maple中文教程
maple教程，让你更好的学习maple，教程完整而且全面1.3 Maple的基本功能maillist: mathgroupowolfram comMaple的网络资源:http://www.maplesoft.comhttp://daisy.uwaterloo.caftp//ftp.maplesoft.commaillist: maple-listodaisy uwaterloo caMatlab的网络资源http://www.mathworks.comftp//ftp.mathworks.comnews: //comp. soft-sys matlabREDUCE的网络资源http://www.rrz.uni-koeln.de/reducehttp://www.zib.de/symbolik/reduceftp: //ftp. rand. org/software_and_data/reduce符号计算研究机构及信息中心http://t mcs. kelh七七p://ww.cain.nl/http://www.risc.uni-linz.ac.atnews: //sci. math. symbolic其它符号计算软件的网络地址Derivehttp://www.derive.comMacaulay2http://www.math.uiuc.edu/macaulay2/Macsymahttp://www.macsyma.comMagmahttp://www.maths.usydeduau:8000/u/magma,Mathcadhttp://www.mathsoft.com№uPadhttp://www.mupad.deScilabhttp://www-rocq.inria.fr/scilab/13 Maple的基本功能计算札代数系统与其它计算札语言的木质区别是:计算机代数系统具有符号计算的能力,为用户提供交互式的计算环境,可以进行常规的数学计算,可以根据给定的数学函数画出函数的二维或三维图形.下面我们简要描述 Maple的基本功能数值计算对于普通的数, Maple总是进行精确的计算,这种规则对于有理数和无理数是相冋的.因此对于无珥数 Maple按照有关的数学规则进行计算,只有当用户需要计算浮点数近似值时, Maple才按照用户要求的精度计算>1/5+1/49第一章 Maple系统简介5!/21evalf o%)5.7142857141f(Pi,40)3.14159265589793238462643:383279502884197>2.496745643/2;1.248372822>abs(3+5*I);>(3+4*I)/(1+工);从上面的例子可以看到,对于复薮Mape按照复数的规则进行计算.多项式符号计算系统的最基本功能是处理符号表达式,多项式则是最基本的符号表达式.从下面的例子中可以看到 Maple可以用各种方式处理多项式、三角表达式、指数与对数等许多数学表达式> factor(x^4+2*x^3-12米x^2+40*x-64(x-2)(x3+4x2-4x:+32)expand((x+1)"5)+5x4+10x3+10:2+5x+1lify (exp (x*log(y)))simplify(sin(x)2+cos(x)2)> xpand((x2-a)^3*(x+b-1));x7+x6b-26-3:5a-3x4ab+34a+3x3a2+3x2a2b-3x2a2-a3-a3b+a3expand(cos (4*x)+4*cos(2*x)+3, trig)1.3Mapl的基本功能bine(4*cos(x)"3, trig)cos (3 c)+3 cos(a)解方程用 Maple来解简单的方程是毫无问题的,即使是很复杂的方程 Maple也可以用数值计算的方法来处理.>Slve(x^2-3*x=2,x);31>g1sys:={2*x+31,x-y-z=4,3*x+7*z=3solve(glsys)24974311> fsolve({x2+y2=10,x^y=2},{x,y});{=3.102449071,y=.6122170880}矩阵计算Mapl还有许多命令可以处理矩阵和向量,不过需要调用线性代数软件包1inag.还有一点特别的是,作矩阵的乘法需要一个特殊的算子&*>with (linalg)Warning, new definition for normWarning, new definition for traceatrix([[2,3],[1,4]);2314inverse(a), det(a)([L,x],[y,z]])b:=第一章 Maple系统简介eval(a+b)2+03++y4+eval(a &* b)2w+3y2x+3+4yx+4极限,求和与乘积对于普通的求极限问题,可以接用 Maple来计算,它还可以符号的计算级数的和与积.当符号计算不成功时,还可以作数值计算>1imit((sqrt(1+x)-1)/x,x=0);limit(x!/xx, infinity);y);evalf(product(1+1/x"2, x=1.. infinity ));3.676077910微分与积分用 Maple来求微分是相当容易的,使用diff命令即可以求出数学表达式的微分,不过求出的结果可能是相当复杂,因此運常还要用 simplify命令进行化简.求数学表达式的定积分和不定积分就相对复杂一些,需要某些特定的算法.对于复杂的函数,求出的结果可能是某些特殊函数.对于定积分,还可以用eva1f求出积分的数值.simplify(diff((x-1)/(x"2+1), x));1-2diff(sin(x*y),x);g ) yint(1/(1+x+x^2),x);2cH1.3 Maple的基本功能int(sin(x 2),x=a.b)FresnelS(bint(sin (x)/x, x=o.5)eva1.549931245微分方程对于不太复杂的常微分方程, Maple可以求出它的符号解.如果你没有给初始条件,或者给的初始条什或边界条件不全,在解的公式中会带有积分常量> deq: =diff(y(x), x)*y(x)(1+x 2)=x;n:=(ny(x)y()(1+x2)dsolve(deq},{y(x)});y(a)=vIn(1+ c2), y(a)ln(1+x:2)> dsolve((y(x)2-x)*D(y)(x)+x^2-y(x)=0,{y(x)});1- y().r+oy()C1级数展开当数学问题比较复杂时,求出准确解通常是不可能的,用 serles作级数展开是有帮助的series(sin(x), x=0, 10)9+O(x5040362880例如在下列微分方程中,就是用级数方式求出的微分方程级数解>口rder:=10deq: =diff(y(x), x$2)+diff(y(x), x)+(x)=x+sin(x02v(a))+y(a)> sln1:=dsolve((deg, y(0)=0, D(y)(0)=0,y(x)1, series)3nt:y(m)=a2-1412405040x23+O(x21)20160181440第一章 Maple系统筒介Laplace和 Fourier变换Laplace变换和 Fourier变换是常用的数学变换.在 Maple中有一个积分变换的程序包inttrans提供了各种积分变换和它们的逆变换with (inttrans)s);s cos(a)+sin(a+1invlaplace(%,s, t)(a)cos(t)+sin(a)sin(tcombine(%, trig);(t-a)alias(sigma=Heaviside)f: =sigma(t+1)g: =simplify(fourier(f, t, w))I(T Dirac(an)w-Dsin(an)插值与函数拟合的像々命令可以由m个点出发计算m-1阶的插值多项式.在下例中的取值是1到10y的值是1到10之间的10个随机数f是相应的插值多项式datax:=[seq (i, i=1.10)]> data:=[seq(rand(10)(),i=1..10)]dataxy: =zip((x, y)->Lx,y], datax, datay)dater:=[1,1],②2,0],[3.7,[4,3],⑤,6],6,8,[7,5,8,8],[⑨,1,[10,9f:=interp(datax, data, x)1751711699371927323176741652577518404U3206048028801728057603240l8116483166915333602520x-2使用数值逼近程序包 numapprox中的pade命令可以计算一个给定函数的有理逼近函数以及其它类型的逼近函数with(numapprox)>x0:= solve(x^2=Pi/2)[1]T1.3 Maple的基本功能>f:=pade(tan(x^2),x=x0,[3,3])f:=(-17280m19/2√2+10800%17+43200%138-76809%13x103072%12m25/2√2-324007152V2+3840x232√2+2880%179+30729%13712+2010%2x2￥2-14100%1x2y2-1520%1m2)/(-11520丌1+1024x13-1400x9-10800)%1+(7680x23/22-115209/2v2+21600m15/2v2%12+(-7680m12+3156010+648007)%1)1:=evalf(normal(f))45329581221092-.1125313130109+10541843601093+.5353835473109x)/(2(.109716870010x2+.S958248690103-,135628886010)图形最常用的画图命令是plot和plot3d.下面的例子说明了使用在两个命令的方法>plot(sin(x)*exp(1)^(-x/7),x=0,,4*Pi);plot 3d(sin(x)exp(1)"y, x=0.. 2*Pi, y=0.. Pi, axes=boxedMaple编程Maple不仅可以对数学表达式进行计算,还可以编程.他的编程语言和其它的结构化编程语言很相似第一章 Maple系统简介f(x:: nonnegint)2 option rememberif x=0 then olif x=1 then 1else f(x-1)+f(x-2) end ifend>f(40)10233415514 Maple系统的交互使用Maple的窗口环境提供了先进的工作区界面.其护充的数学功能简明易用,用户可以在其中展现数学思想,创建复杂的技术报告,充分发挥 Maple的功能图1.1: Maple的窗凵环境B6型团囚K9 United [u]. 5e e11C wOrksheet ElementsABTAEZHIKAMint((PI/2)3in(x)+22,:NEOIPLYXΩI cor]+-plo({-1/2too8(x),x=10.,10际回四a Maple的上具条B内容工具条,它还包含一个输入和编辑文本的区域C节的头部及标题D Maple的输入,提小符为“>”,显小为红色
- 2020-12-08下载
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Verilog-IEEE Std 1364 -2005 IEEE Standard
Verilog的IEEE标准，比较新的一个吧应该是IEEE Std 1364 TM-2005(Revision of IEEE Std 1364-2001)lEE Standard for VerilogHardware Description LanguageSponsorDesign Automation Standards Committeeof theIEEE Computer SocietyAbstract: The Verilog hardware description language(HDL) is defined in this standard. VerilogHDL is a formal notation intended for use in all phases of the creation of electronic systems. Because it is both machine-readable and human-readable, it supports the development, verificationsynthesis, and testing of hardware designs; the communication of hardware design data; and themaintenance, modification, and procurement of hardware. The primary audiences for this standardare the implementors of tools supporting the language and advanced users of the languageKeywords: computer, computer languages, digital systems, electronic systems, hardware, hardware description languages, hardware design, HDL, PLI, programming language interface, Verilog,Verilog HDL, verilog PllThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc3 Park Avenue. New york. NY 10016-5997 USACopyright@ 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncAll rights reserved Published 7 April 2006. Printed in the United states of AmericaIEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent Trademark Office, owned by the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, IncorporatedVerilog is a registered trademark of Cadence Design Systems, IncPrint:|sBN0-738148504SH95395PDFSBN0-7381-48512SS95395No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the publisher.IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEee Societies and the Standards CoordinatingCommittees of the iEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA)Standards board The ieee develops its standardsthrough a consensus development process, approved by the american National Standards Institute, which bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are notnecessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation. While the ieee administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process, the ieee does not independentlyevaluate, test, or verify the accuracy of any of the information contained in its standards.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The ieee disclaims liability for any personal injury, property orother damage of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly orindirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance upon this, or any other iEEE Standard documentThe ieee does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein, and expresslydisclaims any express or implied warranTy, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose, or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement. IEEE Standardsdocuments are supplied "AS IsThe existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measurepurchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, theviewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about throughdevelopments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard Every IeeE Standard issubjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than fiveyears old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude Chat ils contents, although still of some valuedo not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have thelatest edition of any IEEE StandardIn publishing and making this document available, the IEeE is not suggesting or rendering professional or otherervices for, or on behalf of, any person or entity. Nor is the Ieee undertaking to perform any dutyother person or entity to another. Any person utilizing this, and any other ieee Standards document, should relupon the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any givencircumstancesInterpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate tospecific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEe, the Institute will initiateaction to prepare appropriate responses. Since ifff Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it isimportant to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For thisreason, IEEE and the members of its societies and standards coordinating committees are not able to provide aninstant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formalconsideration. At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, an individual presenting information onIEee standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of that individuarather than the formal position, explanation, or interpretation of the IeeeComments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership aftil-iation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of texttogether with appropriate supporting comments Comments on standards and requests for interpretations shouldaddressed toIEEE-SA Standards Board445 Hoes lanePiscataway, NJ 08854USANoTE-Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subjectmatter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to theexistence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEf shall not be responsible foridentifying patents for which a license may be required by an ieee standard or for conducting inquiries into thelegal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attentionAuthorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright ClearanceCenter. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923 USA; +19787508400. Permission to photocopy portions of any indi-idual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance CenterIntroductionThis introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 1364-2005, IEEE Standard for Verilog Hardware Description LanguageThe Verilog hardware description language(HDL) became an IEEE standard in 1995 as IEEE Std 13641995. It was designed to be simple, intuitive, and effective at multiple levels of abstraction in a standardtextual format for a variety of design tools, including verification simulation, timing analysis, test analysisand synthesis. It is because of these rich features that verilog has been accepted to be the language of choiceby an overwhelming number of integrated circuit(IC)designersVerilog contains a rich set of built-in primitives, including logic gates, user-definable primitives, switches,and wired logic. It also has device pin-to-pin delays and timing checks. The mixing of abstract levels isessentially provided by the semantics of two data types: nets and variables. Continuous assignments, inwhich expressions of both variables and nets can continuously drive values onto nets, provide the basicstructural construct. Procedural assignments, in which the results of calculations involving variable and netvalues can be stored into variables, provide the basic behavioral construct. a design consists of a set of modules, each of which has an input/output(1/O)interface, and a description of its function, which can be structural, behavioral, or a mix. These modules are formed into a hierarchy and are interconnected with netsThe Verilog language is extensible via the programming language interface(PLI)and the verilog procedural interface(VPi) routines. The Pli/vPi is a collection of routines that allows foreign functions to accessinformation contained in a Verilog hdl description of the design and facilitates dynamic interaction withsimulation. Applications of PLI/VPI include connecting to a Verilog HDL simulator with other simulationand computer-assisted design(CAD)systems, customized debugging TaskS, delay calculators, andannotatorsThe language that influenced Verilog HDL the most was HILO-2, which was developed at Brunel University in England under a contract to produce a test generation system for the British Ministry of DefensehiLO-2 successfully combined the gate and register transfer levels of abstraction and supported verificationsimulation, timing analysis, fault simulation, and test generationIn 1990, Cadence Design Systems placed the Verilog HDL into the public domain and the independentOpen Verilog International(oVi)was formed to manage and promote Verilog HDL. In 1992, the Board ofDirectors of ovi began an effort to establish Verilog hdl as an ieeE standard. In 1993, the first IEeEworking group was formed; and after 18 months of focused efforts, Verilog became an IEEE standard asIEEE Std 1364-1995After the standardization process was complete, the IEEe P1364 Working Group started looking for feedback from IEEE 1364 users worldwide so the standard could be enhanced and modified accordingly. Thisled to a five-year effort to get a much better Verilog standard in IEEE Std 1364-2001With the completion of IEEE Std 1364-2001, work continued in the larger Verilog community to identifyoutstanding issues with the language as well as ideas for possible enhancements. As Accellera began work-ing on standardizing System Verilog in 2001, additional issues were identified that could possibly have led toincompatibilities between Verilog 1364 and System Verilog. The IEEE P1364 Working group was established as a subcomittee of the System Verilog P1800 Working Group to help ensure consistent resolution ofsuch issues. The result of this collaborative work is this standard ieee Std 1364-2005Copyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedNotice to usersErrataErrata,ifanyforthisandallotherstandardscanbeaccessedatthefollowingurL:http:/stan-dards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errataperiodicaInterpretationsCurrentinterpretationscanbeaccessedatthefollowingUrl:http:/standards.ieeeorg/reading/ieee/interp/Index. htmlPatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mattercovered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEee shall not be responsible for identifyingpatents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or forconducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attentionParticipantsAt the time this standard was completed, the ieee P1364 Working group had the following membershipJohny Srouji, IBM, IEEE SyStem verilog Working Group chairTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics Corporation, ChairNeil Korpusik, Sun Microsystems, Inc, Co-chairStuart sutherland sutherland hdl inc. editorShalom Bresticker, Intel Corporation, Editor through February 2005The Errata Task Force had the following membershipKaren pynopsys,rKurt baty. WFSDB ConsultinDennis marsa. XilinxStefen Boyd, Boyd TechnologyFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncShalom Bresticker, Intel CorporationMike McNamara, Verisity, LtdDennis Brophy, Mentor Graphics CorporationDon Mills, LCDM EngineeringCliff Cummings, Sunburst Design, IncAnders nordstrom, Cadence Design Systems, IncCharles dawson, Cadence Design Systems, IncKaren Pieper, Synopsys, IncTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics CorpoBrad Pierce, Synopsys, IncRonald goodstein, first shot Logic simulation andSteven Sharp Cadence Design Systems, IncAlec Stanculescu. Fintronic USA IncDesignStuart Sutherland. Sutherland HDL IncMark Hartog, Synopsys incGordon Vreugdenhil, Mentor Graphics CorporationJames Markevitch, Evergreen Technology GroupJason Woolf, Cadence design Systems, IncCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedThe behavioral Task Force had the following membership:Steven Sharp, Cadence Design Systems, InC, ChairKurt Baty, WFSDB ConsultingJay lawrence. Cadence design Systems. IncStefen Boyd, Boyd TechnologyFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncShalom Bresticker, Intel CorporationKathryn McKinley, Cadence Design Systems, IncDennis brophy, Mentor graphics corporationMichael mcnamara. Verisity LtdCliff Cummings, Sunburst Design, IncDon Mills, LCDM EngineeringSteven Dovich, Cadence Design Systems, IncMehdi Mohtashemi, Synopsys, IncTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics CorporationKaren Pieper, Synopsys, IncRonald Goodstein, First Shot Logic Simulation andBrad Pierce, Synopsys, IncDesignDave Rich, Mentor Graphics CorporationKeith Gover, Mentor Graphics CorporationSteven Sharp, Cadence Design Systems, IncMark Hartoog, Synopsys, IncAlec Stanculescu. Fintronic USAEnnis Hawk, Jeda TechnologiesStuart Sutherland. Sutherland hdl. IncAtsushi kasuya, Jcda TechnologicsGordon Vrcugdcnhil, Mentor Graphics CorporationThe PLI Task Force had the following membershipCharles Dawson, Cadence Design Systems, Inc, ChairGhassan Khoory, Synopsys, Inc Co-chairTapati Basu, Synopsys, IncMichael rohleder. Freescale Semiconductor. IncSteven Dovich, Cadence Design Systems, IncRob Slater, Freescale Semiconductor IncRalph duncan, Mentor Graphics CorporationJohn Stickley, Mentor Graphics CorporationJim garnett, Mentor Graphics CorporationStuart Sutherland. Sutherland HDL. incJoao geada CLK Design AutomationBassam Tabbara. Novas software. IncAndrzej litwiniuk, Synopsys, IncJim Vellenga, Cadence Design Systems, IncFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncDoug Warmke, Mentor Graphics CorporationSachchidananda Patel, Synopsys, IncIn addition, the working group wishes to recognize the substantial efforts of past contributorsMichael McNamara, Cadence Design Systems, Inc1364 Working Group past chair(through September 2004)Alec Stanculescu, Fintronic USA, 1304 Working Group past vice-chair(through June 2004)Stefen Boyd, Boyd Technology, ETF past co-chair(through November 2004)The following members of the entity balloting commitlee voted on this standard. Balloters may have votedfor approval, disapproval, or abstentionAccelleraIntel CorporationBluespec, Inc.Mentor Graphics CorporationCadence Dcsign Systcms, IncSun microsystems, IncIntronic u.s.aSunburst design, IncIBMSutherland hdl lncInfineon TechnologiesSynopsys, IncCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 8 November 2005, it had the followingmembershipSteve M. mills. chairRichard h. hulett vice chairDon wright Past chairJudith gorman. secretaryMark d. bowmanWilliam B HopfT W. olsenDennis B. BrophyLowell G. JohnsonGlenn parsonsJoseph brudeHerman KochRonald c. petersenRichard coxJoseph L. Koepfinger*Gary s. RobinsonBob davisDavid J lawFrank stoneJulian forster kDaleep c mohlaMalcolm v thadenJoanna n. gueninPaul nikolichRichard l. townsendS. HalpJoe d. watseRaymond hapemanHoward L, wolfmanAlso included are the following nonvoting Ieee-Sa Standards board liaisonsSatish K. aval, NRC RepresentativeRichard Deblasio, DOE RepresentativeAlan H. Cookson, NIST RepresentativeMichelle d, trIEEE Standards Project EditoCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedContentsOverview1. 2 Conventions used in this standard1.3SIption1 4 Use of color in this standard1.5 Contents of this standard1.6 Deprecated clauses……….….….….…1.7 Header file listings....18 Examples…………………1.9PNormative references63. Lexical conventions83.1 Lexical tokens3.2 White space3. 3 Comments中··…·········:···············中·····“:·:·:·4·····“··········3. 4 Operators3. 5 Numberssteger constants3.5.2 Real constants123.5.3 Conversion123.6 Strings123.6. 1 String variable declaration133.6.2 String manipulation133.6.3 Special cha3.7 Identifiers. keds, and syste143.7.1 Escaped identifiers143.7.2 Keywords153.7.3 System tasks and functions3.7.4 Compiler directives153.8 Attrib163.8.1 Examples3.8.2 SyIata typ··4.1 Val214.2 Nets and variables4.2.1 Net declarations4.2.2 Variable declarations4.3V4.3.1g v244.3.2 Veclor net accessibility44.4 Strengths4.4.1 Charge strength4.4.2 Drive strength.....卓········中····“·········:·····················:········254.5 Implicit declarations4.6 Net types………264.6.1 Wire and tri nets264.6.2 Wired nets4.6.3TCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved4.6.4 Trio and tri l nets4.6.5 Unresolved nets4.6.6 Supply nets324.7 Regs324.8 Integers, reals, times, and realtime4.8.1 Operators and real numbers4.8.2 Conversion4.9 Arrays4.9.1Net arrays…·中·····:··344.9.2 reg and variable arrays344.9.3 Memories4.10 Parameters…………………354.10.1 Module parameters…364.10.2 Local parameters(localparam““374.10.3 Specify parameters……384. Name spaces…39Expressions……5.1 Operators41Operators with real operands425.1.2 Operator precedence………5.1.3 Using integer numbers in expressions…….445.1.4 Expression evaluation order……2451. 5 Arithmetic operators5.1.6 Arithmetic expressions with regs and integers5. 1.7 Relational operators485.1.8Equ495.1.9 Logical operators…495.1.10 bitw isators505.1.11 Reduction operators5.112 Shift operators…….535. 1. 13 Conditional operator535.1. 14 Concatenations545.2 Operands………5.2. 1 Vector bit-Select and part-select addressing..565.2.2 Array and memory addressing.......,.……5.2.3ings585.3 Minimum, typical, and maximum delay expressions5.4 Expression bit lengths5.4.1 Rules for expression bit lengths65.4.2 Examole of expression bit-length problerpl635.4.3 Example of self-determined expressions.645.5 Signed expressions5.5.1 Rules for expression types.....5.5.2 Steps for evaluating5.5.3 Steps for evaluating an assignment5.54 Handling X and Z in signed expressions………5.6 Assignments and truncation6. Assignments……………686.1 Continuous assignments686. 1. 1 The net declaration assignment6.1.2 The continuous assignment statement·····中···:·:·4·中·····6.1.371Copyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved
- 2021-05-06下载
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