区块链、+物联网与智慧农业
介绍了区块链技术及其特征， 分析了物联网发展面临的问题， 提出了引入区块链技术来解决物联网问题。 通过阐述引入区块链技术在农业物联网以及农业大数据方面的应用， 对区块链作为第三次信息技术革命对农业方面带来的影响进行了展望。农业科技展望和通信量将会几何级增长,基于区块链的农业物联网用,农业生产将真正实现精细化、精确化以及工厂将是发展的标配。化,同时应用区块链2.0中的智能合约特性,加上人目前,很多农业信息化企业都逐步建立了自己的智能和智慧农业的发展,可以实现完仝智能化的农云平台,将用户的运行数据统一·存储在自己的中央服产品电子商务,实现农业生产和消费的完全对接,实务器上米提供服务,这种做法目前是可行的,但随着现现代化智能化的计划农业未来农业物联网的普及,这种方式将出现问题。未来35农业资源和生态环境应用的农业物联网需要分布式,需要实现厶中心化的控制。当前,我国农业资源面临短缺,农业生态环境遭32食品安全溯源应用受破坏,将农业水资源、土地资源、生产资料、生物食品安全溯源体系引人区块链技术,能够让互不资源、外来物种、自然灾害、地下水、降雨量、风相识、没冇信任基础的人建立信任,低成夲、髙效率速、土壤温湿度等放置于区块链上可以公丌接受公众地解决食品安全领域冇在的信任难题。其中:(1)监督,加强资源监管,提高资源利用率。区块链的去中心化和不可篡改的特征,可以有力地保36农业大数据应用证现有食品追溯系统的数据可靠性,避免数据在存大数据时代,通过数据的共享、处理来加强数据储、传输和展示环节被内部管理人员和外部黑客篡的有效利用是主题,区坎链是一种不可篡改、全历改;(2)结合物联网和传感设备的进一步应用,食史、强背书的数据库存储技术,通过区块链可以有效产供销各个环节的数据完全依赖于机器采集和机器保障数据提供者的合法权益和私密性,促进数据所有信任,而不被人为地选择性提供;(3)因为开放透者的共享动力,提升数据的流通性,可以在各相关方岄和机器自治,消費者、生产者和政府监管部门对食在确保遵循合约项糸款的情况下,自动和动态地分追溯系统中的数据完全信任,参与普及率越来越亨数据的信息和状态ε高,整个社会的系统应用水平大幅提高;(4)因为区块链是一场信用革命,是第二个链接世界的仝匿名不冉影响信任水平,生产者和消费者个人隐私信球化技术,是真正的互联网20,是信息技术的第三息可被匿名,当食品安全事件发生时,生产者和消费次革命,未来将实现BAAS—区块链即服务,同时者个人信息被保护,可有效避免群体性事件发生和网随着物联网技术的进一步普及,所有物品将被信息络暴力的过度蔓延。化,农业生产和销售环节配合区块链和物联网技术将3.3粮食安全生产应用更加智能,并将逐步实现智慧农业。当前,我国粮食供求长期仍将保持紧平衡态势保障国家粮食安全供给将是一项长期工作。通过在木参考文献领域应用区块链技术,可以有效提高粮食安全生产的1维基科 Blockchain EB/OIl2017-12-08htps:/en保障水平。比如将土地登记放到区块链上,实现不可wikipedia. org/wiki/Blockchain篡改,可以保障18亿亩耕地红线的有效控制。将各2阿尔文德纳拉亚南区块链技术驱动金融M北京:中信出地粮食生产数据实时放到区块链上,可以掌握更加真版社,2016实的统计数据13孙志国区坎链技术在食品安全领域的应用展望农业网34农业生产和电子商务应用络信息,2016(12):30-31未来随着农业物联网的普及、大量传感器的应(责任编辑潘月红)AO农业展望[74|2017年第12期
- 2020-12-04下载
- 积分：1
ISO16750-3-2012
ISO16750-3-2012Road vehicles — Environmentalconditions and testing for electricaland electronic equipment —Part 3:Mechanical loadsContents PageForeword.............................................................................................................................................Iso16750-3:2012[EContentsPageForewordScope12Normative references1Terms and definitions4Tests and requirements4.1ibration4.2 Mechanical shock274.3 Free fall…294.4 Surface strength/ scratch and abrasion resistance294.5 Gravel bombardmentCode letters for mechanical loads29Documentation…,…………111111130Annex A (informative) Guideline for the development of test profiles for vibration tests.32Annex B (informative) Recommended mechanical requirements for equipment depending on themounting location44Bibliography46C ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EForewordISo (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standardsbodies (Iso member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried outthrough iso technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technicalcommittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internationaorganizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the workIso collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters ofelectrotechnical standardizationInternational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISo/IEC Directives, Part 2The main task of technical committees is to prepare lnternational standards. draft InternationalStandards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votingublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 of the member bodiescasting a voteAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject ofpatent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rightsIso 16750-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicle, Subcommittee SC 3,Electrical and electronical equipment.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (Iso 16750-3: 2007), which has beentechnically revisedISo 16750 consists of the following parts, under the general title road vehicles-Environmental conditionsand testing for electrical and electronic equipment:Part 1: GeneralPart 2: electrical loadsPart 3: Mechanical loadsPart 4: Climatic loadsPart 5: chemical loadso ISO 2012-All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARDIso16750-3:2012(E)Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical and electronic equipmentPart 3Mechanical loads1 ScopeThis part of IS0 16750 applies to electric and electronic systems/components for road vehicles. Itdescribes the potential environmental stresses and specifies tests and requirements recommended forthe specific mounting location on/in the vehicleThis part of iso 16750 describes mechanical loads2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including any amendments applies.Iso16750-1, Road vehicles- Environmental conditions and testing forelectrical andelectronicequipment-Part 1: GeneralIEC 60068-2, 6, Environmental testing- Part 2-6: Testing, Test Fc: Vibration SinusoidalIEC60068-2, 14, Basicenvironmental testing procedures- Part 2-14: Tests-Test Nb: Change oftemperatureTEC 60068-2, 64, Environmental testing Part 2-64: Test methods -Test Fh -Vibration, broad-bandrandom(digital control)and guidanceIEC 60068-2, 80, Environmental testing- Part 2-80: Tests- Test Fi: Vibration - Mixed mode testingIEC 60068-2-31, Environmental testing procedures- Part 2: Tests; Test Ec: Free fall, Clause 5.23 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in Iso 16750-1 app4 Tests and requirements4.1 Vibration41.1 GeneralThe vibration test metho ds specified consider various levels of vibration severities applicable to on-board electrical and electronic equipment. It is recommended that the vehicle manufacturer andsupplier choose the test method, the environmental temperature and vibration parameters dependingon the specific mounting locationFollowing the expressions in MIL-STD please noticeC ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012EWhen applied properly, the environmental management and engineering processes described in this partof Iso 16750 can be of enormous value in generating confidence in the environmental worthiness andoverall durability. However, it is important to recognize that there are limitations inherent in laboratorytesting that make itimperative to use proper caution and engineering judgement when extrapolating theselaboratory results to results that may be obtained under actual service conditions. In many cases, realworld environmental stresses (singularly orin combination cannot be duplicated practically or reliably intestlaboratories. Therefore, users of this part of Iso 16750 should not assume that a system or componentthat passes laboratory tests of this part of Iso 16750 would also pass field/ fleet verification trialsThe specified values are the best estimation one can get up to the moment when results frommeasurements in the car are received - but they do not replace a car measurement!The specified values apply to direct mounting in defined mounting locations. Using a bracket formounting can resultin higher or lower loads. If the device under test ( DUT)is used in the vehicle with abracket then all vibration and mechanical shock test shall be done with this bracketCarry out the vibration with the dut suitably mounted on a vibration table. The mounting method (sused shall be noted in the test report. Carry out the frequency variation by logarithmic sweeping of 0,5octave/minute for sinusoidal tests and the sinusoidal part of sine on random tests. The scope of therecommended vibration tests is to avoid malfunctions and breakage mainly due to fatigue in the fieldTesting for wear has special requirements and is not covered in this part of ISo 16750Loads outside of the designated test frequency ranges are to be considered separatelNOTE Deviations from the load on the DUT can result, should vibration testing be carried out according tothis part of Iso 16750 on a heavy and bulky dut, as mounting rigidity and dynamic reaction on the vibrator tableexcitation are different compared to the situation in the vehicle. This deviation can be minimized by applying theaverage control method(see Annex A)Application of the weighted average control method according to IEC 60068-2, 64 is to be agreed uponSubject the dut during the vibration test to the temperature cycle according to iEC 60068-2, 14, withelectric operation according to diagram 1. Alternatively, a test at constant temperature may be agreed onOperate the dutelectrically as indicatedin Figure l at Tmin(Short functional testafterthe dUT completelyreached Tmin). This functional test shall be as short as possible- only long enough to check the properperformance of the dUt. This minimizes self-heating of the dUT. Additional electrical operation of theDUT between 210 min and 410 min of the cycle (see Figure 1)Additional drying of test chamber air is not permittedIn the vehicle, vibration stress can occur together with extremely low or high temperatures; for thisreason, this interaction between mechanical and temperature stress is simulated in the test, too. afailure mechanism is, for example, a plastic part of a system/component, which mellows due to the hightemperature and cannot withstand the acceleration under this condition2o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[EYmax20aburditt0100200300400500600yY temperature[°C]x time [ minIa Operating mode 3.2 according to ISo 16750-1.b Operating mode 2. 1 according to ISo 16750-1One cycleFigure 1-Temperature profile for the vibration testTable 1- Temperature versus time for the vibration testTimeTemperaturemin°C0206040150-4021020300max41048020See Is016750-44.1.2 Tests4.1.2.1 Test I- Passenger car, engine4.1.2.1.1 PurposeThis test checks the dUt for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a piston engine can be split up into two kinds: Sinusoidal vibration which results from theunbalanced mass forces in the cylinders and random noise due to all other vibration-schemes of an engine,C ISO 2012-All rights reserved3Iso16750-3:2012Ee.g. closing of valves. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-roadconditions is taken into account. The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueNOTE 1 Road profile usually has negligible impact on engine-mounted components. Shock inputs are effectivelysolated by suspension, and engine-mounting systemsThe test profiles specified in the following clauses apply to loads generated by(four strokereciprocating enginesNotE 2 If the dut is to be tested for a specific resonance effect, then a resonance dwell test according to 8.3.2of IEC 60068-2, 6: 2007 can also be applied4.12.1.2Test4.1.2.1.2.1 GeneralIt is required to perform this test as a mixed mode vibration test according to IEC 60068-2, 80NOTE The test duration is based on A 4. The temperature in the chamher is above room temperature (rt)atthe end of the test (2 3/4 temperature cycles4.1.2.1.2.2 Sinusoidal vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 6, but using a sweep rate of s 0,5 octave/minute. Use a testduration of 22 h for each plane of the dUTUse curve l in Table 2/ Figure 2 for DUT intended for mounting on engines with 5 cylinders or fewerUse curve 2 in Table 2/Figure 2 for dUT test intended for mounting on engines with 6 cylinders or moreBoth curves may be combined to cover all engine types in one test2502001501005050100150200250300350400450500ⅩKeyamplitude of acceleration [m/s2IXfrequency [Hzcurve1(≤5 cylinders)curve 2(5 cylindersFigure 2- Vibration severity curves4o ISO 2012-All rights reservedIso16750-3:2012[ETable 2- values for max acceleration versus frequencyCurve 1(see Figure 2FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHz100100200200240200270100440100Curve 2(see Figure 2)FrequencyAmplitude of accelerationHm/s2100100150150440150CombinationFrequencyAmplitude of accelerationH1001001501502002002402002551504401504,1.21.2.3 Random vibrationPerform the test according to IEC 60068-2, 64. Use a test duration of 22 h for each plane of the DUTThe r.m.s. acceleration value shall be 181 m/s2The psd versus frequency are referred to in Figure 3 and Table 3NoTE The Power Spectral Density(PSD)values (random vibration] are reduced in the frequency range of thesinusoidal vibration testC ISO 2012-All rights reserved5Iso16750-3:2012EY100100,110100100010000KeyY PSD [(m/s2)2/HzX frequency [Hz]Figure 3- PSD of acceleration versus frequencyTable 3- Values for frequency and PsDFrequencyPSDH:(m/s2)2/Hz1010100103000,5150020200024.1.2.1.3 RequirementBreakage shall not occur.Functional status a see iso 16750-1) is required during operating mode 3.2 as defined in ISo 16750-1and functional status C during periods with other operating modes4.1.2.2 Test II-Passenger car, gearbox4.1.2.2.1 PurposeThis test checks the dut for malfunctions and breakage caused by vibrationThe vibrations of a gearbox can be split up into two kinds which result partly from sinusoidal vibrationfrom unbalanced mass forces of the engine(e. g dominating orders) in the frequency range from 100 Hzto 440 Hz and vibration from the friction of the gear wheels and other schemes, which are tested in therandom part. In the lowest frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz the influence of rough-road conditionsis taken into account The main failure to be identified by this test is breakage due to fatigueChanging the gears can create additional mechanical shock and shall be considered separatey brationsThe test profiles specified in the following subclauses apply to loads generated by gearbox vibo ISO 2012-All rights reserved
- 2020-12-08下载
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过程控制锅炉汽包水位模糊PID控制的LabVIEW仿真
锅炉汽包水位模糊PID控制的LabVIEW仿真ScientificResearchSystem Simulation Technology Application (Volume 13)Table 1. Rule list of fuzzy control of Kp据、结果显示。当运行程序时,只有前面板出现在计表1.K模糊控制规则表算机的屏幕上,作为虚拟仪器和用户的接口。与其他E仿真语言相比,除了能在 Labview软件中方便地使ECNB NM NS ZO PS PM PB用PID工具包进行模糊PID控制器设计外,在仿真过NB PBPB PMPM PS Z0 ZO程中还能实现对仿真参数的动态修改,只要按照要求NMPB PM PSPS ZO NS在前面板上写入相应的控制参数,便可以进行参数动Ns PPs ZO态修改,相应的更新结果可由前面板以多种方式显小ZO PM PM PS ZO NS NM N出来并可以数据文件形式保存。使仿真过程变得更加PSPSPS ZO NSNS NMNM灵活、便捷。本文所用的前面板如图4所示。PM PS ZO NS NM NⅥNMNBPB ZO ZO NMNM NM NBNB4基于LabⅤIEW的模糊PID控制系统设计美国NI( National Instruments)公司的LabⅤILW口回6,A·逦是基于数据流的图形化编程语言G的开发环境,是仪器控制与数据采集的编程平台,能快速构建实现交互控制系统的图形用户界面,并且它与测量、自动化硬 Figure3. Flow chart of drum water level control system件紧密的结合,具冇完善的数据采集、信号分析和信图3.汽包水位控制系统仿真流程图息显示的解决方案。 LabVIEW中的PD工具包(PIDToolkit提供∫一个完整的模糊控制设计系统,包括:汽包水裨制实验·模糊逻辑控制器设计子程序( Fuzzy Logic Con-roller Design):提供一个友好的图形用户界面(GUI),可以直观地设计和修改模糊控制器的水过低圣汽流量Fe的艰属函数、规则库、推理规则和去模糊方法等等。●」售定设计的结果保存在一个以结尾的文件中,应用冷水入口当诞0程序就谴用此文件。主PTD模糊控制器子程序( Fuzzy Controller.ⅵ):作为程在■a2序的个功能模块(函数),用于在应用程序中实现模糊控制算法。调入控制器子程序( Load Fuzzy Controller.ⅵ)E四常数56将fs文件调入应用稈序功能模块,将指定文件的Figure 4.The front panel of drum level control systemPID参数加载到应用程序的模糊控制器中。图4.汽包水位控制系统前面板框图软件设计由两部分组成,即前面板和流程图。在前面板,用输入控件( Contro)来实现参数的输入,参为了说明该控制策略相对其他控制方法的优越数的显示和程序运行的结果由输出控件( ndicator来性生,同时作了锅炉汽包水位系统常规串级PD控制的完成。流程图是完成程序功能的图形化源代码,通过仿真研究,其外回路和内国路均采用PD控制器,其对控件设置合适的参数和连线建立控制系统。采用模PID控制器的算法为糊PID控制的带前馈的串级三冲量控制系统的流程图u(t)=k,,(e+T Gedt+ la dr)如图3所示。式中:ε为设定值与探制过程返回量之间的偏差,基于 LabView开发的程序面板具有良好的人机K为比例增益,T为积分时间常数,Ta为微分时间常互动的风格,使用简单。前面板提供了丰富的图形控数,u(为控制器输出量。根据图3,设置PID控制器件,可以模拟传统仪器工作方式,在前面板上放置所的参数为K=3、T=150以及a4。两种控制方式的控需要的控件和指示器,实现仪器控制以及较直观的数制效果如图5所示。978-1-935068-81-5c2011 SirEs40o1994-2012cHinaAcademicJournalElectronicpUblishingHouse.Allrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.netScientifieSystem Simulation Technology Application( Volume 13)° Researcl从图5(a)可以看出,在无扰动情况下,采用普通差,而普通PID则在扰动过大的时候则无法做到这PID进行控制超调量约有30%,而采用模糊PID控制点。在汽包水位的控制过程中,通过在不同时刻施加则将超调量控制在10%以内,并且模糊PD控制更能不同扰动,其阶跃响应图显示岀模糊PD控制都要优有效地减少上升时间与调节时间;在初始状态有扰动于普通的PID控制,对锅炉汽包所存在的“虚假水位的情况下如图5(b)和5(c),模糊PID均比普通PID控控制得更好,达到更令人满意的效果。因此,采用模制具有更小的超调量及更短的调节时间;在第一次稳糊Pυ控制策略比常规P控制策略具有较好的调节定后施加两种扰动时如图5(d所示,模糊PID相比普品质以及较强的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力,而且能在对象通PID不仅响应快,超调小,更有效地消除了稳态误模型失配的情况下表现出较强的适应能力。设定值直世D(a)无扰动(b)加入10%蒸汽扰动(c)加入20给水扰动(d第一次稳定后施加两种扰动Figure 5. Curve: Unit step response of different disturbance图5.不同扰动下的单位阶跃响应曲线5结束语Steam Generator[],Journal of System Simulation, 2004, 16(10)P450-453.提出了使用 Labview构建模糊控制器进行锅炉刘红军,韩璞,工东风,锅炉汽包水位系统 DMC-PID串级控制仿真研究[,系统仿真学报,204,16(10),P450-453汽包八位控制的仿真研究,通过比较两种控制方式,[41 XU Chun-mci, ZHANG Haol, YANG Ping, Nonlincar pid-Pcascade control for boiler drum level [J]. East China Electric可以看出对于锅炉汽包水位,采用模糊PID控制在上Power:2009,37(5),P838~84升时间、超调量、调节时间等控制性能都要优于普通凃春梅,张浩,杨平汽包水位串级二冲量非线性PID控制系统[,华东电力,2009,37(5):838~84PⅠD控制。基于 LabVIew语言采用流程图形式开发的51Chul-lIwan Jung, et al. A real-time self-tuning fuzzy controller应用程序,具有良好的人机交互界面,形象直观的控through scaling factor adjustment for the steam generator of NPl574:53-60制界面,更强的数据处理功能及简便实用的参数显示(6] SONG Zhi-gang; YU Qi-xiang; WANG Yi-ming;ctl, Devclop功能。比使用其他仿真语言(如Maab/ Simulink工具ment of fuzzy controller for parameters adaptation of PID con-troller based on L abvIEW[1, Machinery Design manufacture箱)更容易实现各个模块之间传递数据,仿真过程还2003(4):P11~12.能动态修改仿真参数并实时更新,可以更好地配置控宋智罡,郁其祥,王益明等,基于 LabVIew的PID参数自适应模糊控制器设计山J,机械设计与制造,2003(4:11~12制器参数以达到最优,大大缩短没计周期,提高开发[7] Jin Yihui, Process Control [m, Beijing: TSinghua universily效率,具有较大的工程实用价值。press. 1988金以慧,过程控制[M,北京:清华大学出版社,1998[8 ZHAO Baochun, LUO Zon-gan, LIu Xianghua, Design andReferences(参考文献simulation of fuzzy logic controller based on LabVIEW], Control Engineering of China, 2006, 13(S1 ): 49-52[1] CHEN Hong-wei, XU Zhen-yu, YANG Bo, et al, Analysis of the赵宝纯,骆宗安,刘相华,基于LabⅤIEW的模糊控’器设计Influential Factors to Boiler Drum Level [], Power System En与仿真[,控制工程,2006,13:4952neering,2007,23(02):32-33[9] JiN Zhiqiang, Biao Qiliang, A method of design of PID controller陈鸿伟,许振宇,杨博,等锅炉汽包水位影响因素分析[电based on I abvIEW[], Control Automation, 2005, 21(6): 1-2站系统工程,2007,23(02):32-33金志强,包启亮,一种基于LabⅤIEW的PID控制器设计的[2 ZHOU Jia, CAO Xiao-ling, LIU Yong-wen, Controlling Strategy方法[,微计算机信息,2005,21(6):1-2Analysis of Drum Level in Boiler [J]. Boiler Technology, 2005, [10] National Instrument, Lab VIEW simulation moduler user manual36(03):5~10.IM, Austin: National Instruments, 2004周佳,曹小玲,刘永文,锅炉汽包水位控制策略的现状分炘[11 LI Guo-yng, A New Fu∠ y PID Controller[ J Journal of Sys-「J,锅炒技术,2005,36(03),P5-10tem simulation,2003,15(10):1492-1496[3 IIU Hongjun, HAN Pul, WANG Dongfeng, Simulation Research李国勇,一和新型的模糊PID控制器[J,系统仿頁学报,of DMC-PID Cascade for Water Level System of a Drum boile2003,15(10),P1492-1496978-1-935068-81-502011 Scares.o1994-2012ChinaAcademicJournalelEctronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreservedhttp://www.cnki.ner
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