These chapters provide the related background to understand vehicle dynamics and its subsystemsOrganization of the bookThe text is organized so it can be used for teaching or for self-studyChapter 1"Fundamentals, "contains general preliminaries about tire andrim with a brief review of road vehicle classificationsPart I"One Dimensional Vehicle Dynamics, " presents forward vehicledynamics, tire dynamics, and driveline dynamics. Forward dynamics refersto weight transfer, accelerating braking, engine performance, and gear ratiodesignPart II"Vehicle Kinematics, presents a detailed discussion of vehiclemechanical subsystems such as steering and suspensionsPart IIT"Vehicle Dynamics, employs Newton and Lagrange methodsto develop the maneuvering dynamics of vehiclesPart Iv "Vehicle Vibrations, presents a detailed discussion of vehi-cle vibrations. An attempt is made to review the basic approaches anddemonstrate how a vehicle can be modeled as a vibrating multiple degreeof-freedom system. The concepts of the Newton-Euler dynamics and La-grangian method are used equally for derivation of equations of motionThe RMS optimization technique for suspension design of vehicles is intro-duced and applied to vehicle suspensions. The outcome of the optimizationtechnique is the optimal stiffness and damping for a car or suspended equipmentMethod of presentationThis book uses a fact-reason-application"structure. The "fact"is themain subject we introduce in each section. Then the reason is given as a" proof. The application of the fact is examined in some examples. Theexamplesare a very important part of the book because they show howto implement the facts. They also cover some other facts that are neededto expand the subjectPrerequisitesSince the book is written for senior undergraduate and first-year graduatelevel students of engineering, the assumption is that users are familiar withmatrix algebra as well as basic dynamics. Prerequisites are the fundamentals of kinematics, dynamics, vector analysis, and matrix theory. Thesebasics are usually taught in the first three undergraduate yearsPrefaceUnit SystemThe system of units adopted in this book is, unless otherwise stated, theinternational system of units(SI). The units of degree(deg)or radian(rad)are utilized for variables representing angular quantitiesSymbolse Lowercase bold letters indicate a vector. Vectors may be expressed inan n dimensional Euclidian space. ExamplerCUppercase bold letters indicate a dynamic vector or a dynamic matrix, such as force and moment. ExampleFo Lowercase letters with a hat indicate a unit vector. Unit vectors arenot bolded. ExampleLowercase letters with a tilde indicate a 3 x 3 skew symmetric matrixassociated to a vector. Examplea3211An arrow above two uppercase letters indicates the start and endpoints of a position vector. ExampleON = a position vector from point o to point Ne The length of a vector is indicated by a non-bold lowercase letterExampleCapital letter B is utilized to denote a body coordinate frame. ExampleB(ocgB(Oxyz)B1(o1x19121)ⅹ11PrefaceCapital letter G is utilized to denote a global, inertial, or fixed coordinate frame. ExampleG(XYZG(OXYZRight subscript on a transformation matrix indicates the departureframes. ExampleRB= transformation matrix from frame B(oxyz)Left superscript on a transformation matrix indicates the destinationframe. ExampleRBtransformation matrix from frame B(o cgz)to frame G(OxYZ)Capital letter R indicates rotation or a transformation matrix, if itshows the beginning and destination coordinate frames. Example0BSIn a0Whenever there is no sub or superscript, the matrices are shown in abracket. ExampleCOS asin a osIn aCOs O0e Left superscript on a vector denotes the frame in which the vectoris expressed. That superscript indicates the frame that the vectorbelongs to; so the vector is expressed using the unit vectors of thatEr= position vector expressed in frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on a vector denotes the tip point that the vector isreferred to. ExamplePsition vector ofexpressed in coordinate frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on an angular velocity vector indicates the frame thatthe angular vector is referred to. ExampleB= angularof the body coordinate frame B(oxyz)
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psim永磁同步电动机矢量控制仿真
详细介绍了 如何用psim软件实现永磁电动机的矢量仿真Vol 16 No900系统仿真学报May 2004对永磁同步电机(PMSM)数学模型的电压方程式(4进行2.4SPWM模块abc/da坐标变换,可得dq坐标系下的电压方程式(8):正弦脉宽调制,它是以正弦波作为基准的调制波,三角0d=rid+pod-oo(8)波作为载波,当调制波与载波相交时,由他们的交点确定变4=rig+ peyd+oou频器开通的时间,从而产生等幅不等宽的脉冲波形。图8是其中SPWM变频器的控制回路,一组三相对称的正弦参考信号Og =lsig, Od=liia+OatUa、Ub、Ua与三角波参考信号U,相比较,作为三相桥臂6个功率开关元件的控制信号。式中:、口—d、q相定子磁链;a—转子磁场对定子的交链;、Ld、q相绕组申感。图5、图6中的U、U子模块的功能就是实现方程式(8),心子模块的底层结构如图5所示,U子模块的底层结构如图6所示。Kp1载波他号[Iq图8SPWM变频器控制回路图5U4子模块结构框图2.5速度控制模块速度控制模块的结构较为简单,如图9所示,输入:参考转速和实际转速的差值,输出:q相电流参考值lqrfq其中,Kp为P控制器中P(比例)的参数,KpT为P控制器中I(积分)的参数, Saturation饱和跟幅模块将输出的q相参考电流幅值限定在要求范围內。图6U子模块结构框图Ia ret23坐标变换模块坐标变换模块实现的是d旋转坐标系下的两相相电压x口Un、Ug向abc静止坐标系的三相电压Ua、Ub、U的等Kp/T效变换。与矢量控制模坎类似,d2abc模块实现的是dq两相向ab三相的变换,模块的底层结构嬗鹵7腙示,功由图9速度控制模块结构框图dq/abc电流变换方程式(9戾实现26电压逆变模块C。=Ucos6+ sine+Ucos(-120°)+Usin(-120°)+U电压逆变模块实现的是逆变器功能,输入为SPWM模U= U, cos(日+12°)+Usin(日+120°)+U块给出的逆变控制信号,输出为三相相电压。图10是电压逆变模块结构框图。该模块可采用中提供的通用逆变模块搭建,只需3对iT功率开关器件,反向并联续流二极管c根据SPWM模块给出的控制信号,控制6个开关器件顺序四导通和关断,从而产生三相相电压输出。2s0本本去J2PI/3图10电压逆变模块结构框图图7dq2abc模块结构框图C1994-2010chinaAcadcmicJOurnalElcctronicPublishingHousc.Allrightsrcscrved.http://www.cnki.nctVoL 16 No 5May 2004纪志成,等∶基于PSIM永磁同步电机矢量控制系统的仿真建模·901·3仿真结果组电感L=0.06H,转动惯量J=000179kgm2,额定转速1500rmin,极对数n=2。为了验证所设计的PMSM根据上述所建立的PMSM矢量控制系统的仿真模型,矢量控制系统仿真模型的静、动态性能,系统带负载T在PSIM6.0的仿真环境下进行了仿真,PMSM电机参数设Nm起动,得到系统转、转矩、d-q两相相电流仿真曲置为:电机功率p=500W,直流电压l=220V,定子相绕线如图114所示。组电阻R=432,定子d相绕组电感L=0027H,q相绕200013001200110015000010008v8006500003001.0000200400100t(s)t(3)图11转速响应曲线图12转矩响应曲线10016.001400-0504000.002005c01.00200300500t(s)图13d相电流波形图14q相电流波形由仿真滅形可以看出:在n=150 Or/in的参考转速下,性能威者模拟相同的实验糸件比较不同控制策喲的优劣,系统带负载启动响应快速且平稳,如两相电流波形较为理汋分析和设计永磁冋步电机控制系统提供了有效地手段和想,稳态运行时转速无静差。仿真结果证明了本文所提岀的工具,也为实际电机控制系统的设计和调试提供了新的思这种新型PMsⅥ仿真建模方法的有效性。路。结论参考文献:[I P Pillay, R Krishnan. Modeling, simulation, and analysis of本文在分析PMSM数学模型的基础上,提出了基于permanent-magnet motor drives, Part 2: The permanent-magnetPSIM的PMSM控制系统仿真模型。该控制系统采用速度环synchronous motor drive [] IEEE Trans. on Industry ApplicationsPⅠ控制和电流环矢量控制的双闭环控制方法并在1989,25(2):265-273[21 Pragasan Pillay, R Krishnan. Modeling of permanent magnet motorPSIM60 SIMCAD环境下对该控制系统进行了设计与仿真。drives[J]. IEEE Trans on Industry Electronics, 1988. 35(4): 537-541仿真结果表明:波形符合理论分析,系统能平稳运行,具有③CiP. Zhu jG.IaQ,P,ctal. Simulation of nonlinear switche较好的静、动态特性。采用该PMSM仿真模型,可以十分eluctance motor drives with PSIM[C]. Proceedings of Electrica便捷地实现、验证控制算法,只需对部分功能模块迸行替换Machines and Systems, 2001, 2: 1061-10644]纪志成薛花沈艳霞.永磁同步电机调速系统的樸糊PⅠ智能控制或修改,就可实现控制策珞的改换或改进,不仅可以节省控新方法[电工技术学报,2003,18(6:53-58制方案的设计周期,快速验证所设计的控制算法,更可以充「5Y. SJeon, H.S. Mok,G, H. Choe,cta. a new simulation model of分利用计算机仿真的优越性,通过修改系统参变量或人为加PMSM motor with rcal back EMF wavcform[C]. Procccding from入不同扰动因素来考察不同实验条件下电机系统的动、静态Computers in Power Electronics, 2000, 16-18: 217-220C1994-2010chinaAcadcmicJOurnalElcctronicPublishingHousc.Allrightsrcscrved.http://www.cnki.nct
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