语音信号处理中基频提取算法综述
语音信号处理中基频提取算法综述，论述了各种基频检测的算法，对比分析各方法与思想，不错的总结增刊张杰等:语音信号处理中基频提取算法综述101信号是由频率具有谐波关系的信号组成的,因此有的一个改进是采用多分辩率方法。该方法的思想是:很多尝试利用频域信息提取基频的方法如果一个特定算法在特定分辨率下的准确性是可疑21基于滤波器的算法的,那么采用更高或者更低的分辨率,可以进一步21.1最佳梳状滤波器法判断前面的基频估计是否可信。如果在全部或人部最仹梳状滤波器法閃是具有高鲁棒性但计算代分的分辨率下求得相同的基频,那么该频率值就可价很大的算法。一个梳状滤波器有很多等距离分布以作为最终的基频估计结果。当然,在带来好处的的通带,在最佳梳状滤波器算法中,通带的位置都同时,该方法也会带来计算量上的代价,因为针对是由第一个迸带决定的,即通带的中心频率都是第每个分辨率都需要重新计算频谱,这也是为什么一个通带中心频率的整数倍。输入信号通过多个与多分辨率的傳里叶分析比专门的多分辨率变换(如第一个通带中心频率不同的梳状滤波器。如果输入离散小波变換)要慢的原因信号是由一组频率成谐波关系的信号组成的,那么2.4离散小波变换法滤波器的输出在全部谐波成分都通过滤波器时达到离散小波变换是一个强大的工具,它允许在连最大。但是如果信号只有一个基频成分,该方法就续的尺度上把信号分解为高频成分和低频成分,它会失效,因为会有很多个梳状滤波器能让信号通过。是时间和频率的局部变换,能有效地从信号中提取不过,语音信号的频率具有谐波结构,所以可采用信息。与快速傅里叶变换相比,离散小波变换的主该方法提取基频。要好处在于,在髙频部分它可以取得好的时间分辨2.1.2可调的IR滤波器率,在低频部分可以取得好的频率分辨率。文献四提出了一种基于中心频率可调节的带通3统计的方法IR滤波器提取棊频的方法,随着用户的调节,滤波器的中心频率扫过整个频域。当输入信号的一个强在某种意义上,基频提取的问题可以被看作是的频率成分在通带沱围内时,滤波器会输出最大值,个统计问题。每一个输入帧都被划分给一组类中信号的基频就可以用此时滤波器的中心频率来估的一个,代表信号的基频估计。所以很多研究者计。文献[9提到,对于可调的I滤波器,有经验的直试图将现代的统计方法应用于基频提取问题用户能够识别只有一个谐波结构的信号的输出和包Boris和 Xavier发表了一系列使用最人似然法估含多个基频信号的输出的差异计基频的方法。他们的模型如卜:观察集是语音信2.2倒谱分析法号分帧后做短时傅里叶变换的结果,每一个观察都倒谱分析是谱分析的一种方法,翰出是傅里叶被看作是基频激励产生的信号与其他剩余信息(包变换的幅度谱取对数后做傅里叶逆变换的结果。该括非谐波部分和噪声)两部分的混合。该模型是由方法所依据的理论是,一个具有基频的信号的傅立般的语音信号产生的模型的简单化得到的,假没叶变换的幅度谱有一些等距离分布的峰值,代表信个语音包括在基频及其整数倍点的值处较大的谐波号中的谐波结构,当对幅度谱取对数之后,这些峰成分,以及在非谐波处和噪声处的很小的值。对于值被削弱到一个可用的范围。幅度谱取对数后得到一组候选的基频值,该方法计算每一个观察可能是的结果是在频域的一个周期信号,而这个频域信号由某一个基频产生的概率,并将概率最大的基频值的周期(是频率值)可以认为就是原始信号的基频,所作为最终的估计值。所以候选的基频值的选择是很以对这个信号做傅里叶逆变换就可以在原始信号的重要的,因为从理论上讲,观察可能对应着任意的基音周期处得到一个峰值基频值。另妒,如果对信号的傅里叶变换的嘔度谱取对数后的结果直接进行分析,而不是雨接着做傅里叶4算法的改进逆变换,就是谐波成分谱的方法。进一步,如果在前面提到的每种算法都有自己的改进方法,下求频域的变换时不使用傅里叶变换,而使用能使频面介绍两种对以上大部分算法均适用的改进方法。谱更加精细的Chip变换,就是基」Chi变换的提取41人的听觉模型基频的方法,该方法具有高分辨率和高鲁棒性。由于基频提取本身就是听觉感知问题,所以所23多分辨率的方法有的算法都可通过加入人耳的听觉模型提扃性能对于任何基于傅里叶分析的频域方法都可以做人耳的听觉模型将人的听觉系统对声音信号的处理102电子科技大学学报第39卷分为分析、传递和还原3个阶段。分析阶段主要考虑5经典的基频检测方法耳蜗的分频效应,耳蜗的外端对高频敏感,内端对低频敏感,可以用一组中心频率不同的带通滤波器自从有了语音信号分析饼究这门学科以来,基来模拟。传递阶段声波振动沿基膜传播,并在听觉频的检测一直是一个重点研究的课题。经典的基频神经纤维内产生电流,最终传入听觉中枢。还原阶检测方法可以大致分为3类,如表1所示段听觉系统提取语音中诸如音质、音调、时域和位表1经典的基音检测方法以及特点置等信息。分类基因检测方法特点在声学中,声强是指单位时间内通过垂直」声由多种简单的波形峂值泼传播方向的单位面积的声波能量,用表示。当声并行处理法检沏器提取基音周期波的频率在20~20000Hz(可闻频率)之间,而声强波形根据各种理沦探作,从波形中去行计法数据减少法达到一定的强度(听阈),就能被人耳感知。前人大量掉修正基音以外的数的实验测试结果表明,人耳对不同频率的声波感受讨零率法利用波形的讨零率,差眼于重复图形到相同响度时的声强是不同的。人耳对两端频段的利用语音波形的自相关函数提取自相关法声波反应较为迟钝,而对中间频段的声波反应相对基音,采用中心削波平坦欠理频谱,及其改进较为敏感采用峰值削波可以简化运算对于任意的频域方法,简单的改进是用Q值恒语音波形降低采样率斤,进行IPC分析相关定的谱变换方法代替傅里叶变换。恒的变换方法SIFT法用逆滤波器平坦处理频谱,通过预测误差处埋法计算代价更人,但更接近于人的听觉感知系统。的自相关函数恢复时间精度在决定是否使用人的听觉模型吋必须考虑两个采用平均幅度差函数(AMDF检测周期AMDF法性,也可以根据残差信号的因素:(1)基频提取的用途。如果应用的目的很简单,AMDF法行提取要求也不是太高,那么人的听觉感知因素也许不是倒谱法根据对数功率谱的傅立叶反变换很必要。(2)计算的复杂度。使用人的听觉感知模型分离频谱包络和微细结构会使计算复杂度大大增加,如果原来算法的复杂度变换法在频谱上求出基频高次谐波成分的直方已经很大,再加入人的听觉感知模型可能会使算法循环直方图法图,根据高次谐波的公约数决定某音的复杂度过高4.2基频的跟踪(1)波形估计法。直接由语音波形估计、分析波另一种对基频提取的改进是基频跟踪。前面提形上的周期峰值到的基频提取都是在个单独的时间窗内进行的。(2)相关处珄法。时域中周期信号最明显的特征人的听觉系统是能够眼踪输入信号的基频的。一个是波形的类似性,因而可以道过比较原始信号和它只包含有限个基音周期的时间窗内的基频是很难提位移后的信号之间的相似性确定基音周期。该类方取的。但是,如果输入是连续的语音信号,相当于法抗波形的相位失真能力强,且馍件处理结构简单。很多时间窗个接个输入,基频的提取反而变得3)变换法。将语音信号变換至频域或倒谱域估很容易。研究发现,语音信号的基频具有连续性,计基音周期即前后两帧的基频是连续的,不出现跳变。一帧内6总结的基频提取常见的问题是得到的佔计值是正确值的本文列出了若干基频提取的主要方法,对它们整数倍或者整数倍分之一。针对该问题,利用语音分别进行了简单的介绍,并讨论了对算法的改进。信号基频的连续性,可对基频提取算法做一个简单需要注意的是,所介绍的方法都是针对一个语音信的改进:在计算某一恢的基频时对于它前血一帧的号而言的,对于混合的语音信号的基频提取,如果基频附近的值给予更大的可能性,即一唢语音信号可以先将混合的语音信号分离丌,那么基频提取就中基频的值不可能出现崁变的情况。这就是简单的会变待很简单。同样地,在一些基于时频分析的语基频跟踪思想,并且不会在计算上增加任何复杂度。音分离算法中,如果知道了各个语音的基频,那么另外一种比较复杂的基频跟踪方法是使用隐马语吝分离也就变得很容易解决了。尔科大模型。(下转第126页)126电子科技大学学报第39卷L9 GONG L, NEEDIIAM R, YAIIALOM R Reasoning about1990 IEEE Symposium on Research in Security and privacybelief in cryptographic protocols C]/Proceedings of the Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990编辑税红(上接第102页)参考文献[5 BENJAMiN K. Spectral analysis and discrimination by[ DELLER了R, PROAKIS了 G HANSEN J H Lzero-crossings[C]Proceedings of the Institute of ElectricalDiscrete-time processing of speech signals [M]. New York:and Electronics Engineers. S 1.: [ s.n. 1986: 1477-1493[6] CURTIS R. The computer music tutorial]. CambridgeMaxell McMillan. 1993MIT Press. 1996[2 FORT A, ISMAELLI A, MANFREDI C, et al. Parametric[7] DE CHEVEIGNE A, YIN H K. A fundamental frequencyd non-parametric estimation ofapplication to infant cry[]. Med Eng Phys, 1996, 18(8estimator for speech and music[J]. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America, 2002,11(4):1917-1930[3] PARSONS T. Voice and speech processing[M]. New York[8 EARGLE J M. Music, sound and technology M. TorontoHill,1986.Van Nostrand reinhold. 19954 RABINERR L, SCIIAFERR W. Digital processing ofspeech signals. Englewood Cliffs M]. New Jersey: Prentice编辑税红Hll,1978
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Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
5G无线通信系统关键技术（剑桥大学出版社） 2017年出版 对于5G所有最新技术进行了详细说明 很全的工具书Key Technologies for5G Wireless SystemsVINCENT W. S, WONGUniversity of British ColumbiaROBERT SCHOBERUniversity of Erlangen-NurembergDERRICK WING KWAN NGUniversity of New South WalesLI-CHUN WANGNational Chiao-Tung University即CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESSCAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESSUniversity Printing House. Cambridge CB2 SBS. United KindomOne Liberty Plaza, 20h Floor New York, NY I(H0X, USA477 williamstown Road, port Melbourne, yic 3207 australia48424, 2nd Floor, Ansar Rod, Daryaganj. Delhi- I l4XH2, India79 Anson Road, #o6-(/ 00, Singapore 079%MCambridge University Press is part of the Lniversity of CambridgeIt furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, leaming and research at the highest international levels of excellence.www.cermbrid吧eInformtiononthistitlewww.cambridgeorg/978110713241810,1017③781316771655C Cambridge University Press 2017This puhlication is in copyright. Subjcct to sututonry exceptionand to the provisions of relewant collective licensing agreementsno reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cutmbridgre University Press.First published 2(117Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd. Padstow, CornwallA catalogue recor for this pudlieafiove is aailable fromm the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging- in Pi hlicaiomz dataNames: Wong, Vincent W.S., editorTitle: Key technologies for 5G wireless systems/edited by Vincent W.S. Wong [and 3 otherOther titles key technologies for five g wireless svstemsDescription: Carmbrisige: New York, NY: Cambridge Lniversity Press, 2017.Identifiers: l CCN 2016045220)1 ISBN 9781 172418 (hardback)Subjects: LCSH: Wireless communication systems, I Machine-to-machinecommunications. Internet of things.Classitication: LCC TKs1032K49 2(17 DDC 621.38450-dc23LcrecordavailaBleathttps://lccnioc-gov/2016m5220)ISBN 978-1-107-17241- HardbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for extermal or third-party Internet websites referred to in this puhlication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remainaccurate of appropriateContentsList of Contributorspage xvIPrefaceKXIOverview of New Technolog ies for 5G SystemsVincent W S, Wong, Robert Schober, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, and Li-Chun Wang1.1 Introduction1.2 Cloud Radio Access Networks1.3 Cloud Computing and Fog Computing1. 4 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access1. 5 Flexible Physical Layer Design334.4671. 6 Massive MIMo1. 7 Full-Duplex Communications1. 8 Millimeter wave1.9 Mobile Data Offloading, LTE-Unlicensed, and Smart Data Pricing131. 10 IoT M2M. and D2D1. I1 Radio Resource Management, Interference Mitigation, and Caching61. 12 Energy Harvesting Communications1. 13 Visible Light Communication19Acknowledgments20ReferencesPart I Communication Network Architectures for 5G Systems25Cloud Radio Access Networks for 5G Systems27Chih-Lin I, Jinn Huang, Xueyan Husang, Rongwved Ren, and Yami. Chen2.1 Rethinking the Fundamentals for 5G Systems272 User- Centric Networks2923 C-RAN Basics292.3.1 C-RAN Challenges Toward SGI302.4 Next Generation Fronthaul Interface (NGFI: The FH Solutionfor SGC-RAN312. 4.1 Proof-of-Concept Development of NGFI33Contents2.5 Proof-of-Concept Verification of Virtualized C-RAN2.5.1 Data packets3725.2 Test Procedure382.5.3 Test Results392. 6 Rethinking the Protocol Stack for C-RAN2.6.1 Motivation402.6.2 Multilevel Centralized and Distributed Protocol Stack402.7 Conclusion45AcknowledgmentsReferencesFronthaul-Aware Design for Cloud Radio Access Networks48Liang Liu, Wei Yu, and Osvaldo Simeone3. 1 Introduction483.2 Fronthaul-Aware Cooperative Transmission and Reception493. 2.1 Uplink513.2.2 Downlink573.3 Fronthaul-Aware Data Link and Physical layers61.3. I Uplink633.3.2 Downlink693.4 Conclusion73Acknowledgments74References74MobEdge computing76Ben Liang4.1 Introduction764.2 Mobile Edge Computing774.3 Reference architecture794.4 Benefits and Application Scenarios804 4.1 User-Oriented Use cases4. 4.2 Operator-Oriented Use Ca814 5 Research challenges824.5.1 Computation Offloading824.5.2 Communication Access to Computational Resources834.5.3 Multi-resource Schedulin844.5 4 Mobility Management854.5.5 Resource Allocation and Pricing4.5.6 Network functions virtualization864.5, 7 Security and Pri864.5.8 Integration with Emerging Technologies874.6 Conclusion88ReferencesContentsDecentralized Radio Resource Management for Dense HeterogeneousWireless networksAbolfazl Mehhodniya and Fumiyuki Adach5.1 Introduction925.2 System Model935.2.1 SINR Expression5.2.2 Load and Cost Function Expressions955.3 Joint BSCSA/UECSA ON/OFF Switching Scheme965.3.1 StrateTy Selection and Beacon Transmission53.2 UE AssocIation5.3.3 Proposed Channel Segregation Algorithms985.3.4 Mixed-Strategy Update3.4 Computer Simulation5.5 Conclusion104Acknowledgments04References105Part ll Physical Layer Communication Techniques107Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA)for 5G Systems109Wei Llang, Zhiguo Ding, and H. Vincent Poor6.1 Introduction1106.2 NOMA in Single-Input Single-Output(SISO)Systems1126.2.1 The basics of nomaI126. 2. 2 Impact of User Pairing on NOMA136.2,3 Cognitive Radio Inspired NOMA6. 3 NOMA in MIMO Systems1206.3.1 System Model for MIMO-NOMA Schemes1216.3.2 Design of Precoding and Detection Matrices with Limited CSIT 1236.3.3 Design of Precoding and Detection Matrices with Perfect CSIT 1266.4 Summary and Future Directions128ReferencesFlexible Physical Layer Design133Maximilian Matthe, Martin Danneberg, Dan Zhang, and Gerhard Fettweis7.1 Introduction1337. 2 Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing357.3 Software-Defined waveform1377. 3. 1 Time Domain Processing1387.3.2 Implementation Architecture1387.4 GFDM Receiver Design14174 Synchronization unit1427. 4.2 Channel Estimation Unit1474.3 MIMo-GFDM Detection Unit145Contents7.5 Summary and Outlook147Acknowledgments148References488Distributed Massive MIMO in Cellular Networks15IMichail Matthaiou and Shi Jin8. I Introduction15l8. 2 Massive MIMO: Basic Principles1528.2.1 Uplink Downlink Channel Models1538.2.2Favorable Propagation1548.3 Performance of Linear Receivers in a Massive MIMO Uplink1548.4 performance of linear precoders in a massive mimo downlink1578. s Channel estimation in massive mimo systems1588.5.1 Uplink Transmission1598.5.2 Downlink Transmission1608.6 Applications of Massive MIMO Technology1618.6.1 Full-Duplex Relaying with Massive Antenna Arrays1618.6.2 Joint Wireless Information Transfer and Energy Transfer forDistributed massive mimo1638.7 Open Future Research Directions1678. 8 Conclusionl68References169Full-Duplex Protocol Design for 5G Networks172Tanelf Ahonen and Risto wichman9.1 Introduction1729. 2 Basics of Full-Duplex Systems1739.2.1 In-Band Full-Duplex Operation Mode1739.2.2 Self-Interference and Co-channel Interference1749.2.3 Full-Duplex Transceivers in Communication Links1759. 2. 4 Other Applications of Full-Duplex Transceivers1789.3 Design of Full-Duplex Protocols1799.3, 1 Challenges and Opportunities in Full-Duplex Operation1799.3.2 Full-Duplex Communication Scenarios in 5G NetworksR9.4 Analysis of Full-Duplex Protocols1829.4.1 Operation Modes in Wideband Fading Channels1829. 4, 2 Full- Duplex Versus Half-Duplex in Wideband Transmission1849.5 Conclusion1849.5.1 Prospective Scientific Research DirectionsI849.5.2 Full-Duplex in Commercial 5G Networks185RLItrtncekl8610Millimeter Wave Communications for 5G Networks188Jiho Song, Miguel R Castellanos, and David J. LoweContentsⅸx10.1 Motivations and Opportunities18810.2 Millimeter Wave Radio Propagation18910. 2.1 Radio Attenuation1890. 2. 2. Free-Space Path LOSs19I10.2.3 Severe shadow19310.2 4 Millimeter Wave Channel model19310.2.5 Link Budget Analysis19410.3 Beamforming Architectures19510.3, Analog beamforming solutions19610.3.2 Hybrid Beamforming Solutions20010.3.3 Low-Resolution Receiver Architecture2010.4 Channel Acquisition Techniques20110.4.1 Subspace Sampling for Beam Alignment20210.4.2 Compressed Channel estimation Techniques20510.5 Deployment Challenges and Applications20710.5.1 EM Exposure at Millimeter Wave Frequencies20710.5.2 Heterogeneous and Small-Cell Networks208Acknowledgments209References209Interference Mitigation Techniques for Wireless Networks214Koralia N Pappi and George K, Karag annidis1 1.1 Introduction21411.2 The Interference Management Challenge in the 5G vision21411. 2. 1 The 5G Primary Goals and Their Impact on Interference2141 1.2.2 Enabling Technologies for Improving Network Efficiencyand Mitigating Interference21611.3 Improving the Cell-Edge User Experience: Coordinated Multipoint218I 1.3.1 Deployment Scenarios and Network Architecture2181 13. 2 CoMP Techniques for the Uplink22011.3.3 CoMP Techniques for the Downlink2211 1.4 Interference Alignment: Exploiting Signal Space Dimensions2231 1.4.1 The Concept of Linear Interference Alignment224L1. 4.2 The Example of the X-Channel225I 1. 4.3 The K-User Interference Channel and Cellular NetworksAsymptotic Interference Alignment22611.4.4 Cooperative Interferenee Networks22711.4.5 Insight from IA into the Capacity Limits of Wireless Networks 22711.5 Compute-and-Forward Protocol: Cooperation at the ReceiverSide for the Uplink22811.5.1 Encoding and Decoding of the CoF Protocol22811.5.2 Achievable-Rate Region and Integer Equation Selection23011.5.3 Advantages and Challenges of the CoF Protocol232IL6 Conclusion233References233
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