Principles of Mobile Communication Third Edition
Gordon L. Stüber著，为英文原文第三版。其第二版已经翻译成中文，即为移动通信原理（第二版），由电子工业出版社出版，但翻译水平很差。Gordon L. StuberPrinciples of mobileCommunicationThird edition② SpringerGordon L. StuberGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta gaUSAstuber @ece gatech. eduISBN978-1-4614-0363-0e-ISBN978-1-46140364-7DOI10.1007/978-1-46140364-7Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg londonLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2011934683C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2002, 2011All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writtenpermission of the publisher(Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use inconnection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer softwareor by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbiddenThe use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they arenot identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subjectto proprietary rightsPrinted on acid-free paperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com)To Alana, our son nickolasmy father lothar Stuiberand my late mother Beatrice stiiberPrefacePrinciples of Mobile Communication, third edition, is a major revision of thesecond edition. Like its earlier editions, this book provides a mathematicallyrigorous overview of physical layer wireless communications. The basic pedagogicmethodology is to include fully detailed derivations from first principles. The text isintended to provide enough principle material to guide the novice student, whilit the same time having plenty of detailed material to satisfy graduate studentsinclined to pursue research in the area. The book is intended to stress the principlesof wireless communications that are applicable to a wide array of wireless standardsIt is intended to serve as a textbook and reference for graduate students, and a usefulreference for practicing engineersOrganization of the bookChapter 1 begins with an overview that is intended to introduce a broad array ofissues relating to wireless communications. Included is a brief description of theevolution of various wireless standards, the basic concepts of cellular frequencyreuse, the land mobile radio propagation environment, link budgets, and coverageand capacity of cellular radio systemsChapter 2 provides an extensive treatment of radio propagation, since goodunderstanding of the physical wireless channel is essential for the developmentand deployment of wireless systems. The chapter begins with a treatment ofthe narrow-band faded envelope for conventional fixed-to-mobile channels foundin cellular radio systems, mobile-to-mobile channels found in mobile ad henetworks, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels where multipleantennas are used at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve high capacity afterconsidering the narrow-band channel, we consider the statistical treatment of wide-band channels. The emulation of wireless channels is essential for the developmentand testing of wireless systems, and the chapter provides a detailed discussion ofchannel simulation techniques. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion ofshadowing and path loss models for land mobile radio environmentsPreraceChapter 3 provides a detailed treatment of co-channel interference which is therimary impairment in spectrally efficient cellular frequency reuse systems. Veryoften the receivers in such systems are affected by multiple co-channel interferersand the probability distribution of the total interfering power is considered. Thchapter also considers the link outage performance due to co-channel interferencein a variety of wireless environmentsChapter 4 covers the various types of modulation schemes that are used in mobilecommunication systems along with their spectral characteristics. The chapter beginswith the mathematical representation of bandpass modulated signals, along withNyquist pulse shaping. Later, a large variety of modulation schemes used in wirelesssystems are considered, including both single-carrier and multi-carrier modulation,and both linear and nonlinear modulation techniques This is followed by a treatmentof the power density spectrum of modulated signals. Although quite mathematicalin nature, power spectrum is an important topic, since wireless systems are requiredto operate within a specified out-of-band emission maskChapter 5 discusses the error probability performance of various digital modulation schemes on narrow-band fat fading channels. The performance is evaluatedwith a variety of receiver structures, including coherent detectors, differentialcoherent detectors and noncoherent detectorsChapter 6 includes a treatment of multi-antenna techniques for combatingenvelope fading. The chapter includes a discussion of various diversity combiningtechniques for coherent, differentially coherent, and noncoherent receiver detectionof signals on fading channels with additive white gaussian noise. also consideredis optimal combining which is effective when the primary additive impairment isco-channel interference rather than noise. Finally, the chapter considers the use ofmultiple antennas at the transmitter in the context of classical beam-forming andtransmit diversityChapter 7 provides an extensive treatment of digital signaling on intersymbolinterference(ISI) channels that are typical of broadband land mobile radio systemsThe chapter begins with the characterization of Isi channels and goes on todiscuss techniques for combating ISI based on symbol-by-symbol equalization andsequence estimation. Later, error probability for maximum likelihood sequenceestimation is considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of co-channeldemodulation for the purpose of mitigating co-channel interference on Isi channelsChapter 8 covers error control coding techniques for wireless systems. Thechapter begins with a discussion of basic block coding including space-time blockcodes Convolutional coding is considered next along with the Viterbi and BCJRalgorithms for decoding convolutional codes, followed by trellis coded modulationThe chapter then provides a detailed discussion on the design and performanceanalysis of convolutional and trellis codes for awgn channels, and interleaved fatfading channels, and fading isi channels. Later, space-time trellis codes are treatedand the chapter concludes with Turbo codinChapter 9 is devoted to spread spectrum techniques The chapter begins with anintroduction to direct sequence and frequency hop spread spectrum. This is followedy a detailed treatment of spreading sequences. Also included is a discussionPrefaceof the effects of tone interference on direct sequence spread spectrum, and theRAKE receiver performance on wide-band channels. The chapter wraps up witha discussion of cdma multiuser detectionChapter 10 is devoted to multi-carrier techniques. It considers the performanceof ofdm on frequency-selective channels and considers the effect of residualISI and problem of residual ISI cancellation. Later, the chapter examines singlecarrier frequency-domain equalization(SC-FDE)techniques. This is followed by atreatment of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)on both theforward and reverse links. The chapter concludes with a discussion of single-carrierfrequency division multiple acceSs (SC-FDMA)Chapter 11 considers frequency planning techniques for cellular systems. Thechapter begins with a discussion of cell sectoring, cell splitting, and reuse partition-ing. Later, the chapter considers radio planning for OFDMa cellular systems. Thisis followed by hierarchical overlay/underlay architectures based on cluster planningFinally, the chapter wraps up with macrodiversity TDMA cellular architecturesChapter 12 considers CDMa considers CDMA cellular systems, consideringtopics such as capacity and power control This is followed by a discussion ofhierarchical macrodiversity CDMa architectures and their performanceChapter 13 is devoted to cellular radio resource management. The chapter beginswith an introduction to basic hard and soft handoff. Later, the chapter considers theimportant problem of link quality evaluation, including signal strength averaging,velocity estimation, and velocity adaptive hard handoff algorithms later, a detailedanalysis of hard and soft handoff is provided. Finally, the chapter wraps up withmethods for estimating received carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio(CINR)The Appendix includes a brief and focused tutorial discussion of probabilityand random processes. A good understanding of the material in the Appendix isessential, since the concepts are widely used throughout the textUSing This Book for InstructionThe book has been developed from a graduate-level course on physical wirelesscommunications that I have taught at Georgia Tech since 1993. Normally, I prefera graduate-level course in digital communications as a prerequisite for this courseHowever, such a prerequisite may be waived to the extent that there is extensivebackground material in each chapter. A course may cover the introductory materialin each chapter and skip the more specialized material. In my own classes, I alwaystry to judge the mathematical level of the students early and adapt accordinglyThe book obviously contains far too much material to be taught in a onesemester course. However, i believe that it can serve as a suitable text in mostsituations through the appropriate instructor selection of background sections. Myown preference for a one semester course is to include the following material inorder: Chap. 1, Chap 2(skipping the more advanced material), and the first twosections of Chap 3. In moving to modulation waveforms in Chap. 4, an instructormay have to treat/assume basic signal-space representation. However, most students
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车联网白皮书(2018)
本白皮书从技术、产业和政策措施三个维度对车联网国内外发展现状及趋势进行分析。技术部分包括单车智能化相关汽车电子技术和 V2X 无线通信、多接入边缘计算、车路协同平台等网联化相关技术，以及信息安全等共性关键技术；产业部分从专利布局、产业链协同重点剖析产业发展新趋势，探索新生态和新模式等； 政策措施部分包括顶层设计规划、协同推进机制、法律法规等；最后总结全文，对车联网融合创新发展提出“1+3”举措建议，包括构建一个跨行业协调机制和技术创新、产业融合、安全管理三个发展体系。版权声明本白皮书版权属于中国信息通信研究院,并受法律保护。转载、摘编或利用其它方式使用本白皮书文字或者观点的,应注明“来源:中国信息通信研究院”。违反上述声明者,本院将追究其相关法律责任。前言车联网涉及汽车、电子、信息通信、交通等多个产业,正处于加速发展的关键阶段。我国应以加快推进车联冈新技术产业化和构建“人-车一路一云”协同的智慧交通体系为切入点,促进跨部门协同,加强法规标准建设、共性技术突破、基础设施改造等重点工作,打造产业新生态,实现新的产业集聚。本白皮书从技术、产业和政策措施三个维度对车联网国内外发展现状及趋势进行分析。技术部分包括单车智能化相关汽车电子技术和V2X无线通信、多接入边缘计算、车路协同平台等网联化相关技术,以及信息安全等共性关键技术;产业部分从专利布局、产业链协同重点剖析产业发展新趋势,探索新生态和新模式等;政策措施部分包括顶层设计规划、协同推进机制、法律法规等;最后总结全文,对车联网融合创新发展提出“1-3”举拮建议,包括构建一个跨行业协调机制和技术创新、产业融合、安全管理三个发展体系目录第一章车联网应用发展需求(一)以用户体验为核心的信息服务类应用(二)以车辆驾驶为核心的汽车智能类应用.(三)以协同为核心的智慧交通类应用第二章车联网技术发展研判(一)汽车电子成为新的战略竞争高地(二)V2X无线通信技术发展进入快车道(三)多接入边缘计算助力车联网全面发展(四)“端-管-云”协同的发展模式初现雏形...(五)车联网安全技术亟待完善第三章车联网产业发展趋势14(一)车联网产业融合发展新趋势........14(二)车联网商业模式发展现状及趋势20第四章政策措施及发展建议...........,...........23(一)美欧日等发达国家普遍重视车联网发展(二)我国支持车联网产业发展的政策措施基础............,,,,24(三)我国车联网产业创新融合发展建议..26图表目录图1车联网专利布局变化趋势.16图2专利企业数量变化趋势图16图3汽车智能化、自动驾驶专利申请企业活跃排名图4谷歌自动驾驶专利布局图5车联网的基本价值链.20图6智慧交通类应用商业模式屮国信息通信研究院车联网白皮书(2018年)第一章车联网应用发展需求当前,车联网技术发展和服务能力不断提升,借助于人、车、路云平台之间的全方位连接和信息交互,催生了大量新的产品应用。狭义的车联网应用通常指车载信息服务类应用,即通过车辆把车主与各种服务资源整合在一起;广义的车联网应用还包括面向交通的安全效率类应用以及以自动驾驶为基础的协同服务类应用。新应月也对汽车交通的智能化与网联化水平提出了新的发展需求,引领车联网技术与产业发展,促进城市数字化与智能化发展。车联网应用从不同的视角有不同的分类方式。根据联网技术不同,可以分为车内网、车际网和车云网应用;根据车联网应用对象不同,可以分为单用户应用以及行业应用两大类,行业应用又进一步分为企业应用和政府应用等;根据需求对象不同,可以分为自动驾驶、安全出行、效率出行、交通管理、商业营运、涉车服务等应用。无论哪种应用分类方式,都基本涉及到以用户体验为核心的信息服务类应用、以车辆驾驶为核心的汽车智能化类应用和以协同为核心的智慧交通类应用。(一)以用户体验为核心的信息服务类应用此类应用既包括提高驾乘体验、实现欢乐出行的基础性车载信息类应用,也包括与车辆上路驾驶、车辆出行前或岀行后的涉车服务后市场服务、车家服务等应用。该类应用需要车辆具备基本的联网通信能力和必要的车辆基础状态感知能力。基础性车载信息类应用仍是当前车联网主要应用形态,主要涉及车联网白皮书(2018年)屮国信息通信研究院车主的前台式互动体验,包含导航、娱乐、通信、远程诊断和救援、资讯等。目前很多车辆三加装车载模块,用户可以通过车载网联化获得信息服务,包括在线导航、娱乐等多媒体服务。随着语音识别、人眼动作识别等技术的逐步发展,车载信息类应用将更加丰富。涉车服务主要与定位、支付相结合,包括共享汽车、网约车、网租车等应用。汽车后市场服务主要有汽车保险、车辆维护延保、车辆美容、二手车交易等应用,随着汽车保有量增速的放缓,后市场服务应用价值将获得更多关注。车家服务主要通过基于位置、时间、日期等信息来智能化判定车主行为习惯,创建相应规则为车主提供智能家居系统服务应用,包括家用电器远程遥控等(二)以车辆驾驶为核心的汽车智能类应用此类应用主要与车辆行驶过程中的智能化相关,利用车上传感器,随时感知衎驶中的周围环境,收集数据、动静态辨识、侦测与追踪,并结合导航地图数据,进行系统运算与分析,主要有安全类和效率类等各种应用。安全类应用与车辆行驶安全及道路通行效率息息相关,有助于避免交通事故的发生。目前,依靠单车感知的安全驾驶辅助系统等传统应用处于快速成长期,在中低端车型渗透率将会逐步提升。同时,随着网联技术的不断成熟和推广,出现了更多安全预警类应用。例如,通过网联技术,行驶在高速公路等快速路段的前车,在感知到事故后可提早通知后面车辆事詼信息,避免连环追尾事故。效翠类应用主要是通过车车、车路信息交互,实现车辆和道路基屮国信息通信研究院车联网白皮书(2018年)础设施智能协同,有助于缓解交通拥堵、降低车辆排放等。典型应用有交叉路口智能信号灯、自适应巡航增强、智能停车管理等。例如,交叉路口智能信号灯应用通过网联技术来收集周边车辆速度、位置等信息,对信号灯参数进行动态优化,提高交叉路口车辆通行效率。(三)以协同为核心的智慧交通类应用此类应用是在自动驾驶的基础上,与多车管理调度及交通环境等智慧交通相关,最终支持实现城市大脑智能处置城市运行和治理协同。智慧交通主要是基于无线通信、传感探测等技术,实现车、路、环境之间的大协同,以缓解交通环境拥堵、提高道路环境安全、达到优系统资源为目的。在实现高等级自动驾驶之后,应用场景将由限定区域向公共交通体系拓展。在相对封闭的环境或危险地带场景中,因物理空间有限,行驶路况、线路、行驶条件等因素相对稳定,重复性高,通过独立云端平台协同度管理,采用固定路线、低速运行、重复性操作的应用更容易成熟落地。典犁应用有对园区、景区、机场、校园等限定区域内的自动驾驶巴士进行调度、港口专用集装箱智能运输等。在公共交通系统场景下,车辆的路径规划和行为预测能力对车辆的智能化和网联化水平提出了更高要求,需要更完善的自动驾驶控制策略、行驶过程全覆盖的5GV2X网联技术以及云平台的高效衔接调度。该类应用除依赖技术突破,还涉及到伦理、法规等,距实际成熟应用尚需时日,如自动驾驶出租车、自动驾驶公交车、智能配送等。车联网白皮书(2018年)屮国信息通信研究院第二章车联网技术发展研判车联网发展的热点聚焦网联化和智能化,并由单车智能逐步转向多车办同、以及“智慧的车”与“智慧的路”协同发展,这对车联网技术创新和产品研发提出了新的发展需求。汽车电子、2X无线通信、多接入边缘计算、云平台以及安全等为车联网网联化、智能化、协同化发展提供了坚实的技术基础。近年来,全球汽车产业快速增长,汽车电子成为产业增长的重要引擎,通过人机交互、汽车功能提升等方式提升驾驶体验。此外,自动驾驶等协同应用成为汽车巳子发展的重要方向。V2X无线通信技术旨在将“人-车-路-云”等交通参与要素有机地联系在一起,不仅可以为交通安全和效率类应用提供通信基础,还可以将车辆与其他车辆、行人、路侧设施等交通元素有机结合,弥补了单车智能的不足,推动了协巨式应用服务发展。多接入边缘计算可以有效解决未来网络高带宽、低时延、高可靠需求以及大规模终端连接等要,支持多种终端接入方式,有效提升道路的智能化水平云平台能够为未来的协同交通体系提供统一的数据采集、智能决策及控制执行等基础支撑,继而将整个车联网要素连接成一个整体。车联网安全形势紧迫,需要在车载终端安全、数据交互安全、平台信息安全和隐私保护等方面开展关键技术攻关及产品研制,形成贯穿于车联风“端-管-云”全链条的综合安全体系。(一)汽车电子成为新的战略竞争高地全球汽车产业增速放缓,汽车电子成为产业增长的重要引擎。据
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