PCA Matlab

altera公司IP核使用手册,对于学习EDA技术的学生或工程师有用A吉RAContentsChapter 1. About this MegaCore FunctionRelease informat1-1Device Family Support···Introduction.··········FeaturesOpen core plus evaluation1-3Performance···Chapter 2. Getting StartedDesign Flow衡·鲁·,看·,音番2-1Megacore Function walkthrough2-2Create a New quartus II Pi2-2Launch the mega Wizard Plug-in ManagerStep 1: Parameterize2-5Step 2: Set Up SimulationStep 3: Generate..,2-11Simulate the design2-13Compile the design2-13Pa Device2-14Set Up Licensing2-15ppend the license to yourdat file2-15Specify the License File in the Quartus II Software...2-15Example Simulation and Compilation..2-16Example quartus Ii project2-16Example simulation with Test Vectors,,,,,,2-16Chapter 3. SpecificationsyperTransport Technology Overview1HT SyStems3-2HT Flow ControlHyper Transport MegaCore Function SpecificationPhysical InterfaceSynchronization and alignment ...Protocol interfClocking Options.......HyperTransport Mega Core Function Parameters and HT Link Performance3-10Signals3-14CSR Module...3-31OpenCore plus time-Out BehaviorAppendix A. ParametersIntroduction鲁鲁鲁A-1Parameter listsDevice Family and Read Only registers···········,,,,,,,,,,A-1Base Address Registers番鲁,A-2Clocking OptionsA-3Advanced settingso March 2009 Altera corporationHyperTransport MegaCore Function User GuideAppendix B. Stratix Device Pin AssignmentsIntroductionB-1GuidelinesAppendix C. Example designGeneral descriptionAdditional informationRevision historyInto-lHow to Contact alteraInfo-1Typographic Conventions ..........Info-2Hyper Transport MegaCore Function User Guideo March 2009 Altera CorporationA吉RA1. About this MegaCore FunctionRelease InformationTable 1-1 provides information about this release of the Hyper Transport Mega CoretfunctioTable 1-1. Hyper Transport Mega Core Function Release InformationitenlDescription∨ ersion9.0Release dateMarch 2009Ordering codeIP-HTProduct ID(s)0098Vendor iD(s)6AF7Altera verifies that the current version of the quartus@ll software compiles theprevious version of each MegaCore function. Any exceptions to this verification arereported in the Mega Core lP Library release Notes and Errata. Altera does not verifycompilation with Mega Core function versions older than one releaseDevice Family SupportMegaCore functions provide either full or preliminary support for target Alteradevice families:Full support means the Mega Core function meets all functional and timingrequirements for the device family and may be used in production designsa Preliminary support means the Mega Core function meets all functionalrequirements, but may still be undergoing timing analysis for the device family;itmay be used in production designs with cautionTable 1-2 shows the level of support offered by the Hyper Transport MegaCorefunction for each of the altera device familiesTable 1-2. Device Family SupportDevice FamilySupportHard Copy Stratix@FullStratixFulStratix IIFulStratix‖GXPreliminaryStratix GXOther device familiesNo supportC March 2009 Altera CorporationHyperT ransport Mega Core Function User Guide1-2Chapter 1: About this MegaCore FunctionIntroductionIntroductionThe Hyper Transport Mega Core function implements high-speed packet transfersbetween physical(PhY) and link-layer devices, and is fully compliant with theHyperTransport l/O Link Specification, Revision 1.03. This Mega Core function allowsdesigners to interface to a wide range of Hyper TransportTm technology(hT)enableddevices quickly and easily, including network processors, coprocessors, videochipsets, and ASICsFeaturesThe Hyper Transport Mega Core function has the following features8-bit fully integrated hT end-chain interfacePacket-based protocolDual unidirectional point-to-point linksUp to 16 Gigabits per second(Gbps)throughput(8 Gbps in each direction)200, 300, and 400 MHz DDR links in Stratix and Stratix GX devices200, 300, 400, and 500 MHz ddr links in Stratix II and Stratix II GX devicesLow-swing differential signaling with 100-Q2 differential impedanceHardware verified with Hyper fransport interfaces on multiple industry standardprocessor and bridge devicesFully parameterized mega core function allows flexible, easy configurationFully optimized for the altera stratix Il, Stratix, Stratix GX, and Stratix II GXevice famillesApplication-side interface uses the Altera AtlanticTM interface standardManages Hr flow control, optimizing performance and ease of useIndependent buffering for each HT virtual channelAutomatic handling of ht ordering rulesStalling of one virtual channel does not delay other virtual channels(subject toorderingFlexible parameterized buffer sizes, allowing customization depending onsystem requirementsUser interface has independent interfaces for the HT virtual channels, allowingindependent user logic designCyclic redundancy code(crc) generation and checking to preserve data integrityIntegrated detection and response to common HT error conditions■ CRC errorsEnd-chain errorsFully integrated HT configuration space includes all required configuration spaceregisters and HT capabilities list registersHyper Transport MegaCore Function User Guideo March 2009 Altera CorporationChapter 1: About this MegaCore FunctionPerformance32-bit and 64-bit support across all base address registers bars)automatically handles all csr space accessesVerilog HDL and VHdL simulation supportOpen Core Plus EvaluationWith the Altera free Open Core Plus evaluation feature, you can perform the followingSimulate the behavior of a mcgafunction(Altera MegaCore function or AMPPmegafunction) within your systema Verify the functionality of your design, as well as quickly and easily evaluate itssize and speedGenerate time-limited device programming files for designs that includeMegaCore functionsProgram a device and verify your design in hardwareYou only need to purchase a license for the Mega Core function when you arecompletely satisfied with its functionality and performance and want to take yourdesign to productiono For more information about Open Core Plus hardware evaluation using theHyperTransport MegaCore function, refer to"Open Core Plus Time-Out Behavior"onpage 3-40 and AN 320: Open Core Plus Evaluation of megafunctionsPerformanceThe Hyper Transport Mega Core function uses 20 differential I/O pin pairs and 2single-ended I/O pins, requiring 42 pins total. Table 1-3 through Table 1-5 showtypical performance and adaptive look-up table (alut) or logic element (LE)usagefor the HyperTransport MegaCore function in Stratix II GX, Stratix IL, Stratix, andStratix GX devices respectively, using the Quartus@ II software version 7.1Table 1-3 shows the maximum supported data rates in megabits per second(Mbps)by device family and speed gradeTable 1-3. Maximum Supported Hyper Transport Data Rates (Note 1)Speed GradeDevice Family-36Stratix ll GX devices 1000 Mbps 1000 Mbps 800 MbpsNA(2)N/A(2NA(2)Stratix devices1000 Mbps 1000 Mbps 800 Mbps N/A(2)NA(2)NA(2)Stratix devicesN/A(2N/A(2)00 Mbps 800 Mbps 600 Mbps400 MbpsFlip-Chip packagesStratix devicesNA(2)NA(2)NA(2)600 Mbps400 Mbps400 Mbps(Wire Bond packagesStratix GX devicesN/A(2) N/A(2)800 Mbps 800 Mbps 600 Mbps N/A(2)Notes to table 1-3(1)Rates are per interface bit. Multiply by eight to calculate the uni-directional data rate of an 8-bit inter face(2) Devices ot this speed grade are not ottered in this device familyC March 2009 Altera CorporationHyperTransport Mega Core Function User GuideChapter 1: About this MegaCore FunctionPerformanceTable 1-4 shows performance and device utilization for the Hyper TransportMegaCore function in Stratix II and Stratix II GX devicesTable 1-4. Hyper Transport Mega Core Function Performance in Stratix ll and Stratix ll GX DevicesParametersMemoryUserRXCombinationalHT Link InterfacePosted Non-Posted Response ClockingALUTSLogicfMAX(MHz) MAx(MHz)Buffers BuffersBuffers Option(12)Registers M4K M512 ( 3)3)Shared3.5005200120500125(4RX/TX/Ref35005200500Ref/x8Shared36005400160500>150RX/TXShared4.0006,00016150RX/TX16Shared4,1006,200500125(4)RX/TX/RefShared4.1006200500125(4Ref/TxShared4.2006400160150RX/TXNotes to table 1-4.Refer to " Clocking Options "on page 3-7 for more information about these options(2 )Other parameters(BAR configurations, etc. )vary the alut and Logic Register utilization numbers by approximately +/-200(3)Figures for -3 speed grade devices only(4) When using the Shared Rx/Tx/Ref and Shared Ref/Tx options, the user interface frequency is limited to exactly the ht frequency divided byTable 1-5 shows performance and device utilization for the Hyper TransportMegaCore function in Stratix and Stratix GX devicesTable 1-5. Hyper Transport Mega Core Function Performance in Stratix and Stratix GX DevicesUser Interface fmaxParametersUtilizationHT Link fMAX MHz)MHZ)RXRXSpeed GradePosted Non-Posted Response Clocking Option LEsM4KBuffers BuffersBuffers)(2 Blocks.5-66Shared rx/tx/ref1240010073)100734448888Shared Ref/Tx 7, 60014400400100{3)100(3)Shared rxtx7,90016400400>125>100Shared rxtx8.900125>100168Shared Rx/T×Ref9,400124004001003)100316Shared ref/ ix9.500144001003)10073)16Shared rx/x9.700400125Notes to table 1-5:(1)Refer to Clocking Options"on page 3-7 for more information about these options(2 )Other parameters( BAR configurations etc. )vary the LE utilization by approximately +/-200 LES(3 )When using the Shared Rx/Tx/ Ref and Shared Ref/Tx options, the user interface frequency is limited to exactly the hT frequency divided by fourHyper Transport MegaCore Function User GuideC March 2009 Altera CorporationA吉RA2. Getting StartedDesign FlowTo evaluate the HyperTransport Mega Core function using the Open Core Plus feature,include these steps in your design flowObtain and install the HyperTransport Mega Core functionThe HyperTransport Mega Core function is part of the MegaCore IP Library, which isdistributed with the Quartus ii software and downloadable from the altera websitewww.altera.como For system requirements and installation instructions, refer to Quartus II InstallationLicensing for Windows and Linux Workstations on the Altera website atwww.altera.com/literature/lit-qts.ispFigure 2-1 shows the directory structure after you install the HyperTransportMegaCore function, where is the installation directory. The default installationWindows is C: altera ; on Linux it islopt/alteraFigure 2-1. Directory StructureInstallation directorypContains the Altera MegaCore IP Library and third-party IP coresalteraContains the Altera MegaCore IP LibrarycommonContains shared componentshtContains the Hyper Transport Hyper Transport Megacore function files and documentationdocContains the documentation for the Hyper Transport MegaCore functionlibContains encrypted lower-level design filesexampleContains the design example for the Hyper Transport Mega Core function2. Create a custom variation of the Hyper Transport Mega Core function3. Implement the rest of your design using the design entry method of your choice4. Use the IP functional simulation model to verify the operation of your designo For more information about Ip functional simulation models, refer to the SimulatingAltera IP in Third-Party Simulation Tools chapter in volume 3 of the Quartus II Handbook5. Use the Quartus II software to compile your designC March 2009 Altera CorporationHyperT ransport Mega Core Function User Guide2-2Chapter 2: Getting StartedMega Core Function WalkthroughIg You can also generate an Open Core Plus time-limited programming file,which you can use to verify the operation of your design in hardware6. Purchase a license for the hypertransport Mega Core functionAfter you have purchased a license for the Hyper transport mega Core functionfollow these additional steps1. Set up licensing2. Generate a programming file for the Altera device(s)on your board3. Program the Altera device(s)with the completed designMegaCore Function WalkthroughThis walkthrough explains how to create a custom variation using the AlteraHyper Transport IP Toolbench and the Quartus II software, and simulate the functionusing an ip functional simulation model and the modelsim software when you arefinished generating your custom variation of the function, you can incorporate it intoⅴ our overall projectIe IP Toolbench allows you to select only legal combinations of parameters, and warnsou of any invalid configurationsIn this walkthrough you follow these stepsCreate a New Quartus II Projecta Launch the MegaWizard Plug-in Manager■Step1: Parameterizea Step 2: Set Up Simulation■Step3: Generate■ Simulate the designTo generate a wrapper file and Ip functional simulation model using default values,omit the procedure described in"Step 1: Parameterizeon page 2-5Create a New Quartus ll ProjectCreate a new Quartus II project with the New Project Wizard, which specifies theworking directory for the project, assigns the project name, and designates the nameof the top-level design entityTo create a new project, perform the following steps1. On the Windows Start menu, select Programs> Altera> Quartus II tostart the Quartus lI software. Alternatively, you can use the Quartus II Web editionsoftware2. In the Quartus II window, on the File menu, click New Project Wizard. If you didnot turn it off previously, the New Project Wizard Introduction page appears3. On the New Project Wizard Introduction page, click NextHyper Transport MegaCore Function User Guideo March 2009 Altera Corporation

1． 会用Mathematica求概率、均值与方差；2． 能进行常用分布的计算；3． 会用Mathematica进行期望和方差的区间估计；4． 会用Mathematica进行回归分析。

keil uVision4的注册机，用法很方便，已测试可行。

基于MUSIC算法的DOA估计，并进行修正，算法性能有所提高

【实例简介】matlab编写的相机标定经典算法，调试通过

关于自适应滤波器的fpga实现，对于想学数字滤波器的和fpga的同学来说非常好基于FPGA的自适应滤波器设计摘要数字滤波器较模拟滤波器相比,具有信噪比髙,过渡带性能好,髙可靠性及可扩展性,设计灵活方便的优势,应用范围越米越广。随着专用数字信号处理芯片的发展,数字滤波器的可实现性能以及处理速度得到了极大的提升,FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)作为一种新型数字信号处理芯片,具有数字信号处理速度快、数据并行处理并且利用硬件编程语言直接进行硬件设计等特点,自适应滤波器的FPGA设计以及优化方法,是目前的一个研究热点。本文对自适应滤波器进行 Matlab仿真,以对其结构特性以及运算特点进行了解,利用 Matlab生成测试信号与FPGA仿真软件 Modelsim进行联合设计以及行为仿貞,采用 Altera公司的 Cyclone IV系列芯片EP4CE15F17C8为载体的开发板进行设计仿真,在设计过程中,充分利用FPGA可以并行处理以及快速的数字信号处理的特点进行针对性的结构设计。在此基础上做了以下工作。在充分了解滤波器,自适应横向滤波器,自适应陷波滤波器以及FFT变换原理的基础上,选择并搭建∫设计平台,在目前自适应横向滤波器的FPGA设计的研究基础上,采用模块化的设计方法,单独设计可重复调用的串行FR滤波模块以及串行LMS杖值更新模块,对两种模块的设计以及综合分别进行了设计以及仿真实验,通过并行调川两种不同模块,每种调用四个的方式设计一个16阶的滤波器为例来阐述模块化设计方法,并设计32阶64阶分别与仝串行以及仝并行设计方式的处理速率以及逻辑资源调用进行比较,结果说明运算速率与并行调用模块数量成正比,远快于全串行结构的设计方式,并且对于64阶仝并行系统来说,极大的减少了硬件资源的消万方数据耗,提髙了设计灵活性。在此设计的基础上,针对传统自适应陷波滤波器的滤波频夲固定不变的缺陷,提出了一种频域变换法检测噪声特征频夲,并可以根据特征噪声频率实时改变陷波频率的滤波器设计方法,为了减小设计复杂性,研究了符号LMS自适应陷波器算法,通过 Matlab仿真实验选取符号的特征变量。并对噪声信号提取算法进行了介绍和设计仿真,最终设计出根据噪声频率自动调节陷波中心频率的自适应陷波滤波器,并对滤波器性能进行了 Modelsim仿真研究,自适应陷波器具有能有效的滤除对应频的单频噪声信号,并且根据噪声的频率特性自动调节滤波频率的特点。针对两种自适应滤波器的FPGA设计,体现了FPGA在自适应滤波器设计时灵活性以及针对性,两种不同类型的自适应滤波器,可以分别适用于普通数字滤波器无法有效发挥作用的场合,同时本文的设计方法对其它类型数字信号处理系统的FPGA实现具有一定参考价值关键词:现场可编程门阵列,自适应横向滤波器,模坎化设计,自适应陷波器万方数据DESIGN OF ADAPTIVE FILTER BASED ON FPGAABSTRaCTCompared with analog filter, digital filter has the advantages of high signalto noise ratio, good performance of transition zone, high reliability andexpansibility, flexible and convenient design and application With developmentof special digital signal processing chip, digital filter Can achieve performanceand processing speed has been greatly improved, the realization of the use of thebetter performance of digital chip design more complex filter, so that the adaptivefilter realization and application become possible, FPGA (field programmablegate array) is a new type of digital signal processing chip, with parallel processingof data and Can use hardware programming language directly the characteristicsof the hardware design, is currently a hot research topic for study of adaptive filteris implemented on FPgaThe matlab simulation of the adaptive filter to understand the characteristicsof the structure and opcration characteristics, and the use of Matlab generatingtest signals and FPGA simulation software Modelsim joint behavior simulation ofFPGa design, then to Altera cyclone Iv series chip ep4cel5f17c8 as the carrierof the development board for simulation design. in the design process, make fulluse of FPGa parallel processing and fast digital signal processing for structuraldesign On this basis, the following work has been doneThe filter needed to fully understand, adaptive transversal filter, adaptivenotch filter and Fft transform based on the principle of selection and build adesign platform, first in the basic research of current FPGA adaptive transversalfilter realization, using modular design method, the structure is divided into singleand serial FiR filter module serial LMS weight update module, the design of thetwo modules and integrated were designed, and simulation experiments, through万方数据the parallel call two different modules, each call the four way to design a 1 6 orderfilter as an example to illustrate the modular design method, and design of 32order and 64 order respectively with serial and the processing rate parallel designmethods and logic resources call were compared. The results show that theoperation rate and parallel call module is proportional to the number, far faster Inthe whole serial design mode, and for the 64 order all parallel system, greatlyimprove the design flexibility, reduce the consumption of hardware resourcesAfter the design on this basis, the traditional adaptive trapped wave filter, filterfrequency fixed defects, put forward a method of frequency domain transformdetection noise characteristic frequency, and can change in real time accordingto the characteristics of noise frequency trapped wave frequency filter designmethods, in order to reduce the design complexity and the sign LMs adaptivenotch filter algorithm, the characteristic variables of the symbol is determinedthrough the simulation experiment of Matlab. And the noise signal extractionalgorithm are introduced and the simulation design, the final design according tofrequency noise automatically adjust the trapped wave frequency adaptive notchfilter, and on the performance of the filters were Modelsim simulation researchthe adaptive notch filter has CaN effectively filter on the frequency of the singlefrequency noise signal, and does not affect the characteristics of waveforms usefulFor the fpga design of two based on the lms adaptive algorithm of filterreflecting the FPGa in the adaptive filter design flexibility and uniqueness, twodifferent types of adaptive filter can be respectively applicable to ordinarydigital filter Can not effectively play the role of occasions, also the designmethod of other types of digital signal processing system based on FPGaimplementation has a certain reference valueKEY WORDS: FPGA, Adaptive transversal filter, Modular design, Adaptivenotch filter万方数据目录摘要ABSTRACT··,··*···第·章绪论…1.1研究目的与意义1.1.1数字滤波器简介·················+··*····+··········*···:··.*····…···*········:··+*·········1.1.2基于FPGA的自适应滤波器研究意义·“中,非2国内外研究现状1.2.1自适应滤波器研究现状122自适应滤波器的FPGA实现研究现状·······申中···申1.3课题的主要研究内谷··B申61.3.1课题的主要工作1.3.2课题的研究实现方案…4本章小结第二章自适应陷波滤波器的原理以及实验平台2.自适应滤波器理论介绍·····中中·········中·中·"中··中·中····中····申2.1.1IR与FIR滤波器简介2.12LMS算法原理132.1.3自适应陷波器的原理15214FFT变换的原理··p··中··中··,和p申·和中中····中·申22设计平台介绍2022.1自适应滤波器的设计平台20222自适应陷波滤波器接2223本章小结24第三章自适应横向滤波器的FPGA实现..273.1自适应滤波器的 Matlab仿真研究…····中中中申·中申···申申p中申·中申··申p申中273.1.1自适应滤波器的功能仿真研究273.2自适应滤波器的滤波收敛性能研究方法…83.1.3自适应滤波器的收敛性能研究….30万方数据3.2自适应滤波器的FPGA模块化设计333.2.1自适应滤波器FPGA模块化设计原理333.22FIR串行模块的设计申·中p申申,申申申·申和中p申申非申·p;申p申·非申·申新申中和申p申和·申·申P申申·申申申p申p343.2.3LMS串行模块的设计35324自适应滤波器多级处理结构整体设计363.2.5结构特性分析393.3木章小结···非中中非第四章自适应陷波滤波器的FPGA设计41符号LMS算法的梯度特征值选择及系统结构设计.414.1.1符号LMS算法的梯度特征值选择4141.2FIR自适应陷波滤波器系统结构设计42噪声信号分析以及参考信号频率值提取……1464.2.1FFT变换的功能464.2.2FFT变换的参数介绍42.3 FFT IP核的调试以及功能测试……4842.4特征噪声频率提取算法.…43自适应陷波模块的设计非··申申中431自适应波器的 Matlab仿真43.2自适应陷波器FPGA设计时的数据截取方法554.3.3白适应陷波器模块的FPGA设计56434自适应陷波器的整体设计6044采用频域变换法自适应陷波器滤除工频噪声.44.1提高系统实时性的方法6144.2模拟与实验验证45木章小结·········65第五章总结与展望DD67参考文献致谢75攻读学位期间发表的学术论文目录77ⅤI万方数据太原理工大学硕上饼究生学位论文第一章绪论1.1研究目的与意义滤波器从1917年发明以米,已经有近一个世纪的发展史1,滤波器的发明也极大的推进了电了器件以及通信的发展。计算机技术以及集成电路的技术的发展又使滤波器产生飞跃式的发展,各科数字电路以及模拟开关电路元件体积越来越小,密度越来越高,直接催生了集成芯片式RC有源滤波器,开关电容滤波器以及数字滤波器。使滤波器的应用范围再一次扩大,不仅仅在通信领域,在医学,电气,图像处理等领域也起到了举足轻重的作用。1.1.1数字滤波器简介数字滤波器作为数字信号处理的一部分,是随着计算机以及数字器件的发展而发展起来的一门比较新的技术,尤其近几年来,数字处理芯片以及数字信号处理技术的发展使得数字滤波器的优点越米越突出,现代数字滤波器可以轻易实现将过渡带缩短到Iz以內,这点是模拟滤波器无法达到的性能指标。数字滤波器比模拟滤波器还有更优越的信噪比、可靠性以及灵活性和可扩展性,并且随着数字集成电路的发展,制作成本将会越来越低S。目前使用比较多的滤波器设计方法分别是无限冲击响应(IR)以及有限冲击响应(FR)波器,其屮由于FR滤波器可以很容易实现具有严格线性相位结构的滤波器,而IR滤波器要达到严格线性相位结构必须经过仝通网终线性相位矫正从而大大增加滤波器的阶数。FR滤波器由于其冲击响应有限,所以是个稳定系统。并且没有反馈环节,有利于其在使件上实现。所以FR滤波器以其独有的优势应用于线性相位结构的系统屮。近几年米,随着RLS以及LMS自适应算法的提出S,很多专家学者提出了利用自适应算法在数字系统上设计自适应滤波器,使滤波器的性能更加灵活,并且在对滤波器有特殊滤波要求的场合使用門,例如自适应陷波器常用在电气设备中滤除工频干扰而对其余频率信号几乎完全不产生影响,以及在通道失配屮采用自适应滤波原理进行矫正12,有些系统可以采用自适应算法达到抵消噪声千扰3,这些都是常规滤波器无法达万方数据基于FPGA的自适应滤波器设计到的性能指标。LMS算法以其简单的特性,可以在多和数字芯片上进行设计。尤其在FPGA上实现各种自适应滤波器14,是目前针对自适应滤波器方面的一个研究方向。1.1.2基于FPGA的自适应滤波器研究意义FIR与IR滤波器都是数字滤波器,即在数字系统上实现滤波器功能,而数字系统又分为软件数字系统实现以及硬件数字系统实现,软件数字系统实现最常用的例如使用MEATLAB或者 Labview进行编程实现15,其优点是可以自如的调节信号字长以及滤波步长,可以达到很高的精度,并且可以综合其它的处理功能为一体。缺点是接口比较单,必须接外置的采集卡,需要以计算机为载休休积往往很大。并且对信号的处理速度在相同糸件下要比硬件实现的滤波器系统要慢,并不能达到很好的实吋性,实际应用中只适用于屮、少量的数据后期分析以及对成本以及实时性要求不高的一些系统使用16。哽件芯片实现的数字滤波器实吋性要比PC杋软件好,并且硬件载体也比较多,如单片机、ARM类芯片,和专门用于数字信号处理的DSP芯片上均可以实现滤波器功能,但是其运算均为串行运算,(现场可编程门阵列)FPGA作为·种可编辑器件,不仅能实现上述所有芯片的功能,在资源配置合理的情况下,还能进行处理馍垬多重并行调用,即在个芯片上实现多个基本芯片同时处理的功能8,从而达到特别优异的数字信号处理功能,目前在图像处理等需要实时对大量数字信号进行滤波处理的领域,FPGA已经成为款不可或缺的芯片。但硬件设计数字滤波器的时候,山于数字滤波器的特殊性,在设计数字滤波器的时候,并没有现成的标准公式,这造成了很多数字滤波器并不能完全直接在硬件系统上实现,例如,FR数字滤波器,必须先利用软件工具得出FIR滤波器的各延迟抽头系数才能进行硬件设计,所以设计FIR滤波器的时候,是离不开计算机系统的,但是设计好的滤波器,可以脱离软件系统进行使用。由亍FR滤波器的本质就是一个标准的乘加运算集,恰好可以利用分布式算法实砚FIR滤波器,分布式算法的每个乘法运算屮必须有一个乘数为常数,这又与FPGA的基本逻辑单元査找表的功能相适应,利用査找表结构可以进行个常数乘数与·个变量相乘的运算,这样在实现FIR滤波器的时候,利用分布式算法,可以实现不使用或仅使用少量乘法器资源即可完成FR滤波器结构设计,FPGA的设计结构刚好与FIR滤波器的万方数据

【实例简介】软件测试技术课程设计，用loadrunner软件实现对一个web程序进行测试，其中要自己动手连接一个数据库，这只是一个小例子，有些截图是测试过程中自动生成报告中的。

huff是无损压缩，绝对可用的哈夫曼编解码，本程序附带图像数据处理试验结果 原始数据与编码后解码后的数据结果完全相同。

在java世界里目前充斥着各种框架，struts，spring……但究其根本还是离不开servlet，故鄙人从java最基础的servlet入手，研究如何不用框架但又利用框架的优势实现最简单的用户管理(增删改查，分页)，并使用到了ajax技术实现增删改查，分页完全不刷新，主要是为了改善用户体验

电能表的软件系统包括程序数据结构模块、程序初始化与电表运行处理模块、事件分配查询管理处理模块及显示处理模块、通讯处理模块、电量处理模块、时间与时段管理处量模块、电表最大需量处理模块八大部分组成，各个部分都有其特殊的任务，在电表系统中完成它们相应的功能。●●●●程序数据结构部分●●●●●●●●●程序数据结构部分程序数据结构模块是对程序中的数据进行分析,合理的分配数据内存,定义程序涉及的变量。它是根据整个程序的算法来制定的,同时一个好的数据结构对整个程序的编写有非常重要的作用,因此根据电能表软件系列实现的功能及其算法制定合理的数据结构。电能表的数据结构包括两个部分:内存数据结构和数据结构与常量结构。●这个是与常量的数据结构,在显小与数据通讯都会使用这个结构●●●●●●●●●程序常量数据结构部分●●●●数据标示项数据标示表示的正反数据存放的格式数据值的长度数据在与的偏移量数据显示的符号通过此结构可以把所要显示、通讯的数据在或者在存放的位置长度以极标志等内睿取出供所需要的函数使用●●●●程序数据结构部分●●●●●●●●●合相有功功率合相有功瞬时功率电压有校值合电流有校值当前的线频率合功率因数合相电压与电流的夹角当前的电能此结构可以对的计量参数寄存器一次可以全读出,并同时也可以分别取出对应所需要的参数●●●●●●●●●程序初始化与电表运行处理●●●●程序初始化与电表运行处理●程序初始化与电表运行处理模块是对整个程序进行初始化,并对电表运行的六种状态进行转换。程序初始化包括两个部分:初始化和电表各部件初始化。初始化是对各部件进行初始化,为各部件在程序工作时提供合适的初始状态,它包括配置口工作模式、看门狗初始化、定时器初始化、键盘中断初始化、串口中断初始化、初始化等等。电表各部件初始化是对电能表系统各部件进行配置工作状态,初始化它们的工作方式,为程序工作提供电表部件初始状态,它包括指示灯初始化显示初始化、实时时钟初始化、电量恢复、通讯信道、历史电量处理等等部件的初始化。●●●●口工作模式●●●●●●●●●口工作模式如果有没有用到的口,作输入时要通过电阻与或者与连接,作输出时要输出置与置因为设备输入端未连接将会产生工作枚障,如果输入未连接,则由于噪音等原因可能会产生内部输入电平,从而导致故障。如果在上电时口为输入,但电池供电时口的电平为不确定状态时,也应对口作相应的处理●当主时钟切换到副时钟时,应将主时钟的口设为输出置看门狗初始化●●●●●●●●可选字节设定地址:080H/Ls0HrWINDOW1F工NDOWWDCSWDCS1WDCSLSROSC看门狗的开了NDCW1VINDOMO看门狗定封器窗口打开周期窗时间设定为1C5WDTCN看门狗定时器计数器的操作控制/非法汸问检测琹止计数器操怍复位后停止计数),禁止非法访问检测操作允许计数器橾作;愆位后始计敏),氘许非法访闻枱测橾作看门狗定时器HD,FDCS1HDCEO昋门狗定时器溢出吋间0z°/faL(3.88ms)时间间隔设置n/f!(7.76ms):25/土R(3L.03ms0CTL (62, OG sD0125fsL(124.12mE)fL(496.4LSROSC内部低速振蓠器操作看门狗设为不可由软件停1(出将1写入C寄存器的第0红 SESTOP)时停l操作不能停止(即使将1写入 SRSTOP位也不停止操作)能停止单片机内部的看门狗把设为不能停止时为硬看门狗,必须在窗口打开才能清狗否则单片机会复位,●●●●串口中断初始化●●●●●●●●●●由于多功能表有二个供通讯的口,一个供红外通讯口。但单片机只有二个哪么就需要模拟其中一个的分频时钟信号不能得到此时应选的分分频时钟信号模拟红外通讯,需要个外部中断(接收接收管上的电平信号并每要检测屮断口的信号),二个定时器(输出载波与的时间间隔)串口中断初始化有关UART0的寄存器波特率发生控制寄存器0( BRGCO)真出:F? iH Aher reset: 1Fh民WEymarBRGCOTPE01TP90O0 MDLO4MPLSMDLDe MDLoTBLOm(TPS01,TPS00)=(0,0)选择定时器TM50的输出作为TPSDTP500Base cock (IxeLKol selection"fPRs=2 MHz fFRE-5 MHz fFRs-B MHz1FFG-10MH基本时钟TM50 DutpfEgli1 H25 H4 HT5 MHz250kF2H25 kHz1 MH26H2625kH15625kH2250H3125k因为如果选择外围硬件时钟fprs作为基本时钟,那么就不可能产生出1200bps的波特率。MDLO4MDLOS MDLO2 MDLOT MDLOG k Selectian of 5-titcounterx Selng Erchbiled0acLM/B0(MDLO4, MDL03, MDLO2MDL01,ML00)=(0,1,1,0,1),k=13028 fruTa2a scLk/?31t/3