MATLAB在卡尔曼滤波器中应用的理论与实践Kalman
MATLAB在卡尔曼滤波器中应用的理论与实践KalmanKALMAN FILTERINGTheory and Practice Using MATLABThird editionMOHINDER S GREWALCalifornia State University at FullertonANGUS P. ANDREWSRockwell Science Center (retired)WILEYA JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATIONCopyright 2008 by John Wiley sons, Inc. All rights reservedPublished by John Wiley sons, InC, Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permittedunder Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writtenpermission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to theCopyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,(978)750-8400, fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc, lll River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissionimit of liability Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability orfitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situationYou should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liablefor any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidentalconsequential, or other damagesFor general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact ourCustomer Care Department within the United States at(800)762-2974, outside the United States at(317)572-3993 or fax(317)572-4002Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print maynot be available in electronic format. For more information about wiley products, visit our web site atwww.wiley.comLibrary of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication DataGrewal. Mohinder sKalman filtering: theory and practice using MATLAB/Mohinder S. GrewalAngus p. andrews. 3rd edIncludes bibliographical references and indexISBN978-0-470-17366-4( cloth)1. Kalman filtering. 2. MATLAB. I. Andrews, Angus P. II. TitleQA402.3.G69520086298312—dc22200803733Printed in the United States of america10987654321CONTENTSPrefaceAcknowledgmentsXIIIList of abbreviationsXV1 General Information1.1 On Kalman Filtering1.2 On Optimal Estimation Methods, 51. 3 On the notation Used In This book 231. 4 Summary, 25Problems. 262 Linear Dvnamic Systems2. 1 Chapter focus, 312.2 Dynamic System Models, 362. 3 Continuous Linear Systems and Their Solutions, 402.4 Discrete Linear Systems and Their Solutions, 532.5 Observability of Linear Dynamic System Models, 552.6 Summary, 61Problems. 643 Random Processes and Stochastic Systems3.1 Chapter Focus, 673.2 Probability and random Variables (rvs), 703.3 Statistical Properties of RVS, 78CONTEN3.4 Statistical Properties of Random Processes(RPs),803.5 Linear rp models. 883.6 Shaping Filters and State Augmentation, 953.7 Mean and Covariance propagation, 993.8 Relationships between Model Parameters, 1053.9 Orthogonality principle 1143.10 Summary, 118Problems. 1214 Linear Optimal Filters and Predictors1314.1 Chapter Focus, 1314.2 Kalman Filter. 1334.3 Kalman-Bucy filter, 1444.4 Optimal Linear Predictors, 1464.5 Correlated noise Sources 1474.6 Relationships between Kalman-Bucy and wiener Filters, 1484.7 Quadratic Loss Functions, 1494.8 Matrix Riccati Differential Equation. 1514.9 Matrix Riccati Equation In Discrete Time, 1654.10 Model equations for Transformed State Variables, 1704.11 Application of Kalman Filters, 1724.12 Summary, 177Problems. 1795 Optimal Smoothers5.1 Chapter Focus, 1835.2 Fixed-Interval Smoothing, 1895.3 Fixed-Lag Smoothing, 2005.4 Fixed-Point Smoothing, 2135.5 Summary, 220Problems. 226 Implementation Methods2256. 1 Chapter Focus, 2256.2 Computer Roundoff, 2276.3 Effects of roundoff errors on Kalman filters 2326.4 Factorization Methods for Square-Root Filtering, 2386. 5 Square-Root and UD Filters, 2616.6 Other Implementation Methods, 2756.7 Summary, 288Problems. 2897 Nonlinear Filtering2937.1 Chapter Focus, 2937.2 Quasilinear Filtering, 296CONTENTS7.3 Sampling Methods for Nonlinear Filtering, 3307.4 Summary, 345Problems. 3508 Practical Considerations3558.1 Chapter Focus. 3558.2 Detecting and Correcting Anomalous behavior, 3568.3 Prefiltering and Data Rejection Methods, 3798.4 Stability of Kalman Filters, 3828. 5 Suboptimal and reduced- Order Filters, 3838.6 Schmidt-Kalman Filtering, 3938.7 Memory, Throughput, and wordlength Requirements, 4038.8 Ways to Reduce Computational requirements 4098.9 Error Budgets and Sensitivity Analysis, 4148.10 Optimizing Measurement Selection Policies, 4198.11 Innovations analysis, 4248.12 Summary, 425Problems. 4269 Applications to Navigation4279.1 Chapter focus, 4279.2 Host vehicle dynamics, 4319.3 Inertial Navigation Systems(INS), 4359. 4 Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS), 4659.5 Kalman Filters for GNSS. 4709.6 Loosely Coupled GNSS/INS Integration, 4889.7 Tightly Coupled GNSS /INS Integration, 4919. 8 Summary, 507Problems. 508Appendix A MATLAB Software511A 1 Notice. 511A 2 General System Requirements, 511A 3 CD Directory Structure, 512A 4 MATLAB Software for Chapter 2, 512A. 5 MATLAB Software for Chapter 3, 512A6 MATLAB Software for Chapter 4, 512A. 7 MATLAB Software for Chapter 5, 513A 8 MATLAB Software for Chapter 6, 513A 9 MATLAB Software for Chapter 7, 514A10 MATLAB Software for Chapter 8, 515A 11 MATLAB Software for Chapter 9, 515A 12 Other Sources of software 516CONTENAppendix b A Matrix Refresher519B. 1 Matrix Forms. 519B 2 Matrix Operations, 523B 3 Block matrix Formulas. 527B 4 Functions of Square Matrices, 531B 5 Norms. 538B6 Cholesky decomposition, 541B7 Orthogonal Decompositions of Matrices, 543B 8 Quadratic Forms, 545B 9 Derivatives of matrices. 546Bibliography549Index565PREFACEThis book is designed to provide familiarity with both the theoretical and practicalaspects of Kalman filtering by including real-world problems in practice as illustrativeexamples. The material includes the essential technical background for Kalman filter-ing and the more practical aspects of implementation: how to represent the problem ina mathematical model, analyze the performance of the estimator as a function ofsystem design parameters, implement the mechanization equations in numericallystable algorithms, assess its computational requirements, test the validity of resultsitor the filteThetant attributes ofthe subject that are often overlooked in theoretical treatments but are necessary forapplication of the theory to real-world problemsIn this third edition, we have included important developments in the implemen-tation and application of Kalman filtering over the past several years, including adaptations for nonlinear filtering, more robust smoothing methods, and develelopingapplications in navigationWe have also incorporated many helpful corrections and suggefrom ourreaders, reviewers, colleagues, and students over the past several years for theoverall improvement of the textbookAll software has been provided in MatLab so that users can take advantage ofits excellent graphing capabilities and a programming interface that is very close tothe mathematical equations used for defining Kalman filtering and its applicationsSee Appendix a for more information on MATLAB softwareThe inclusion of the software is practically a matter of necessity because Kalmanfiltering would not be very useful without computers to implement it. It provides aMATLAB is a registered trademark of The Mathworks, IncEFACEbetter learning experience for the student to discover how the Kalman filter works byobserving it in actionThe implementation of Kalman filtering on computers also illuminates some of thepractical considerations of finite-wordlength arithmetic and the need for alternativealgorithms to preserve the accuracy of the results. If the student wishes to applywhat she or he learns, then it is essential that she or he experience its workingsand failings--and learn to recognize the differenceThe book is organized as a text for an introductory course in stochastic processes atthe senior level and as a first-year graduate-level course in Kalman filtering theory andapplicationIt can also be used for self-instruction or for purposes of review by practi-cing engineers and scientists who are not intimately familiar with the subject. Theorganization of the material is illustrated by the following chapter-level dependencygraph, which shows how the subject of each chapter depends upon material in otherchapters. The arrows in the figure indicate the recommended order of study. Boxesabove another box and connected by arrows indicate that the material represented bythe upper boxes is background material for the subject in the lower boxAPPENDIX B: A MATRIX REFRESHERGENERAL INFORMATION2. LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMSRANDOM PROCESSES AND STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS4. OPTIMAL LINEAR FILTERS AND PREDICTORS5. OPTIMAL SMOOTHERS6. IMPLEMENTATIONMETHODS7. NONLINEAR8. PRACTICAL9. APPLICATIONSFILTERINGCONSIDERATIONSTO NAVIGATIONAPPENDIX A: MATLAB SOFTWAREChapter l provides an informal introduction to the general subject matter by wayof its history of development and application. Chapters 2 and 3 and Appendix b coverthe essential background material on linear systems, probability, stochastic processesand modeling. These chapters could be covered in a senior-level course in electricalcomputer, and systems engineeringChapter 4 covers linear optimal filters and predictors, with detailed examples ofapplications. Chapter 5 is a new tutorial-level treatment of optimal smoothing
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刘宝碇--随机规划与模糊规划（1998）
随机规划与模糊规划全本，是一本很好的参考用书序言在现实世界上,人们制定决策时经常会磁到两类不确定性现象:一是随机现象,一类是模糊现象。揹述、刻匦随机现象的量称为随机变量,而描述、刻画模糊现象的量称为模糊集。为了方便,我们不妨把二者分别称为随机参数和模糊参数。含有随机和模糊参数的数学规划分别称为随机规划和模糊规划。既然随机性和模糊性都是用来处理不确定性的,我们将随机规划和模糊规划统称为不确定规划。本书将为随机规划和模糊规划提供统一的原理,并为一般不确定环境下的优化理论打下基础在很多实际问题中,如管理、工程、经济、工业以及生态等领域,系统是一个广泛使用的概念,而一个复杂的决策系统通常具有多维性、多样性、多功能性和多准则性,并带有随机或模糊参数。对于随机规划间题中所出现的随机变量,出于不同的管理目的和技术要求,采用的方法自然也不同。第一类处理随机规划中随机变量的方法是所谓的期望值模型,即一种在期望值约束下使目标函数的概率期望达到最优的模型.第二类方法是 Charnes和 Cooper提出的机会约束规划,主要针对约束条件中含有随机变量,目必须在观测到随机变量的实现之前作出决策的情况。考虑到所作决策在不利情况发生时可能不满足约束条件,而采用一种原则:即允许所作决策在一定程度上不满足约束条件,但该决策应使约束条件成立的概率不小于某一置信术平α。第三类隨杋规划是相关机会规划,是使事件的机会函数在不确定环境下达到最优的方法,在确定性规划以及期望值模型和机会约束规划中随机规划与模糊规攴当对实际问题建模以后,可行集本质上是确定的,这就可能导致所给出的最优解在实际中无法执,而相关机会规划并不假定可行集是确定的。实际上相关机会规划的可行集被描述为所谓的不确定环境。虽然相关机会规划也给出一个确定的解,但这个解只是要求在安际问题中尽可能地执行。显然,相关机会规划的这特点与确定性规划、期苤值棋型和机会约束规划是截然不同的沿用随机环境中枕会约東规划的思想,在模榈环境中,假定模糊约東成立的可能性不小于置信水平α,这样就可以建立模糊机会约束规划、机会约束多目标规划和机会约束目标规划.类似地,沿用随机环境下相关机会规划的思想,亦有模糊相关机会规划、相关机会多目标规划和相关机会目标规划理论随着计算机的飞速发展和革新算法的不断涌现,许多复杂的优化问题已可以通过计算机求解。虽然目前计算机的能力还只能处理小规模的不确定规划模型,但是,我们坚信计算机的能力将会大幅度提高。这就为求解更加复杂的优化问题提供了一个契机它不仅表现在已有的复杂模型可以通过计算机求解,而且表现在我们可以提出更丰富的建模恿想。基于这一事实,本书采用全新的观点处理随机娜划和模糊规划,并且允许不确定规划中的目标函数和约束函数是非线性的,随机参数的密度函数或模糊参数的隶属函数可以有更灬般的形式,模型的结构可以更加复杂等等夲书为求解传统方法所不能解决的随机规划和模糊规划模型,设计了一系列基于随杌模拟或模糊模拟的遗传算法、虽然遗传算法有耗时多、速度慢等缺点,但对传统方法无法处理的问题,遗传算法是一种非常有效的方法,而且随着计算机速度的提高,实际间题将可以在合理的计算时间内得到解决本书共分12章。第1章主要介绍数学规划的基本概念,如线性规划、非线性规划、多目标规划、目标规划以及整数规划,同时也勾画出了随机规划私模糊规划的理论框架.第2章为求解优序言化问题,如单目标规划、多目标规划和目标规划,提供了一个遗传算法,并通过一些数值例子解释了遗传算法的有效性。第3章列举了生成随杌数的方法,并介绍模糊集合的一些基础理论,以及随机模拟和模粉模拟的技术。第4章给出了期望值模型的一些基本性质。第5章讨论了带有随机参数的机会约束规划。第召章给出一些机会约束规划模型的应用。第7章讨论了随机环境下的相关机会规划模型。第8章通过相关机会规划模型对随机决策系统进行了建模。第9章把随机机会约束规划推广到模糊机会约東规划。而第10章把随机相关机会规划推广到模糊相关机会约束规划.传统的数学规划模型提供的是使一些目标函数达到最优的清晰决策,然而,对实际问题,有讨应该提供的是模糊决策而不是清晰决策,所以第11章建立了带有模糊决策的模糊规划的理论构架。在第9章和第11章所讨论的模糊系统中的机会约束规划模型夲质上是一种 Maximax模型(乐观模型),即极大化可能达到的最大收益.与 Maximax模型的思想不同,第12章介绍了Mamx机会约束规划模型,其思想是极大化可能达到的最小收益本书可作为高等院校有关专业的高年级大学生和研充生的教材,也可作为运筹学、管理科学、计算机科学、系统科学、信息科学与工程等方面的学者和技术人员的参考书目录序第1章数学规划筒介11线性规划1.2非线性规划1.3多目标规划614目标规划81.5整数规划16不确定规划12第2章遮传算法优化间题22表示结构1823处理约束条件824初始化过程2评价函数202选择过程2227交叉操作2328变异操作429遗传算法程序242I0遍传算法与上升法25211数值例子26随机规划与模糊规划第3章随机棋拟和棋糊棋拟a了31随机数的产生3832随机模拟4733模糊集合理论5034模糊模拟57第4章期望值樸型644.1期望值算子652期望值模型6643凸性684.4补偿模型..、7(45基于随机模我的遗传算法46注73第5章机会约束划7生51机会约束规划模型5.2确定生等价类53—些性质8354随机模拟885.5基于随机模拟的遗传算法56注94第6章机会约束规划的应用0561生产过程0562饲料混合问题6.3随机资源分配986开放存储网络0165资金预算112月录11第7章相关机会规划L1771背景;供给-分配系统177.2随机集合1217.3不确定坏璄12474事件和机会函数1257.5相关机会规划..,,]2876相关机会多目称规划,,1307.7相关机会目标规划1337.8执行墩优解3679机会函数的随机模拟1377.10基于随机模拟的遗传算法138711注143第8章随机决簟系統媓模1448.1水资源供给一分配问题14482生产过程l5283开放存储网络15484资金预算15g第9章模糊机会约束规划16491机会约束规划模型1659.2清晰等价类.1689.3模糊模拟17394基于模糊模拟的遗传算法17595资金预算1796注183第10章模糊环境下的相关机会规划18410.1相关机会规划184随机规划与糢糊规划102相关机会多目标规划18610.3相关机会目标规划18810.4杌会函教的模糊模拟19110.5基于模糊模拟的遗传算法92106注197第11章带有模糊决策的模糊规划181.1模糊决策198112机会约束规划模型20(113相关机会规划模型20214模糊模拟1.5基于模糊模拟的遗传算法21211.6数值例于21617注222第12章 Minimax机会约束规划模型223121 Marina模型223122 Minimax模型227123 Minimax与Ma2x1卫ha22912.4模糊模拟232125数值例于23生126注238参考文献240些常用的符号251索引252第1章数学规划简介数学规划是运筹学的一个重要分支,并已被广泛地应用到很多领域数学规划可以描述为在一些数学关系诸奶等式或不等式表示的约束条件下,求一个(或一组)数的极值问题的方法.常見的数学规划有线性规划、非线性规划、多目标规划、目标规划整数规划、多层规划、动态规划以及本书重点讨论的随机规划和模糊规划等等本章里,介绍一些数学规划的基本概念和处理技术,为引入殖机规划和模糊规划打下基硼1.1线性规划作为优化领域最重要的工具之一,线性规划是用来处理在线性等式及不等式组的约束条件下求线性函数的极值问题的方法线性规划的标准形式可以写为maKC11千C22+…十Cun12:+媛122+…+a1nxn=竹1a211千22+…axn=b4m121+(m232+…+ammn=bm3≥D3=1,2
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