全向轮运动平台pdf

altera公司IP核使用手册,对于学习EDA技术的学生或工程师有用A吉RAContentsChapter 1. About this MegaCore FunctionRelease informat1-1Device Family Support···Introduction.··········FeaturesOpen core plus evaluation1-3Performance···Chapter 2. Getting StartedDesign Flow衡·鲁·,看·,音番2-1Megacore Function walkthrough2-2Create a New quartus II Pi2-2Launch the mega Wizard Plug-in ManagerStep 1: Parameterize2-5Step 2: Set Up SimulationStep 3: Generate..,2-11Simulate the design2-13Compile the design2-13Pa Device2-14Set Up Licensing2-15ppend the license to yourdat file2-15Specify the License File in the Quartus II Software...2-15Example Simulation and Compilation..2-16Example quartus Ii project2-16Example simulation with Test Vectors,,,,,,2-16Chapter 3. SpecificationsyperTransport Technology Overview1HT SyStems3-2HT Flow ControlHyper Transport MegaCore Function SpecificationPhysical InterfaceSynchronization and alignment ...Protocol interfClocking Options.......HyperTransport Mega Core Function Parameters and HT Link Performance3-10Signals3-14CSR Module...3-31OpenCore plus time-Out BehaviorAppendix A. ParametersIntroduction鲁鲁鲁A-1Parameter listsDevice Family and Read Only registers···········,,,,,,,,,,A-1Base Address Registers番鲁,A-2Clocking OptionsA-3Advanced settingso March 2009 Altera corporationHyperTransport MegaCore Function User GuideAppendix B. Stratix Device Pin AssignmentsIntroductionB-1GuidelinesAppendix C. Example designGeneral descriptionAdditional informationRevision historyInto-lHow to Contact alteraInfo-1Typographic Conventions ..........Info-2Hyper Transport MegaCore Function User Guideo March 2009 Altera CorporationA吉RA1. About this MegaCore FunctionRelease InformationTable 1-1 provides information about this release of the Hyper Transport Mega CoretfunctioTable 1-1. Hyper Transport Mega Core Function Release InformationitenlDescription∨ ersion9.0Release dateMarch 2009Ordering codeIP-HTProduct ID(s)0098Vendor iD(s)6AF7Altera verifies that the current version of the quartus@ll software compiles theprevious version of each MegaCore function. Any exceptions to this verification arereported in the Mega Core lP Library release Notes and Errata. Altera does not verifycompilation with Mega Core function versions older than one releaseDevice Family SupportMegaCore functions provide either full or preliminary support for target Alteradevice families:Full support means the Mega Core function meets all functional and timingrequirements for the device family and may be used in production designsa Preliminary support means the Mega Core function meets all functionalrequirements, but may still be undergoing timing analysis for the device family;itmay be used in production designs with cautionTable 1-2 shows the level of support offered by the Hyper Transport MegaCorefunction for each of the altera device familiesTable 1-2. Device Family SupportDevice FamilySupportHard Copy Stratix@FullStratixFulStratix IIFulStratix‖GXPreliminaryStratix GXOther device familiesNo supportC March 2009 Altera CorporationHyperT ransport Mega Core Function User Guide1-2Chapter 1: About this MegaCore FunctionIntroductionIntroductionThe Hyper Transport Mega Core function implements high-speed packet transfersbetween physical(PhY) and link-layer devices, and is fully compliant with theHyperTransport l/O Link Specification, Revision 1.03. This Mega Core function allowsdesigners to interface to a wide range of Hyper TransportTm technology(hT)enableddevices quickly and easily, including network processors, coprocessors, videochipsets, and ASICsFeaturesThe Hyper Transport Mega Core function has the following features8-bit fully integrated hT end-chain interfacePacket-based protocolDual unidirectional point-to-point linksUp to 16 Gigabits per second(Gbps)throughput(8 Gbps in each direction)200, 300, and 400 MHz DDR links in Stratix and Stratix GX devices200, 300, 400, and 500 MHz ddr links in Stratix II and Stratix II GX devicesLow-swing differential signaling with 100-Q2 differential impedanceHardware verified with Hyper fransport interfaces on multiple industry standardprocessor and bridge devicesFully parameterized mega core function allows flexible, easy configurationFully optimized for the altera stratix Il, Stratix, Stratix GX, and Stratix II GXevice famillesApplication-side interface uses the Altera AtlanticTM interface standardManages Hr flow control, optimizing performance and ease of useIndependent buffering for each HT virtual channelAutomatic handling of ht ordering rulesStalling of one virtual channel does not delay other virtual channels(subject toorderingFlexible parameterized buffer sizes, allowing customization depending onsystem requirementsUser interface has independent interfaces for the HT virtual channels, allowingindependent user logic designCyclic redundancy code(crc) generation and checking to preserve data integrityIntegrated detection and response to common HT error conditions■ CRC errorsEnd-chain errorsFully integrated HT configuration space includes all required configuration spaceregisters and HT capabilities list registersHyper Transport MegaCore Function User Guideo March 2009 Altera CorporationChapter 1: About this MegaCore FunctionPerformance32-bit and 64-bit support across all base address registers bars)automatically handles all csr space accessesVerilog HDL and VHdL simulation supportOpen Core Plus EvaluationWith the Altera free Open Core Plus evaluation feature, you can perform the followingSimulate the behavior of a mcgafunction(Altera MegaCore function or AMPPmegafunction) within your systema Verify the functionality of your design, as well as quickly and easily evaluate itssize and speedGenerate time-limited device programming files for designs that includeMegaCore functionsProgram a device and verify your design in hardwareYou only need to purchase a license for the Mega Core function when you arecompletely satisfied with its functionality and performance and want to take yourdesign to productiono For more information about Open Core Plus hardware evaluation using theHyperTransport MegaCore function, refer to"Open Core Plus Time-Out Behavior"onpage 3-40 and AN 320: Open Core Plus Evaluation of megafunctionsPerformanceThe Hyper Transport Mega Core function uses 20 differential I/O pin pairs and 2single-ended I/O pins, requiring 42 pins total. Table 1-3 through Table 1-5 showtypical performance and adaptive look-up table (alut) or logic element (LE)usagefor the HyperTransport MegaCore function in Stratix II GX, Stratix IL, Stratix, andStratix GX devices respectively, using the Quartus@ II software version 7.1Table 1-3 shows the maximum supported data rates in megabits per second(Mbps)by device family and speed gradeTable 1-3. Maximum Supported Hyper Transport Data Rates (Note 1)Speed GradeDevice Family-36Stratix ll GX devices 1000 Mbps 1000 Mbps 800 MbpsNA(2)N/A(2NA(2)Stratix devices1000 Mbps 1000 Mbps 800 Mbps N/A(2)NA(2)NA(2)Stratix devicesN/A(2N/A(2)00 Mbps 800 Mbps 600 Mbps400 MbpsFlip-Chip packagesStratix devicesNA(2)NA(2)NA(2)600 Mbps400 Mbps400 Mbps(Wire Bond packagesStratix GX devicesN/A(2) N/A(2)800 Mbps 800 Mbps 600 Mbps N/A(2)Notes to table 1-3(1)Rates are per interface bit. Multiply by eight to calculate the uni-directional data rate of an 8-bit inter face(2) Devices ot this speed grade are not ottered in this device familyC March 2009 Altera CorporationHyperTransport Mega Core Function User GuideChapter 1: About this MegaCore FunctionPerformanceTable 1-4 shows performance and device utilization for the Hyper TransportMegaCore function in Stratix II and Stratix II GX devicesTable 1-4. Hyper Transport Mega Core Function Performance in Stratix ll and Stratix ll GX DevicesParametersMemoryUserRXCombinationalHT Link InterfacePosted Non-Posted Response ClockingALUTSLogicfMAX(MHz) MAx(MHz)Buffers BuffersBuffers Option(12)Registers M4K M512 ( 3)3)Shared3.5005200120500125(4RX/TX/Ref35005200500Ref/x8Shared36005400160500>150RX/TXShared4.0006,00016150RX/TX16Shared4,1006,200500125(4)RX/TX/RefShared4.1006200500125(4Ref/TxShared4.2006400160150RX/TXNotes to table 1-4.Refer to " Clocking Options "on page 3-7 for more information about these options(2 )Other parameters(BAR configurations, etc. )vary the alut and Logic Register utilization numbers by approximately +/-200(3)Figures for -3 speed grade devices only(4) When using the Shared Rx/Tx/Ref and Shared Ref/Tx options, the user interface frequency is limited to exactly the ht frequency divided byTable 1-5 shows performance and device utilization for the Hyper TransportMegaCore function in Stratix and Stratix GX devicesTable 1-5. Hyper Transport Mega Core Function Performance in Stratix and Stratix GX DevicesUser Interface fmaxParametersUtilizationHT Link fMAX MHz)MHZ)RXRXSpeed GradePosted Non-Posted Response Clocking Option LEsM4KBuffers BuffersBuffers)(2 Blocks.5-66Shared rx/tx/ref1240010073)100734448888Shared Ref/Tx 7, 60014400400100{3)100(3)Shared rxtx7,90016400400>125>100Shared rxtx8.900125>100168Shared Rx/T×Ref9,400124004001003)100316Shared ref/ ix9.500144001003)10073)16Shared rx/x9.700400125Notes to table 1-5:(1)Refer to Clocking Options"on page 3-7 for more information about these options(2 )Other parameters( BAR configurations etc. )vary the LE utilization by approximately +/-200 LES(3 )When using the Shared Rx/Tx/ Ref and Shared Ref/Tx options, the user interface frequency is limited to exactly the hT frequency divided by fourHyper Transport MegaCore Function User GuideC March 2009 Altera CorporationA吉RA2. Getting StartedDesign FlowTo evaluate the HyperTransport Mega Core function using the Open Core Plus feature,include these steps in your design flowObtain and install the HyperTransport Mega Core functionThe HyperTransport Mega Core function is part of the MegaCore IP Library, which isdistributed with the Quartus ii software and downloadable from the altera websitewww.altera.como For system requirements and installation instructions, refer to Quartus II InstallationLicensing for Windows and Linux Workstations on the Altera website atwww.altera.com/literature/lit-qts.ispFigure 2-1 shows the directory structure after you install the HyperTransportMegaCore function, where is the installation directory. The default installationWindows is C: altera ; on Linux it islopt/alteraFigure 2-1. Directory StructureInstallation directorypContains the Altera MegaCore IP Library and third-party IP coresalteraContains the Altera MegaCore IP LibrarycommonContains shared componentshtContains the Hyper Transport Hyper Transport Megacore function files and documentationdocContains the documentation for the Hyper Transport MegaCore functionlibContains encrypted lower-level design filesexampleContains the design example for the Hyper Transport Mega Core function2. Create a custom variation of the Hyper Transport Mega Core function3. Implement the rest of your design using the design entry method of your choice4. Use the IP functional simulation model to verify the operation of your designo For more information about Ip functional simulation models, refer to the SimulatingAltera IP in Third-Party Simulation Tools chapter in volume 3 of the Quartus II Handbook5. Use the Quartus II software to compile your designC March 2009 Altera CorporationHyperT ransport Mega Core Function User Guide2-2Chapter 2: Getting StartedMega Core Function WalkthroughIg You can also generate an Open Core Plus time-limited programming file,which you can use to verify the operation of your design in hardware6. Purchase a license for the hypertransport Mega Core functionAfter you have purchased a license for the Hyper transport mega Core functionfollow these additional steps1. Set up licensing2. Generate a programming file for the Altera device(s)on your board3. Program the Altera device(s)with the completed designMegaCore Function WalkthroughThis walkthrough explains how to create a custom variation using the AlteraHyper Transport IP Toolbench and the Quartus II software, and simulate the functionusing an ip functional simulation model and the modelsim software when you arefinished generating your custom variation of the function, you can incorporate it intoⅴ our overall projectIe IP Toolbench allows you to select only legal combinations of parameters, and warnsou of any invalid configurationsIn this walkthrough you follow these stepsCreate a New Quartus II Projecta Launch the MegaWizard Plug-in Manager■Step1: Parameterizea Step 2: Set Up Simulation■Step3: Generate■ Simulate the designTo generate a wrapper file and Ip functional simulation model using default values,omit the procedure described in"Step 1: Parameterizeon page 2-5Create a New Quartus ll ProjectCreate a new Quartus II project with the New Project Wizard, which specifies theworking directory for the project, assigns the project name, and designates the nameof the top-level design entityTo create a new project, perform the following steps1. On the Windows Start menu, select Programs> Altera> Quartus II tostart the Quartus lI software. Alternatively, you can use the Quartus II Web editionsoftware2. In the Quartus II window, on the File menu, click New Project Wizard. If you didnot turn it off previously, the New Project Wizard Introduction page appears3. On the New Project Wizard Introduction page, click NextHyper Transport MegaCore Function User Guideo March 2009 Altera Corporation

人口预测模型优秀论文，组合式模型和leslie模型预测短期和长期人口数量

国外高手编写的RANSAC算法工具箱，可以对二维和三维数据进行评估，内附例子。-Prepared by foreign experts RANSAC algorithm toolbox, can be two-dimensional and three-dimensional data to assess the attached example.

一、引言自适应噪声抵消技术是一种能够很好的消除背景噪声影响的信号处理技术，应用自适应噪声抵消技术，可在未知外界干扰源特征，传递途径不断变化，背景噪声和被测对象声波相似的情况下，能够有效地消除外界声源的干扰获得高信噪比的对象信号。从理论上讲，自适应干扰抵消器是基于自适应滤波原理的一种扩展，简单的说，把自适应滤波器的期望信号输入端改为信号加噪声干扰的原始输入端，而它的输入端改为噪声干扰端，由横向滤波器的参数调节输出以将原始输入中的噪声干扰抵消掉，这时误差输出就是有用信号了。在数字信号采集、处理中，线性滤波是最常用的消除噪声的方法。线性滤波容易分析，使用均方差最小准则的线性滤波器能找到闭合解，若

一般宝元系统的连线方式有两种，Recon软件连线和工作群组设置连线，Recon连线需要厂商提供给你软件，安装在电脑上，将机床的网路连线界面的IP和电脑端的IP设置在同一个区域网段内，然後在机床端增加要连线的电脑IP，再在电脑打开软件进行连线，还有一种是工作群组，就是把机床和电脑设置为一个工作群组，在电脑建一个共享资料夹，并在机床端建立连线的电脑群组，资料夹名称，重开机及可连线

Scrach3.0 水果忍者

【实例简介】利用ni采集卡和Labview的DAQMX模块实现信息的采集、处理、反馈。在传感器、采集卡连接正确的情况下可以实现以下几个功能：外部光线较暗时点亮灯泡和蜂鸣器；温度过高时打开小风扇；根据用户数据输入绘制光照与手机亮度百分比的各种模式的拟合曲线、方程。注意：程序可供做ni采集程序的参考，其中的各项常数可以自行调整以确保精确度。

全向轮，全向移动2,3,4轮小车，变换矩阵。设李雅普诺夫函数为V1=;(x2+y2+0)求其导数如下,当渐进稳定时导数小于0Ⅵ1=xx+yy+ade =-kxre, yeke8上式系数为正时,李雅普诺夫函数的导数小于零,系统渐进稳定代入微分方程得到控制律如下:+ vr cos日a+k-xea+ v sin 8e t kyy+ke022差动轮直角坐标运动学方程差动轮与全向轮的区别是,全向轮小车速度方向与四个轮子的共同朝向相同可为仼意方向,而差动轮小车的切向速度方向与X轴重合,故方程中v=0微分方程如下v+v cos 0PRxet vr sin221差动轮直角坐标下控制律设计选择 Lyapunov函数如下:V2=(x2+y2)+(1k(-cosee对上式沿求导+-。sin6e cea-v+ vr cos ee)+yec-xew+ vr sin ge)D sin 0rev+xe vr cos 8e+yevr sin Be+rwr sin 0e -- sin 8 e11-Xev+xevr cos Be year sin 0e +Wrsin eeksinbe选择如下速度控制输入s。+kxxOrt vr(kye t kosine e)将上式代入 Lyapunov函数导数得到esin 2 0当上式系数为正时,V2≤0,故以上 Lyapunov函数选择正确。由此得到堪于运动学模型的轨迹跟踪速度控制律为2:os 8+lcV(kye t resin其中,k,kx,k为控制器参数。22.2控制器参数选取将控制律代入微分方程得下式(rt vr (lye t))xeRyexe(ar+ vr(kye t kesinee))+ vr sin Be-v (kye t kesinee)上式在零点附近线性化,忽略高次项得PR= ApA0Vrky -vr ke系数值与角速度和速度指令值共同决定系统根,当系数为正是所有根为负数。23对比仿真与结果仿真系统结果图如下ct(pea qle)p(7)elrorxPe, qe)图3轨迹跟踪结构图图中q(yo),v、o分别为移动机器人的线速度和角速度,ε1=(xy0)r,对于差动机器人运动学方程可表示为:COS日0Stn图中 J-sine0:pR=y):qa对于全向轮机器人运动学方程可表示为60sine cose ov=R(O)1 vy对角速度为0.2和线速度为5的圆形轨迹进行跟踪,仿真结果如下图:35302501510-5图4圆形轨迹跟踪仿真图图中×点线为差动轮跟踪轨迹,O点线为全向轮跟踪轨迹。、全向轮平台的设计对全向轮采用如下图所示的结构时,进行系统分析与设计图5互补型全向轮( omni wheels31运动学模型X图6全向轮式移动机器人运动学模型移动坐标X-Y固定在机器人重心上,而质心正好位于几何中心上。机器人P点在全局坐标系的位置坐标为:(x2y,0),三个全向轮以3号轮中心转动轴反方向所为机器人的ⅹ轴。假设三个全向轮完全相同,三个全向轮中心到车体中心位置的距离L。在移动坐标X-Y的速度用 1xe 1表示。由文献[3可得三个全间轮的速度与其在移动坐标和全局坐标系下的速度分量之间的关系分别为以下二式sin(60)xeV)=(-s(60os60)()=011-21-213×3ysin(60-0)Cos(60-6)sin(60+6)cos(60+6)Lysinecose32动力学模型在移动坐标X-Y中,设机器人在沿轴X2和Y方向上收到的力分别为Fx和Fyc第1、2、3号驱动轮提供给机器人的驱动力分别为f1、卫、3,机器人惯性转矩为M,根据牛顿第二定律可得到如下的动力学方程:3√3cos(30)-cos(30)01fFre=sin(30) sin (30)1ML2LTb22/2在地理坐标系X一Y下的方程如下:mxcos(30+0)-cos(30-0) sing 1fiFr= sin(30+0)sin(30-0)-cosefzL33基于动力学模型的控制器设计如上式所示,基于机器人动力学模型的控制方案,直接根据机器人的动力学模型设讣运动控制器,控制器的输出为机器人上驱动电机的驱动电压。基于动力学模型的控制方案,不需对驱动电机进行底层的速度控制,消除了底层速度控制带来的延时。由功力学方程:nmx3×3M」可知在休坐标系中各个方向上的控制输入输出是独立的并且相互之间无耦合;于是可在体坐标中对各个控制量分别进行控制。当以各个电机电压作为控制量U时,对体坐标系中各个方向上的控制量UF经过Ta3×3变换后得到各个电机的控制量UUF先对输入UF到体坐标各个方冋上速度V的系统等效参数[m′门进行辨识,得到由控制量UF到体坐标速度Ⅴ的传递函数:然后设计UF的控制器,经过变换后得到各电机的电压U;速度控制指令 1xe vye (l由第2节控制律求得。34基于编码器的位姿推算圆弧模型在文献L4中介绍机器人里程计圆弧模型是把移动机器人在运动过程中的实际轨迹通过圆弧去逼近234图7平台样品示意图YAYR11B(x12+11Un-1XAA(r()图8采样期间的圆弧运动轨迹图中A(xmy,0n)和B(xnx+1,yn+1,On+1)分别为在采样时问间隔内起始点与终点的位姿坐标,AB为采样期间的圆弧轨迹,利用图中儿何关系可以得到运动轨迹为圆弧时的推算公式如下L(△SR+△S少sin△SR-△Sn+1xn+6n+2(△sinenR△SL(ΔSR+△S△SYn+1=ynCOS+

用matlab编写的多种粒子滤波源程序，对粒子滤波原理有更好的理解。包括了“Matlab编写的关于粒子滤波算法的源程序 30002756885.rar”、“particle.rar“、“PF_codes.rar”三个压缩包

本实验将实现如下功能：主函数不停的查询ADXL345的转换结果，得到x、y和z三个方向的加速度值（读数值），然后将其转换为与自然系坐标的角度，并将结果在LCD模块上显示出来。DS0来指示程序正在运行，通过按下WK_UP按键，可以进行ADXL345的自动校准（DS1用于提示正在校准）。