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基于模糊算法的移动机器人路径规划

于 2021-05-06 发布
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一种基于模糊算法的移动机器人路径规划策略. 利用超声波传感器对环境进行探测, 得到关于障碍物和目标的信息. 运用模糊推理将障碍位置信息与目标位置信息模糊化,建立模糊规则并解模糊最终使机器人可以很好的避障,从而实现了移动机器人的路径规划。第4期陈卫东:基于模糊算法的移动机器人路径规划按照同样的方法,可以建立起多种条件下的控制规则的合成隶属度结果规则.类似于这样的控制规则可归纳总结为很多条.在模糊控制规则的制定上采用基于控制器行为特性的方NB NSPS PBNBSPS PBA0.7式,将动作分为若干基本行为,复杂的行为可由几个简0.303X)嬷单行为按次序构成,可简化模糊控制规则的确定,并可10-5减少模糊控制规则的数目,避开被控对象的特性建模cmis-10-510 cm/s(a)左轮加速度b)右轮加速度3.4模糊推理图8左右轮合成隶属度函数模糊推理是模糊控制器的核心,它具有模拟人的3.5解模糊基于模糊概念的推理能力,该推理过程是基于模糊逻通过模糊推理得到的结果是一个模糊集合.但在辑中的蕴含关系及推理规则来进行的由模糊规则推实际模糊控制中,必须要有一个确定值才能控制或驱理出输岀量的隶属度根据 Mamdani模糊推理方法求取动执行机构.将模糊推理结果转化为精确值的过程称模糊关系矩阵0为解模糊.所以,解模糊的作用是将模糊集合映射为为了说明模糊推理控制器的工作过程,这里以机个确定的点.也就是把上面推理合成得到的左右轮加器人在FD=105cm;ID=117cm;RD=40cm;θ=45deg;υ速度模糊集合转化为一个精确值来控制机器人的运=3.5cm/s的状态为例来说明推理决策的过程.査询数动解模糊方法的选择与隶属度函数形状的选择、推理据库中的规则,此状态下的模糊规则为表格中的第5、方法的选择相关. MATLAB提供5种解模糊方法:面积6、11和12.由模糊规则的推理与合成(取极小,取极大)重心法、面积等分法、平均最大隶属度法、最大隶属度得到输出的隶属度如下取小法和最大隶属度取大法.本文仿真采用的重心第五个规则推理结果法.这种方法也称为质心法或面积中心法,是所有解模糊化方法中最为合理、最流行和引人关注的方法.该方NB NS 1Z PS PBNB NS 1ZPSPB法的数学表达式是0.3031p1(a)d(a1)10 cm/s2左轮加速度2)ALaI(a)左轮加速度b)右轮加速度图4规则5推理的左右轮合成隶属度函数第六规则推理结果:ar uR(ar)d(a,)右轮加速度=(3)NB NS IZ PS PBNB NSPS PB式中,表示输出模糊子集所有元素的隶属度值在连续0.20.2论域上的代数积分,而加速度的取值是表示其左右两0m/s2-10-5cn边的面积为相等.该方法计算复杂,但它包含了输出模(a)左轮加速度(b)右轮加速度图5规则6推理的左右轮合成隶属度函数糊子集所有元素的信息,也较精确.采用重心法将模糊第十一规则推理结果量转换成清晰量,再经过线性尺度变换为实际输入给直流电机的控制量控制移动机器人的移动NB NS 1Z PS PBNB NS IZ PS PB0.74仿真实验及结果分析为了验证本文提出的模糊控制方法的可行性,在10-5105cm/s210-5cnMatlab中利用 Simulink建立系统仿真模型,对控制规则(a)左轮加速度(b)右轮加速度图6规则11推理的左右轮合成隶属度函数进行了仿真,假设移动机器人的行驶速度为0.6m/s,使第十二规则推理结果:用 Fuzzy logic工具箱软件对模糊算法进行了仿真.在仿n真过程中,起点和终点的位置可以任意设置,障碍物的NB NS IZ PS PBPS大小、形状和位置也可以任意设置,这样就可以在任意环境下检验算法的正确性和可靠性0.20.2图9为当起点为(0,0),目标点为(9,9),在障碍物100cm/s2-10-5cmls存在时模糊算法和势场法的路径规划仿真.由图我们(a)左轮加速度(b)右轮加速度图7规则12推理的左右轮合成隶属度函数可以看出,模糊算法比势场法规划的路径更优.其工作4电子学报011年代价更小,行走的路径也更短由于速度的控制,比文5结论献[12]中只对转向角进行控制节省大量时间移动机器人由于传感器的限制以及周围环境的不移动机器人路径规划仿真确定性,很难预先对机器人的移动路径进行规划.本文目标点釆用了的模糊控制算法对移动机器人进行控制.这种8算法对移动机器人的运行环境几乎没有什么限制,它能在情况很复杂的未知环境里运行.对障碍物的形状及其个数也没有什么约束.并可避开传统算法中存在障碍物的对移动机器人的定位精度敏感,对环境信息依赖性强等缺点.并且通过对速度的控制使机器人比以前只2模糊算法路径dd对转角控制进行路径规划节省时间,具有很强的时效性.从实验中的移动轨迹可以看出,移动机器人的行为0起始点势场法路径表现出很好的一致性、连续性和稳定性参考文献10x/m图9模糊算法和势场法的仿真对比图[1]李磊,叶涛,谭民,等.移动机器人技术研究现状与未来在相同的环境下用A算法和模糊算法也进行了J].机器人,2002,24(5):475-480仿真对比,仿真路径图如图10.应用两种算法获得的最Li Lei, Ye Tao, Tan Ming. Present state and future development优路径如图所示.其中,A*算法计算量较大,并且Aof mobile robot technology research [J. Robot. 2002, 24(5)算法只能在环境信息已知的情况下找到路径而不适合475-480.(in Chinese)部分环境信息已知的情况,而且很不适合动态环境的2 Pradhan, DR Parhi, A K Panda. Potential feld method to路径规划.模糊算法显然比A算法规划的路径更优,navigate several mobile robots[ J. Applied Intelligence, 2006(25):321-333并且能够实现移动机器人的实时避障3]郝宗波,洪炳熔.未知环境下基于传感器的移动机器人路移动机器人路径规划仿真径规划[J].电子学报,2006,34(5):953-956目标点Hao Zong-bo, Hong Bing-rong Sensor-based path planning for8mobile robot in unknown environment[J. Acta ElectronicaSinica, 2006, 34(5): 953-956(in Chinese)64]周兰凤,洪炳熔.用基于知识的遗传算法实现移动机器人障碍物路径规划[J].电子学报,2006,34(5):911-914Zhou Lan-feng; Hong Bing-rong. a knowledge based geneticalgorithm for path planning of a mobile robot[ J. Acta Elec2模糊算法路径tronic Sinica, 2006, 34 (5): 911-914(in Chinese0[5]高庆吉,雷亚莉,胡丹丹,等.基于自适应感知复位算法的起始点A*算法路径移动机器人定位[J.电子学报,2007,35(11):2166-217110Gao Qing-ji, Lei Ya-li, Hu Dan-dan. A robot localizationr/m图10模糊算法和A*算法的仿真对比图method based on adaptive sensor resetting algorithm[ J].Acta对比实验表明,模糊算法不但优于人工势场法,也Electronica Sinica, 2007, 35(11): 2166-2171.(in Chinese)优于A算法模糊算法大大优化移动机器人的路径规6TLLe,C-JWu. Fuzzy motion planning of mobile robots in划,是一种很智能的路径规划方法.模糊算法仿真成功unknown environments[J]. Journal of Intelligent and RoboticSystems,2003,37(2):177-191(下转第980页)证明使用模糊控制进行路径规划时对移动机器人的运行环境几乎没有什么限制,它能在未知环境里运行.对作者简介障碍物的形状及其个数也没有什么约東.从仿真实验陈卫东男,1972年生于吉林长春,教授,主要研究方向为机器中的移动轨迹可以看出,移动机器人的行为表现出比人控制,智能算法及其应用,图像处理等较好的一致性、连续性和稳定性.采用模糊控制算法避E-mail:wdchen@ysu.edu.cn开了传统算法中存在的对移动机器人的定位精度敏朱奇光男,1978年生于浙江宁波,讲师,博士研究生,主要研究感、对环境的信息依赖性强等缺点方向为机器人控制,智能算法及其应用第4期陈卫东:基于模糊算法的移动机器人路径规划

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I2C CheckEvent(I2C1I2C EVENT MASTER TRANSMITTER MODE SELECTED))Ey while(! I2C GetFlagStatus(I2C1, I2C FLAG ADDR))4、还有个关于编程步骤的严谨性,跟STW想比,我们是先 Clcar ack,再 Clear Arrd。7.ADC采集1)ADC采样设置述ADC启动解决方法|分三个方面时写入后,需要等待一段时间,如果用库的话就在 ADC CMD后面加20us左右的延付如果采用中断获得采样数据后,需要软件清除中断。8. SDio1) SDIO DAT3pin的在1 bit bus mode和4 bit bus mode下的配置摧述1、SD|O在1 bit bus mode下,DAT3pin是低电平,这样会导致 SD Card进入SP!模式。原因:初始化失败的原因主要是因为GD32的芯片SDO的DAT3∏存在BUG2、在4位模式下,通过上面的方法,程序能止常初始化,但不能正常读写SD卡原因:因为DAT3∏在前面已经配置成推挽输出,所以在4位模式下,不危正常读下。在调用4位模式前,把DAT3的端凵配置成复用推挽输入即可解决问题解决方法「1、1 bit bus mode的解决方法:建议在使能之前,先把配置成推挽输出,)且要置成高电平,使保持高电平即可2、4 bit bus mode的解决方法:在调用4位模式前,把DAT3的端口配置成复用输出即可解决问题。2)程序在刚烧完后能正常读写SD卡,断电再上电后,SD卡初始化失败,需要手动复位一次后才正常描述在某些SD卡中,GD32断电再上电,会引起SD卡上的时钟信号不正常,导致SD卡发送命令失败。解决方法在程序中,打开时钟后,增加一小段延时,以保证下时钟信号稳定。这个延时添加的地方:在即的配置文件中,然后在这个函数中找到就在这个后面加个延时。10. USBA, USB OTG1)客户使用的原工程时需要注意几点解|1、在中,增加如下图红色字体语句for (1=0; 18; i++) EPli= GetEndPoiNT(i)for(i=0:iregs. HC REGS [num]->HCCHAR, hcchar d3 2)pdev->host hc Status =HC NAK而V2.1.0版本的NAK处理过程如下else if (hcint b nak)if(hcchar b. eptype = EP TYPE_ INTR)UNMASK HOST INT CHH(num)USB OTG HC Halt(pdev, numelse if ((hcchar. b. eptype = EP TYPE CTRL)(hcchar b eptype = EP_ TYPE BULK))A re-activate the channel *hcchar, b chen =1hcchar b chris =0USB OTG WRITE REG32(&pdev->regs. HC REGS [num]->HCCHAR, hcchar d32)pdey->host HC Status [num]=HC_NAKCLEAR HC INT(hcreg, nak)唯一的区别就是 CLEAR HC INT( here,nak)的位置,在Ⅵ1.0.0版本中对于CTRL和BUK端点的NAK中断没有清除NAK,我们的芯片会因此产生多次IN传输的请求,导致数据传输错误。改为V2.1.1的写法后传输正常。(注意 HC Status在V2.1.0是数组,在Ⅵ1.0.0是单个数据,直接拷贝的话要去掉后面的[num])B.USB外设的工作频率有限制摧述有最低工作频率的要求,也就是APB1分频后的时钟必须大于12MHz,比如HCLK为56MHz,APB1的最大分频系数为4,56/4=14MHz,可以正常工作。11 SPI1)输入与输出配置要求(STM32不需要如此要求)解决丨GD32在使用SP时,o的配置必须严格遵守主从模式下的输入与输出配置,而方法STM32无此要求,相关代码如下主机模式下|o配置(主机以SP为例):GPIO InitStructure gPio Mode gPio Mode af plGPIO_ Init Structure GPIo Speed GPlO Speed 50MHzGPIO InitStructure. GPio Pin= GPlO Pin 5 GPIO Pin_ 7;GPIO Init(GPIOA, &GPIO InitstructureGPio Init Structure gPio Mode gPio Mode IN floating:GPio InitStructure gpio Pin gpio pin 6GPIO Init(GPIOA, &GPIO InitStructure)从机模式下o配置(从机以SP2为例)GPIo Init Structure GPio Mode gPlo Mode IN FloatingGPIO InitStructure GPIO Speed= GPl Speed 50MHzGPIO_InitStructure GPIO_ Pin GPIO Pin_13 GPIO_ Pin_15GPIO Init(GPIOB, &GPIO InitStructure)gPio Initstructure gpio mode gpio mode af pp.GPIO InitStructure. GPio Pin= GPIo Pin 14:GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIO_Initstructure);3)在GD32的SP的时钟信号,空闲状态需要配置成高电平,以保证数据的稳定性,具体代码如下:红色字体代码解决SPI_ InitStructure SPl Direction =SPI_ Direction_ 2Lines fullDuplex;方法SPI InitStructure SPl Mode SPi Mode master.SPI Initstructure SPl Data Size= SPl Data Size 8bSPlInitStructure SPl_CPOL= SPI CPOL HighSPl Initstructure SPl CPHA= SPI CPHA 2EdgeSPI InitStructure SPI NSS= SPI NSS SoftSPI InitStructure SPl BaudRate Prescaler =SPI Baud Rate Prescaler 256:SPI Initstructure, Spi FirstBit= SPI FirstBit MSBSPI InitStructure SPl CRCPolynomial =7;SPl Init(sPl1, &SPl Initstructure);4)当作为从机时,在GD32中,时钟信号必须为8的整数倍。例如:红色字体代码解决SPI_InitStructure SPl_ Direction =SPl_ Direction_ 2Lines_ Full Duplex;方法SPI InitStructure. SPl Mode= SPl Mode MasterSPI InitStructure SPSPi Data Size 8SPl InitStructure SPl CPOL= SPI CPOL High;SPI Init Structure. SPl CPHA SPI CPHA_ 2EdgeSPI Initstructure SPl NSS= SPI NSs SoftSPI Initstructure Spl BaudRatePrescaler= SPl BaudRatePrescaler 256SPI InitStructure. SPl FirstBit= SPl First Bit MSBSPl Initstructure SPl CRCPolynomial =7;SPI Init(SPI1, &SPl InitStructure)5)在GD32中,不能使用SPLS_FLAG_BSY该位来判断SP总线数据是否接收或发送完成12.看门狗1)进入SToP模式前打开看门狗,通过RTc的ALR唤醒后,程序会不断被复位的现像摧述WDG内部有个 Reload信号,KEY奇器写AAA会使其拉高,过段时间自动拉低。在拉底之前进入STOP状态会使 Reload信号一直为高,等到退出SToP后也保持为高,之后再写AAAA没有办法让 Reload产生上升沿,也就没办法更新计数器了解决方法「进STOP之前不要 Reload,也可以调整下程序的顺序,把WwDG的配置放到RIC配置之前,效果是一样的。
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  • Verilog-IEEE Std 1364 -2005 IEEE Standard
    Verilog的IEEE标准,比较新的一个吧应该是IEEE Std 1364 TM-2005(Revision of IEEE Std 1364-2001)lEE Standard for VerilogHardware Description LanguageSponsorDesign Automation Standards Committeeof theIEEE Computer SocietyAbstract: The Verilog hardware description language(HDL) is defined in this standard. VerilogHDL is a formal notation intended for use in all phases of the creation of electronic systems. Because it is both machine-readable and human-readable, it supports the development, verificationsynthesis, and testing of hardware designs; the communication of hardware design data; and themaintenance, modification, and procurement of hardware. The primary audiences for this standardare the implementors of tools supporting the language and advanced users of the languageKeywords: computer, computer languages, digital systems, electronic systems, hardware, hardware description languages, hardware design, HDL, PLI, programming language interface, Verilog,Verilog HDL, verilog PllThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc3 Park Avenue. New york. NY 10016-5997 USACopyright@ 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncAll rights reserved Published 7 April 2006. Printed in the United states of AmericaIEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent Trademark Office, owned by the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, IncorporatedVerilog is a registered trademark of Cadence Design Systems, IncPrint:|sBN0-738148504SH95395PDFSBN0-7381-48512SS95395No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the publisher.IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEee Societies and the Standards CoordinatingCommittees of the iEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA)Standards board The ieee develops its standardsthrough a consensus development process, approved by the american National Standards Institute, which bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are notnecessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation. While the ieee administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process, the ieee does not independentlyevaluate, test, or verify the accuracy of any of the information contained in its standards.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The ieee disclaims liability for any personal injury, property orother damage of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly orindirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance upon this, or any other iEEE Standard documentThe ieee does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein, and expresslydisclaims any express or implied warranTy, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose, or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement. IEEE Standardsdocuments are supplied "AS IsThe existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measurepurchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, theviewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about throughdevelopments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard Every IeeE Standard issubjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than fiveyears old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude Chat ils contents, although still of some valuedo not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have thelatest edition of any IEEE StandardIn publishing and making this document available, the IEeE is not suggesting or rendering professional or otherervices for, or on behalf of, any person or entity. Nor is the Ieee undertaking to perform any dutyother person or entity to another. Any person utilizing this, and any other ieee Standards document, should relupon the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any givencircumstancesInterpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate tospecific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEe, the Institute will initiateaction to prepare appropriate responses. Since ifff Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it isimportant to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For thisreason, IEEE and the members of its societies and standards coordinating committees are not able to provide aninstant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formalconsideration. At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, an individual presenting information onIEee standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of that individuarather than the formal position, explanation, or interpretation of the IeeeComments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership aftil-iation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of texttogether with appropriate supporting comments Comments on standards and requests for interpretations shouldaddressed toIEEE-SA Standards Board445 Hoes lanePiscataway, NJ 08854USANoTE-Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subjectmatter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to theexistence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEf shall not be responsible foridentifying patents for which a license may be required by an ieee standard or for conducting inquiries into thelegal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attentionAuthorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright ClearanceCenter. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923 USA; +19787508400. Permission to photocopy portions of any indi-idual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance CenterIntroductionThis introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 1364-2005, IEEE Standard for Verilog Hardware Description LanguageThe Verilog hardware description language(HDL) became an IEEE standard in 1995 as IEEE Std 13641995. It was designed to be simple, intuitive, and effective at multiple levels of abstraction in a standardtextual format for a variety of design tools, including verification simulation, timing analysis, test analysisand synthesis. It is because of these rich features that verilog has been accepted to be the language of choiceby an overwhelming number of integrated circuit(IC)designersVerilog contains a rich set of built-in primitives, including logic gates, user-definable primitives, switches,and wired logic. It also has device pin-to-pin delays and timing checks. The mixing of abstract levels isessentially provided by the semantics of two data types: nets and variables. Continuous assignments, inwhich expressions of both variables and nets can continuously drive values onto nets, provide the basicstructural construct. Procedural assignments, in which the results of calculations involving variable and netvalues can be stored into variables, provide the basic behavioral construct. a design consists of a set of modules, each of which has an input/output(1/O)interface, and a description of its function, which can be structural, behavioral, or a mix. These modules are formed into a hierarchy and are interconnected with netsThe Verilog language is extensible via the programming language interface(PLI)and the verilog procedural interface(VPi) routines. The Pli/vPi is a collection of routines that allows foreign functions to accessinformation contained in a Verilog hdl description of the design and facilitates dynamic interaction withsimulation. Applications of PLI/VPI include connecting to a Verilog HDL simulator with other simulationand computer-assisted design(CAD)systems, customized debugging TaskS, delay calculators, andannotatorsThe language that influenced Verilog HDL the most was HILO-2, which was developed at Brunel University in England under a contract to produce a test generation system for the British Ministry of DefensehiLO-2 successfully combined the gate and register transfer levels of abstraction and supported verificationsimulation, timing analysis, fault simulation, and test generationIn 1990, Cadence Design Systems placed the Verilog HDL into the public domain and the independentOpen Verilog International(oVi)was formed to manage and promote Verilog HDL. In 1992, the Board ofDirectors of ovi began an effort to establish Verilog hdl as an ieeE standard. In 1993, the first IEeEworking group was formed; and after 18 months of focused efforts, Verilog became an IEEE standard asIEEE Std 1364-1995After the standardization process was complete, the IEEe P1364 Working Group started looking for feedback from IEEE 1364 users worldwide so the standard could be enhanced and modified accordingly. Thisled to a five-year effort to get a much better Verilog standard in IEEE Std 1364-2001With the completion of IEEE Std 1364-2001, work continued in the larger Verilog community to identifyoutstanding issues with the language as well as ideas for possible enhancements. As Accellera began work-ing on standardizing System Verilog in 2001, additional issues were identified that could possibly have led toincompatibilities between Verilog 1364 and System Verilog. The IEEE P1364 Working group was established as a subcomittee of the System Verilog P1800 Working Group to help ensure consistent resolution ofsuch issues. The result of this collaborative work is this standard ieee Std 1364-2005Copyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedNotice to usersErrataErrata,ifanyforthisandallotherstandardscanbeaccessedatthefollowingurL:http:/stan-dards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errataperiodicaInterpretationsCurrentinterpretationscanbeaccessedatthefollowingUrl:http:/standards.ieeeorg/reading/ieee/interp/Index. htmlPatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mattercovered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEee shall not be responsible for identifyingpatents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or forconducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attentionParticipantsAt the time this standard was completed, the ieee P1364 Working group had the following membershipJohny Srouji, IBM, IEEE SyStem verilog Working Group chairTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics Corporation, ChairNeil Korpusik, Sun Microsystems, Inc, Co-chairStuart sutherland sutherland hdl inc. editorShalom Bresticker, Intel Corporation, Editor through February 2005The Errata Task Force had the following membershipKaren pynopsys,rKurt baty. WFSDB ConsultinDennis marsa. XilinxStefen Boyd, Boyd TechnologyFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncShalom Bresticker, Intel CorporationMike McNamara, Verisity, LtdDennis Brophy, Mentor Graphics CorporationDon Mills, LCDM EngineeringCliff Cummings, Sunburst Design, IncAnders nordstrom, Cadence Design Systems, IncCharles dawson, Cadence Design Systems, IncKaren Pieper, Synopsys, IncTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics CorpoBrad Pierce, Synopsys, IncRonald goodstein, first shot Logic simulation andSteven Sharp Cadence Design Systems, IncAlec Stanculescu. Fintronic USA IncDesignStuart Sutherland. Sutherland HDL IncMark Hartog, Synopsys incGordon Vreugdenhil, Mentor Graphics CorporationJames Markevitch, Evergreen Technology GroupJason Woolf, Cadence design Systems, IncCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedThe behavioral Task Force had the following membership:Steven Sharp, Cadence Design Systems, InC, ChairKurt Baty, WFSDB ConsultingJay lawrence. Cadence design Systems. IncStefen Boyd, Boyd TechnologyFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncShalom Bresticker, Intel CorporationKathryn McKinley, Cadence Design Systems, IncDennis brophy, Mentor graphics corporationMichael mcnamara. Verisity LtdCliff Cummings, Sunburst Design, IncDon Mills, LCDM EngineeringSteven Dovich, Cadence Design Systems, IncMehdi Mohtashemi, Synopsys, IncTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics CorporationKaren Pieper, Synopsys, IncRonald Goodstein, First Shot Logic Simulation andBrad Pierce, Synopsys, IncDesignDave Rich, Mentor Graphics CorporationKeith Gover, Mentor Graphics CorporationSteven Sharp, Cadence Design Systems, IncMark Hartoog, Synopsys, IncAlec Stanculescu. Fintronic USAEnnis Hawk, Jeda TechnologiesStuart Sutherland. Sutherland hdl. IncAtsushi kasuya, Jcda TechnologicsGordon Vrcugdcnhil, Mentor Graphics CorporationThe PLI Task Force had the following membershipCharles Dawson, Cadence Design Systems, Inc, ChairGhassan Khoory, Synopsys, Inc Co-chairTapati Basu, Synopsys, IncMichael rohleder. Freescale Semiconductor. IncSteven Dovich, Cadence Design Systems, IncRob Slater, Freescale Semiconductor IncRalph duncan, Mentor Graphics CorporationJohn Stickley, Mentor Graphics CorporationJim garnett, Mentor Graphics CorporationStuart Sutherland. Sutherland HDL. incJoao geada CLK Design AutomationBassam Tabbara. Novas software. IncAndrzej litwiniuk, Synopsys, IncJim Vellenga, Cadence Design Systems, IncFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncDoug Warmke, Mentor Graphics CorporationSachchidananda Patel, Synopsys, IncIn addition, the working group wishes to recognize the substantial efforts of past contributorsMichael McNamara, Cadence Design Systems, Inc1364 Working Group past chair(through September 2004)Alec Stanculescu, Fintronic USA, 1304 Working Group past vice-chair(through June 2004)Stefen Boyd, Boyd Technology, ETF past co-chair(through November 2004)The following members of the entity balloting commitlee voted on this standard. Balloters may have votedfor approval, disapproval, or abstentionAccelleraIntel CorporationBluespec, Inc.Mentor Graphics CorporationCadence Dcsign Systcms, IncSun microsystems, IncIntronic u.s.aSunburst design, IncIBMSutherland hdl lncInfineon TechnologiesSynopsys, IncCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 8 November 2005, it had the followingmembershipSteve M. mills. chairRichard h. hulett vice chairDon wright Past chairJudith gorman. secretaryMark d. bowmanWilliam B HopfT W. olsenDennis B. BrophyLowell G. JohnsonGlenn parsonsJoseph brudeHerman KochRonald c. petersenRichard coxJoseph L. Koepfinger*Gary s. RobinsonBob davisDavid J lawFrank stoneJulian forster kDaleep c mohlaMalcolm v thadenJoanna n. gueninPaul nikolichRichard l. townsendS. HalpJoe d. watseRaymond hapemanHoward L, wolfmanAlso included are the following nonvoting Ieee-Sa Standards board liaisonsSatish K. aval, NRC RepresentativeRichard Deblasio, DOE RepresentativeAlan H. Cookson, NIST RepresentativeMichelle d, trIEEE Standards Project EditoCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedContentsOverview1. 2 Conventions used in this standard1.3SIption1 4 Use of color in this standard1.5 Contents of this standard1.6 Deprecated clauses……….….….….…1.7 Header file listings....18 Examples…………………1.9PNormative references63. Lexical conventions83.1 Lexical tokens3.2 White space3. 3 Comments中··…·········:···············中·····“:·:·:·4·····“··········3. 4 Operators3. 5 Numberssteger constants3.5.2 Real constants123.5.3 Conversion123.6 Strings123.6. 1 String variable declaration133.6.2 String manipulation133.6.3 Special cha3.7 Identifiers. keds, and syste143.7.1 Escaped identifiers143.7.2 Keywords153.7.3 System tasks and functions3.7.4 Compiler directives153.8 Attrib163.8.1 Examples3.8.2 SyIata typ··4.1 Val214.2 Nets and variables4.2.1 Net declarations4.2.2 Variable declarations4.3V4.3.1g v244.3.2 Veclor net accessibility44.4 Strengths4.4.1 Charge strength4.4.2 Drive strength.....卓········中····“·········:·····················:········254.5 Implicit declarations4.6 Net types………264.6.1 Wire and tri nets264.6.2 Wired nets4.6.3TCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved4.6.4 Trio and tri l nets4.6.5 Unresolved nets4.6.6 Supply nets324.7 Regs324.8 Integers, reals, times, and realtime4.8.1 Operators and real numbers4.8.2 Conversion4.9 Arrays4.9.1Net arrays…·中·····:··344.9.2 reg and variable arrays344.9.3 Memories4.10 Parameters…………………354.10.1 Module parameters…364.10.2 Local parameters(localparam““374.10.3 Specify parameters……384. Name spaces…39Expressions……5.1 Operators41Operators with real operands425.1.2 Operator precedence………5.1.3 Using integer numbers in expressions…….445.1.4 Expression evaluation order……2451. 5 Arithmetic operators5.1.6 Arithmetic expressions with regs and integers5. 1.7 Relational operators485.1.8Equ495.1.9 Logical operators…495.1.10 bitw isators505.1.11 Reduction operators5.112 Shift operators…….535. 1. 13 Conditional operator535.1. 14 Concatenations545.2 Operands………5.2. 1 Vector bit-Select and part-select addressing..565.2.2 Array and memory addressing.......,.……5.2.3ings585.3 Minimum, typical, and maximum delay expressions5.4 Expression bit lengths5.4.1 Rules for expression bit lengths65.4.2 Examole of expression bit-length problerpl635.4.3 Example of self-determined expressions.645.5 Signed expressions5.5.1 Rules for expression types.....5.5.2 Steps for evaluating5.5.3 Steps for evaluating an assignment5.54 Handling X and Z in signed expressions………5.6 Assignments and truncation6. Assignments……………686.1 Continuous assignments686. 1. 1 The net declaration assignment6.1.2 The continuous assignment statement·····中···:·:·4·中·····6.1.371Copyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved
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