NGSIM使用手册（1）
美国NGSIM系统的使用手册，方便读者高效的利用NGSIM进行数据下载，完成交通领域的研究Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No2. Government Accession no3. Recipients Catalog NoFHWA-HOP-06-0124. Title and subtitle5. Report DateNext Generation Simulation(NGSIM) Data Format Planly20046. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s8. Performing Organization report noVijay Kovvali, richard margiotta, Robert franc, vassiliAlexiadis9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit NoCAMBRIDGE SYSTEMATIC INC150 CAMBRIDGE PARK DRIVE SUITE 400011. Contract or grant noCAMBRIDGE MA 02140DTFH61-02-C-0003612. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredDepartment of transportationFinal reportFederal Highway AdministrationJuly 2003-july 2004Office of Acquisition Management14. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street SW, RM 4410Washington, DC 2059015. Supplementary notesFHWA COTR: John Halkias, Office of Operations, and James Colyar, Office of Operations r&d16. AbstractThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGSIM) Data Format Plan was developed to define thestructure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be collected for estimationcalibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. The development of the data Format Plan isbased on existing formats that are relevant to ngsim and augmented to fill in gaps. to this end, a reviewof existing data formats was undertaken and their relevance to NGSiM was assessed. The review includeddata standards developed for intelligent transportation systems(ITS), data formats developed specificallyfor traffic simulation models, and data formats developed for broader transportation applications. Thespecified data formats were developed with the objective of promoting efficient research by maintainingonsistency between data collection and research, and providing consistent storage and transmittalprotocols. On the other hand, this plan intentionally avoids over specification of data formats, so as tominimize unnecessary limitations to research. This document specifies the conceptual data model by meansof Unified Modeling Language UMl class diagrams; the data dictionary in the data standard prescribed bP1489-1999 format developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE); the dataexchange structure for data transfer from user to user or from the database/repository to users; and theNGSIM metadata17. Key words1 8. Distribution StatementNext generation simulation, NGSIM, trafficNo restrictions. This document is available to thesimulation, high-level plan, traffic data collection, public through the National Technical Informationvehicle trajectory dataService, Springfield, VA2216119. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages22. PriceUnclassifiedUnclassifiedForm dot e1700.7(8-72)Reproduction of completed pages authorizedTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1High- Level plan context……垂垂垂垂·着垂垂垂垂非垂·非垂垂看垂音非非;·垂垂音看垂看垂1.2 Background1.3 Data Collection Types……1344581. 4 Data Conversion1.5 Data Formats·····.···············.··.···.·;···..·.··..·.···2.0 NGSIM DATA REQUIREMENTS22 Microsimulation Software Data format,…………172.1 NGSIM Data…192.3 Rcquirements for NgsiM data Collection..................193.0 RECOMMENDED NGSIM DATA FORMATS..m. 233.1 NGSIM Data model233.2 NGSIM Data Dictionary……………243.3 NGSIM Metadata.............................253.4 NGSIM Data Exchange Format273.5 File and Directory Naming Convention……293.6 Summary30REFERENCES31APPENDIX A-REVIEW OF EXISTING TRANSPORTATION DATA FORMATS3APPENDIX B-ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR NGSIM DATACOLLECTION,45APPENDIX C-DATA MODEL∴….,,53APPENdIXD-DATA DICTIONARY.APPENDIX E-METADATA. ...........................................................................................99APPENdIX F-SYSTEM-STATE DATA看香音看音香n117List of FiguresFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies4Figure2. Diagran. Data format classification relevant to ngsim1………Figure 3. Diagram. Top level data model of general traffic simulation55Figure4. Diagram. Influencing factors database packages………………56Figure 5. Diagram. Behavioral models packages57Figure6. Diagran. Facility type generalization…………18Figure 7. Diagram. Traffic management systems generalization......59Figure 8. Diagram. Transit management systems generalizationFigure9. Diagran. nvironment generalization.………………………0Figure 10. Diagram NTCIP Controller class diagram61Figure 11 Diagram Actuated traffic signal controller generalization2Figure12 Diagram. Generalized microsimulation data model………………63Figure 13 Diagram Data concept components and constructs(IEEE Std 1489-1999)66List of tablesTable 1. Example validation data by algorithm categoryTable 2. Summary of NGSiM categorizations for data formatsTable 3. Accuracy requirements for vehicle trajectory data. ..45Table 4. Accuracy requirements for instrumented vehicle data.........46Table 5. Accuracy requirements for wide-area detector data......... 47Table 6. Accuracy requirements for nctwork-rclated data48Table 7. Accuracy requirements for representative transportation managementsystems data52Table 8. Terminology for UMLmodeler54Table 9. Data dictionary for NgSim.67Table 10 processing documentation metadata for ngsimwwwwwm116Table1l. Requisite vehicle trajectory data…………………………117Table 12. requisite wide-area detector data requirements……118EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGsim) Data Format plan was developed todefine the structure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be col-lected for estimation, calibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. Thedevelopment of the data format plan is based on existing formats that are relevant toNGSIM and augmented to fill in gaps. To this end, a review of existing data formats wasundertaken and their relevance to ngsim was assessed. The review included data standards developed for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), data formats developed spe-cifically for traffic simulation models and data formats developed for broader transporta-tion applications. The specified data formats were developed with the objective of pro-moting efficient research by maintaining consistency between data collection andresearch, and providing consistent storage and transmittal protocols. On the other handthis plan intentionally avoids overspecification of data formats, so as to minimize unnecessary limitations to researchFour data format components were specified in this document, including: 1)data model,2)data dictionary, 3 )metadata, and 4) data exchange formatNGSIM Data Model- The conceptual data model for NGSIM data formats is pre-sented by means of Unified Modeling Language() class diagrams. Used in con-junction with the data dictionary, the data model allows for construction of a formaldatabase/repository for NGSIM validation dataNGSIM Data Dictionary This provides definition of individual data elementsrequired by NGsim. It follows the data standard prescribed by P1489-1999 formatdeveloped by the Institutc of Elcctrical and Electronics Engineers(ieee)NGSIM Data Exchange Format- The data cxchange structure dcfincs how datashould be transferred from user to user or from the database /repository to users. Thisdocument specifies the framework for developing data exchange formats by providingthe data model and the data dictionary; it also provides clear guidance on the formatstandards with which the data exchange format should conform Currently it doesnot provide specific schema for the data exchange formatsNGSIM Metadata- This includes both traditional metadata(definitions, specificationsand valid value lists for data elements and general information about the dataset andits availability); and processing metadata(what has happened to the data from data col-lection to data archival). Administrative metadata formats were adapted fromContent Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata(FGDC-STD-001-1998), developedby the Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC). Recommendations for NGSiMprocessing metadata are based on the guidance provided in ASTM E2259-03, devel-oped by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTm)1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe objectives of the NGsim program include the followingDevelopment of a core set of open behavioral algorithms in support of traffic simulation with a primary focus on microscopic modelingCollection of extensive data that will be used for estimation calibration and validationof the core behavioral algorithms; and storing the data in a repository that can be uni-versally accessedThe High-Level Plan for DatasetsTask E3)identified different kinds of traffic data col-lection methods and technologies and recommended three kinds of data collection effortsfor ngsim, including vehicle trajectory data wide area detector data and instrumentedvehicle dataThis report Task F)presents the documentation, format structure, and transfer requirements for the ngsim data formats for these data collection efforts identified in task e3This report is organized as followsExecutive Summary -Provides an executive summary of this documentSection1.0-Provides an overview and introduction to this report, including the con-text of the data format plan within NGsIM, information on NGsim data collection anddata types, information on data conversion, general information on data formats, anda summary of available transportation data formats and their relevance for ngsimSection 2.0-Presents definitions and categorization for different data types, and pro-vides ngsim data requirementsSection 3.0-Presents data format recommendations for the NGsim program,including a data model, data elements for the data dictionary, metadata to describe thedata collection effort and data exchange formatsReferences-Presents references used in developing this data format planAppendix a-Presents a review of existing transportation data formatsAppendix B-Presents accuracy requirements for NGSiM data collectionAppendix C- Presents a UML representation of the ngsim data modelAppendix D-Presents a high-level NGSIM data dictionaryAppendix E- Presents metadata categories, dictionary, and recommended metadataformats for ngsim1.1 HIGH-LEVEL PLAN CONTEXTInterdependencies among NGSIM tasks are shown in figure 1. The High-Level Plan forDatasets(Task E. 3) presents an assessment of existing datasets of potential use for NGSIM,and makes recommendations on the focus for nGsim data collection methodologies. Thisreport on the data Format Plan task f) provides recommendations on the data exchangeformat(s) for NGSIM data collection efforts. The data formats are also influenced by theHigh-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e 2)Task E 1-1Core algorithmAssessmentTask e,3Task e.1-2Task e2High-LevelCore AlgorithmHigh-Level Verificationlan for DatasetsPlanandⅤ alidation planTask eData format planFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies.1.2 BACKGROUNDThe NGSiM field data collection effort pursues data required for developing, estimating,calibrating and validating traffic behavioral algorithms. Tactical route execution, opera-tional driving, and en-route strategic traveler behaviors were identified as the focus of theNGSIM core behavioral algorithm research in the identification and prioritization of coreAlgorithms Task D)report. The High-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e2)provides an example of the data collection datasets for each algorithm category as shownin table 1. the table illustrates the extent over which data must be collected for each levelof algorithm. For example, for operational driving algorithms, a single stretch of roadwayon a freeway will likely be sufficient, while, for development of tactical driving algo-rithms, the data collection effort should be expanded to include the freeway section andmultiple entry and exit ramps that feed the freeway. The data formats developed in thisplan address the data, both static and dynamic, that are pertinent to the data collectionefforts necessary for developing and validating all three categories of driver behavioralalgorithms4
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Matlab_Simulink动力学系统建模与仿真
《Matlab/Simulink动力学系统建模与仿真（第2版）》主要介绍了动力学系统中微分方程模型、传递函数模型和状态空间模型等建立的基础理论，并引入了Simulink仿真技术，为解决复杂动力学问题（特别是不易得到解析解的动力学问题）提供了方法。 《Matlab/Simulink动力学系统建模与仿真（第2版）》编排了较多的例题来说明各类动力学模型的仿真模型的建立方法，以及差分模型、相似模型、时域和频域等仿真模型，最后将控制动力学基础知识作为后继研究的扩展内容做了介绍。 《Matlab/Simulink动力学系统建模与仿真（第2版）》是一本多学科内容相交又的教材，同时涉及了力学、电学和动内容简介本书主要介绍了动力学系统中微分方程模型、传递函数模型和状态空间模型等建立的基础理论,并引入了 Simulink仿真技术,为解决复杂动力学问题(特别是不易得到解析解的动力学问题)提供了方法。书中编排了较多的例题来说明各类动力学模型的仿真模型的建立方法,以及差分模型、相似模型、时域和频域等仿真模型,最后将控制动力学基础知识作为后继硏究的扩展内容做了介绍。本书是一本多学科内容相交叉的教材,同时涉及了力学、电学和动力学控制等学科的交叉知识。本书适合具有一定数学和力学基础知识的理工科专业的本科高年级学生使用,可以作为机械工程、土木工程、车辆工程和仪器仪表、印刷机械等本科高年级学生和相关专业的研究生在学习有关动力学系统建模与仿真内容时的参考书,还可供相关工程技术人员参考。图书在版编目(CIP)数据Matlab/ Simulink动力学系统建模与仿真/黎明安,钱利编著.-2版.一北京:国防工业出版社,2015.7ISBN978-7-118-102055L.①M..Ⅱ.①黎.②钱..Ⅲ.①计算机辅助计算—应用—动力系统一系统建模②计算机辅助计算一应用—动力系统一系统仿真Ⅳ.①TP391.75②019中国版本图书馆CP数据核字(2015)第138118号※宫原社出版发行(北京市海淀区紫竹院南路23号邮政编码100048)天利华印刷装订有限公司印刷新华书店经售开本787×10921/16印张19字数456千字2015年7月第2版第1次印刷印数1—3000册定价49.00元(本书如有印装错误,我社负责调换)国防书店:(010)8854077发行邮购:(010)88540776发行传真:(010)88540755发行业务:(010)88540717前言本书是在为“工程力学”本科专业开设的“动态系统建模与计算机仿真”课程基础上多次改编而成的。本书一开始就采用了模型框图,使学生在学习过程中掌握和使用仿真框图的表示方法,为今后建立仿真模型奠定基础。本书结合了 Simulink仿真平台的基础知识,学生可以在各章的例题中学会 Matlab基本的编程能力和 Simulink基本模块的应用;将 Simulink的基础知识分散到各个章节中由浅入深地讲授,使学习者容易接受。本书第1版于2012年出版,此次在第1版的基础上修改了部分错误,个别习题也做了调整,使内容编排更趋于合理。全书分为10章,第1章~第3章介绍了建模与仿真的数学力学基础知识和以框图来表示模型的方法,主要以微分方程模型为主线介绍了简单仿真模型的建立。第4章介绍了系统的传递函数模型以及面对传递函数的仿真模型的建立。第5章介绍了状态空间模型。第6章介绍了基于采样的将连续系统离散化的方法。第7章介绍了机电相似模型。第8章介绍了动力学系统的时域瞬态响应分析方法。第9章介绍了频域分析方法。第10章介绍了控制动力学基础。全书贯穿了 Matlab/ Simulink仿真技术。本书中的仿真例题均在 Matlab(R2007a)下调试通过,希望读者在该版本下建立仿真模型本书由西安理工大学师俊平教授、王忠民教授审阅,两位教授对本书内容的编写提出了宝贵的修改意见,研究生雷霜、崔凯和朱晓雄等对初稿进行了认真的校对,在此表示衷心感谢。西北工业大学支希哲教授、朱西平教授,空军工程大学冯立富教授,陕西理学院张宝中教授,西安科技大学郭志勇教授,西安理工大学徐开亮博士等在编写过程中给予了大力帮助,在此表示深切感谢由于水平有限,本书还有很多需要改进的地方,敬请使用者提出宝贵意见。编著者Ⅲ目录绪论…………………………………………………………………………1第1章系统建模与仿真基础…………1.1系统仿真模型框图表示法·4441.1.1基本仿真元件………1.1.2简单仿真框图结构51.2拉普拉斯变换…1.2.1拉普拉斯变换的定义及其性质1.2.2拉普拉斯逆变换………………………………111.2.3拉普拉斯变换在求解线性常系数微分方程中的应用1.3z变换与Z逆变换…161.3.1Z变换的定义1.3.2Z变换的应用…171.4矩阵的特征值与特征矢量…181.4.1标准特征值问题…191.4.2广义特征值问题1.4.3相似变换及其特性…………………………………………21习题5第2章动力学系统的微分方程模型………………………………………282.1动力学建模基本理论…………………………………………………282.1.1动力学系统基本元件…282.1.2动力学建模基本定理…………………………292.2哈密顿动力学建模体系382.2.1拉格朗日方程2.2.2哈密顿原理2.3一维弹性体的有限元建模………422.3.1梁单元质量矩阵与刚度矩阵…422.3.2总体系统动力学微分方程………………………………442.4一维弹性体系统的假设模态法482.4.1模态函数……………………………………………482.4.2系统的动能和势能…………………492.4.3系统的动力学方程2.5 Simulink高级积分器的仿真模型建立…512.5.1高级积分器端口………522.5.2高级积分器在仿真中的应用…………………………52习题………………………………………………………………………………………54第3章动力学系统响应分析的数值方法……583.1数值积分法和数值微分法…583.1.1数值积分法………………………………………………………………583.1.2数值微分法……593.1.3多自由度振动系统的差商模型…………………………………633.2龙格一库塔法……653.2.1二阶龙格一库塔法………653.2.2四阶龙格一库塔法……………………………………………663.3四阶龙格一库塔法仿真程序设计673.3.1求解一阶微分方程四阶龙格一库塔法程序设计……………………673.3.2求解一阶微分方程组的四阶的龙格一库塔法程序设计693.3.3高阶微分方程的四阶龙格一库塔法程序设计703.4隐式逐步积分法…………………………………………………723.4.1线性加速度法723.4.2威尔逊θ法…3.5微分方程的边值问题的求解…………………763.5.1解线性方程边值问题的差分方法……………………………………763.5.2解线性方程边值问题的打靶法(试射法)…773.5.3关于三对角矩阵的追赶法程序设计……·,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,……793.6关于 Simulink环境中的求解器 Solver803.6.1常用求解器…………………………………………803.6.2求解器的选择813.7Malb中符号微积分……………823.7.1符号微分与符号积分……………………………………823.7.2利用符号运算求解微分方程习题……………………………………………………………………884第4章系统传递函数模型84.1传递函数及其特性…4.1.1传递函数定义……………884.1.2传递函数的特性…4.1.3传递函数的图示方法…894.2基本环节的传递函数……………………894.2.1比例环节……………………904.2.2一阶延迟环节4.2.3微分环节914.2.4积分环节…………914.2.5振荡环节………………914.3传递函数的其他形式934.3.1传递函数的零极点形式……………………………………………934.3.2传递函数的留数形式…………………………………………934.3.3传递函数的串联、并联与反馈连接形式944.3.4控制系统的开环传递函数……………………………………974.4多自由度振动系统的传递函数模型……………1014.4.1直接方法,..,.,,...,,,,,,.,·,,,,,,,,,..,·.、,,,,,,,,,,,,··,1014.4.2模态分析法…1035传递函数模型的 Simulink仿真模型建立…………………1054.5.1与传递函数相关的 Matlab运算指令…1054.5.2传递函数模型的 Simulink仿真模型建立…1084.6弹性系统的传递函数仿真模型…1114.6.1弹性系统的传递函数1114.6.2传递函数 Simulink仿真模型………………………………………………112习题113第5章动力学系统状态空间模型1175.1动力学系统的状态空间模型………………1175.1.1状态空间方程的一般形式1175.1.2化高阶微分方程为状态方程——不含输入导数情况……………………1185.1.3线性多自由度振动系统的状态空间模型1215.2微分方程模型与状态空间的关系1235.2.1微分方程模型与状态空间模型特征对的关系……………………1235.2.2系统含有输入导数的状态空间模型1235.3状态空间的相似变换…………………………………………1295.3.1一般情况…1295.3.2特殊情况(可控标准型的情况)…………………1305.4系统的状态空间模型与传递函数模型之间的转换……1315.4.1从状态空间模型转换为传递函数模型……………………1315.4.2模型转换 Matlab函数1325.4.3传递函数模型转换为状态空间模型的直接方法∴……1345.5传递函数模型转换为状态空间模型的串并联法…1355.5.1并联模型法,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1355.5.2串联模型法1385.6状态空间仿真模型建立………………………………………1415.6.1非线性时变系统1415.6.2非线性定常系统……………………………………1425.6.3线性时变系统∴…………1425.6.4线性定常系统……………425.7关于混合系统仿真……………………144习题…∴∴…145第6章连续系统的相似离散法1486.1线性连续系统相似离散法…1486.1.1连续系统状态方程的精确解…486.1.2零阶保持器下状态方程的离散化…1496.1.3一阶保持器下状态方程的离散….,.,,.,,,,.,,,,,·,,,,,,,,,1506.1.4离散系统仿真模块1516.2状态转移矩阵…1526.2.1状态转移矩阵的特性1526.2.2求转移矩阵的几种方法…1536.3离散化系统的传递函数模型…………………1546.3.1零阶保持器的传递函数1546.3.2一阶保持器的传递函数…1546.3.3离散系统的传递函数模型1566.4线性时变系统状态方程的离散化………………………1586.4.1线性时变状态方程的解……………………1586.4.2线性时变系统状态方程离散化…………………1596.4.3近似离散化1596.5离散系统仿真模型建立…………………………1636.5.1有关离散系统 Matlab函数的应用1636.5.2状态方程的离散——基于单位延迟的状态空间仿真模型1666.5.3利用离散传递函数模块的 Simulink仿真模型……∴1686.5.4使用离散状态空间模块 Simulink仿真模型168习题……………………………………………………………………………170第7章机电模拟系统………………………………………1737.1电学基本元件和基本定律1737.1.1电学基本元件……1737.1.2简单电路动态方程1747.1.3电气系统的数学模型建立…………………………………………1747.2无源滤波器……………1787.2.1滤波器基本类型1787.2.2无源RC滤波器……………………………………………………………………………1857.2.3无源RLC滤波器………………………………………………………1867.3机电相似系统1867.3.1力一电压相似……………………………………………………………………187Ⅶ7.3.2力一电流相似…1887.4机电耦合系统的数学建模∴…1897.5运算放大器系统的数学建模∴……………190习题………196第8章系统瞬态响应分析………2008.1典型状态和典型激励的瞬态响应…2008.1.1系统响应种类…2008.1.2常见的几种典型外激励……………2018.2一阶系统的瞬态响应分析·……………………………………………………2028.2.1系统在零输入响应……………………2028.2.2系统零状态响应…………………………………………………2028.2.3标准一阶系统的单位阶跃响应特性……………2048.3二阶系统瞬态响应分析…………………………2068.3.1标准二阶系统的单位脉冲响应………………2068.3.2欠阻尼标准二阶系统的阶跃响应2098.3.3欠阻尼标准二阶系统性能指标…2108.3.4非标准欠阻尼标准二阶系统性能指标…∴…2148.3.5欠阻尼二阶系统的单位斜坡响应………………………………2178.3.6过阻尼二阶系统的单位阶跃响应………………………2188.4 Matlab/ Simulink仿真…………………………………………………………2208.5高阶系统的响应2218.5.1高阶系统的传递函数……………………………………2218.5.2高阶系统的瞬态响应222习题……………………………………………………………………………222第9章动力学系统频域分析方法………………………………………………2269.1概述……………………………………………2269.2频率响应函数…2269.2.1谐和激励下系统的响应函数…………………………………………2269.2.2系统的传递函数与系统的频率响应函数………………………2279.2.3系统频率响应特性曲线(频响曲线)……………………2309.3单位脉冲函数与频率响应函数.·······:··:.·.·········;···;··:.:··2329.3.1单位脉冲响应函数(权函数)…………………2329.3.2单位脉冲函数与频率响应函数…………………………………2339.3.3标准二阶系统的频率响应特性……·.···········2359.4频率响应分析法仿真……23794.1连续系统频率响应特性:,···:,,2379.4.2线性多自由度系统的频域分析2459.4.3快速傅里叶变换与仿真……………………………246Ⅷ9.5频率响应特性在振动系统参数识别中的应用……2489.5.1幅频、相频曲线识别法…………2499.5.2实频、虚频曲线识别法2509.5.3导纳圆的参数识别法…………………252习题………………254第10章动力学系统控制基础…25610.1动力学控制的基本概念…25610.2PID控制系统…………………25710.2.1PID工作简介…25710.2.2PID的数学模型…………25810.2.3PID控制系统的响应分析…25910.3状态反馈控制系统··..···.···:········.···········:······…………27010.4最优控制………………………27410.4.1固定端点的问题最优控制…………………………………27510.4.2始端时刻固定、末值状态自由情况下的最优控制27610.5线性系统的二次型最优设计…………279习题………………………………………………………………………285附录………………………………………………………288附录1 Simulink仿真系统常用模块库288附录2典型函数的拉普拉斯变换和Z变换…………………………………………290附录3 Matlab/ Simulink部分功能设置…………29参考文献…292Ⅸ
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