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关于模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类算法的改进关于模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类算法的改进∑∑md2(x1,v,)离有变化,即(1)式中改为(,)=|P)(x;-v大连大学学报其中W为模糊加权因子,由式(5)确定。在模糊￠一均值算法中引入模糊加权因4子,使得数据空间中各个数据点对同一橐类中心所具有的特征优势不同,导致对距离的贡献也不同,更具合理性,使得聚类效果更好,分类更清晰,改进数据预处理的方法。4数据仿真结果将200个二维数据分为三类。使用了两种方法,本文提出的改进的模糊聚类算法(引入了模糊加权因子),结果见图2;经典的模糊C-均值聚类算法6,结果见图3对比聚类效果图如通过对比两种算法的效果图可以看出:图图3FCM聚类效果图2是改进后的模糊聚类算法(引入了模糊加权刈比目标函数曲线如下因子)的效果图,聚类效果比图3经典的模糊C均值聚类算法更好,数据点更集中,有若干点集中在聚类中心上。我们可以看右下角的数据点,改进后的模糊聚类算法将紫色的点和蓝色的点能清楚的分开,两个类之间的界限很明显而模糊C-均值算法分类的程度就不是很清晰,分别属于两个类的绿色的点和紫色的点几乎重合,可见类与类之问划分不清晰。图4改进算法后的目标函数图图2改进算法后的聚类效杲图喷笔签义,引入了重要参数-模糊加权因子,模糊加权因子的引入,使得数据空间中各数据点所具有的特大连大学学征优势不同,导致对距离的贡献也不同,这是两种距离定义方法的根本区别之处。并且用数据仿真验证了这种改进了的模糊聚类算法比原来的算法聚类更有效,分类更清晰,速度快。参考文献O一0年第五期[l} Timothy J.Ros.模糊逻辑及其工栏应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,20032]鲁宇,范希鲁.模糊加权距离及其合理性讨论[J].北方交通大学学报,1990(2)[3]王士同、神经模糊系统及其应用[M].北京:北京航天航空大学出版社,1998(6)图5FCM目标函数图T 4 1 Kazutaka Umuyaharu, Saclaaki MiyarIulo and Yoshiteru图4的是改进算法后的目标函数图(引入模糊Nakamori, Formulations of Fuzzy Clustering for Categorical加权因子),图5是经典的模糊C-均值算法目Data, International Journal of Innovative ComputingInformation and Control(lICIC), vol 1, no, 1, pp 83标函数图。可以看出图4的函数曲线比图5的函94,2005(3)数曲线更加平滑,收敛速度快。[5 Hugang Han, Information System with Fuzzy Weights5结论Intermational Journal of Innovative Computing, Information本文讨论的是对模糊C-均值聚类算法的改and Control JICIC ) vol. 2, no 3, pp 553-565, 2006进,在原有的模糊C-均值算法的基础上,用一种6]吴晓莉,林哲辉.MAⅣLAB埔助模湖系统设计[M.西安:新的定义距离的方法替代欧氏空间中距离的定西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.Improvement of the Fuzzy C-Means Clustering AlgorithmWANG Ying-jie Wang, BAI Feng-bo, WANG Jin-hui(1. College of Information Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China2. MSPD, HiSoft Technology Intemational Ltd., Beijing, 100074, China3. Beijing Electromechanical Engineering Insitute, Beijing, 100074, ChinaAbstract: An improvement algorithm about the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm is discussed in this paper. Basedon original fuzzy c -rneans clustering algorithm, the improvement algorithm uses a new way of defining distance todisplace the distance in Euclidean space. Experimental results show that the improvement algorithm is better thanal algurithm and the classification is clearer than original algKey words Fuzzy c-means algorithm; Fuzzy weighted distance; Fuzzy weighted factor

OFDMA系统分析与设计的国外经典教材Chapter 1 Introduction to OFDM and OFDMAChapter 2 Characterization of the Mobile Wireless ChannelChapter 3 Fundamentals of Digital Communications and NetworkingChapter 4 Fundamentals of OFDM and OFDMA: Transceiver StructureChapter 5 Physical Layer: Time and FrequencyChapter For a listing of recent titles in theArtech House Mobile Communications Library,turn to the back of this bookOFDMA System Analysis and DesignSamuel C. YangARTECHHOUSEBOSTON LONDONartechhouse. comLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of CongressBritish Library cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the british libraryISBN-13:978-1-60807-076-3Cover design by vicki KaneC 2010 Artech House685 Canton streetNorwood. MA 02062All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No partof this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, elec-tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any informationstorage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisherAll terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or servicemarks have been appropriately capitalized artech House cannot attest to theaccuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regardedas affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark10987654321To my beautiful wife JennyContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsXVCHAPTER TIntroduction to ofdm and ofdma1.1 Motivation1.2 Conventional FDm1.3 Advantages of FDm1.3.1 Intersymbol Interference(ISI)and Multipath Fading1.3.2 Modulation and Coding per Subcarrier1.3.3 Simple equalization1.4 Disadvantages of FDM1.5 Basics of ofdm1.6 Advantages of OFDM1.6.1 Low-Complexity modulation1.6.2 Spectral Efficiency1.7 Basics of ofdma1.8 Advantages of OFDMA121.9 Some Practical issues of ofdm and ofdma1.9.1 Time Domain: Interblock Interference131.9.2 Frequency Domain: Intercarrier Interference131.10 OFDM and Dsss141.11 Overview of the book14References15Selected BibliographyCHAPTER 2Characterization of the mobile wireless channel2.1 Introduction2.2 Link analysis2.3 Distance Dimension: Propagation Loss2.3.1 Path Loss2.3.2 Shadowing Loss24Contents2.3.3 Multipath Fading26Example 2.1282.3.4 Concluding Remarks292.4 Time Dimension: Multipath Delay Spread302.4.1 Delay Spread30Example 2.231Example 2.3312. 4.2 Coherence bandwidth322.4.3 Implications for OFDM352.5 Frequency Dimension: Doppler Spread362.5.1 Doppler Spread36Example 2. 4372.5.2 Coherence time2.5.3 Implications for OFDM402. 6 Conclusions41References43Selected Bibliography44ChAPTER 3Fundamentals of Digital Communications and Networking453.1 Introduction453.2 Basic Functions of a Transceiver453.3 Channel Coding473.3.1 Linear block codes473.3.2 Convolutional codes493.4 Symbol mapping and modulation3.5 Demodulation563. 5. 1 Matched Filter563.5.2 Symbol Error3.6 Adaptive Modulation and Coding603.7 Cyclic Redundancy Check(CRC)623.8 Automatic Repeat Request(arQ)643.8.1 Stop-and-Wait ARQ643.8.2 Sliding Window arQ653.9 Hybrid ARQ67References69Selected bibliographyCHAPTER 4Fundamentals of ofdm and ofdma: transceiver structure4.1 Basic Transmitter functions714.2 Time domain: guard time4.3 Frequency Domain: Synchronization744.4 Basic receiver functions754.5 Equalization764.6 OFDM Symbol79Contents4.7 OFDMA Transmitter844. 8 OFDMA Receiver4.9 OFDMA4.9.1 Frequency diversity4.9.2 Multiuser diversity914.9.3 Concluding Remarks4.10 Peak-to-Average Power ratio924.11 Conclusions93References94Selected Bibliography95CHAPTER 5Physical Layer: Time and Frequency975.1 Introduction5.2 Distributed Subcarrier Permutation: Forming Subchannels onDownlink5.2.1 Full Usage of Subchannels(FUSC1005.2.2 Partial Usage of Subchannels(PUSC)1015.2.3 Tile Usage of Subchannels 1(TUSC1)1025.2.4 Tile Usage of Subchannels 2(TUSC2)1025.3 Distributed Subcarrier Permutation: Forming Subchannels on Uplink 1025.3.1 Partial Usage of Subchannels(PUSC)1035.3.2 Optional Partial Usage of Subchannels(Optional PUSC)1035.4 Adjacent Subcarrier Permutation: Downlink and Uplink1045.5 Summary of Subcarrier Permutation Modes1045.6 Bursts and Permutation Zones1055.7 Subframes and frames1075.7.1 Preamble1105.7.2 Frame Control Header(FCH)1105.7.3 Downlink MAP (DL-MAP)and Uplink MAP(UL-MAP1115. 8 TDD and FDD5. 9 System Design Issues1125.9.1 Frequency Diversity and multiuser diversity1125.9.2 Segmentation1125. 10 Adaptive burst profiles1155.10.1 Burst Profiles1155.10.2 Channel Quality Feedback116References117ChAPTER 6Physical Layer: Spatial Techniques1196.1 Introduction6.2 Spatial Diversity: Receive Diversity1206.2.1 Receive Diversity: Antenna Selection1226.2.2 Receive Diversity: Maximal Ratio Combining6.3 Spatial Diversity: Transmit Diversity123Contents6.3. 1 Transmit Diversity: Open-Loop 2 X 11246.3.2 Transmit Diversity: Open-Loop 2X 21266.3.3 Transmit Diversity: Closed-Loop Antenna Selection128Example 6.11296.3.4 Transmit Diversity: Closed-Loop precoding1306.3.5 Remarks1326.4 Spatial Multiplexing1336.5 MIMO-OFDM1366.6 Beamforming1366.7 System Design Issues139References140Selected Bibliography141CHAPTER 7Medium Access control: architecture and data plane1437.1 MAC Architecture1437.2 Convergence Sublayer1457. 2.1 Address Mapping( Classification1467. 2.2 Header Suppression1467. 3 Common Part Sublayer1477.3.1ARQ1477. 3.2 MAC SDU and MAc pdu1487.3.3 Fragmentation/Packing1497.4 Security Sublayer152References152chaPTeR 8Medium Access Control Lower Control plane1538. 1 Introduction1538.2 Scheduler1538.3 Bandwidth Request1558.3.1 Request in Existing Uplink Allocation1568.3.2 Unicast Polling1568.3.3 Multicast and Broadcast Polling1578.3.4 Contention-Based Request for OFDMA1578.4 Control Signaling1588.5 Ranging1598.5.1 Initial Ranging1598.5.2 Periodic Ranging1608.5.3 Handover ranging1618.6 Power Control1618.6.1 Uplink Power Control: Closed-Loop1648.6.2 Uplink Power Control: Open-Loop1668.6.3 Assignment of Uplink Modulation and Coding8.6.4 Concluding Remarks168References169ContentsChaPTER 9Medium Access Control: Upper Control plane1719.1 Introduction1719.2 Network Entry1719.2. 1 Synchronization with Downlink of Base Station and acquisitionof parameters1739.2.2 Initial Ranging1739. 2.3 Negotiation of Mobile Capabilities1749.2.4 Security Procedures1749.2.5 Mobile registration1759.2.6 IP Connectivity1759.2.7 Connection Setup1769.3 Mobility Management: Link Handover1769.3.1 Cell Reselection1779.3.2 Hard Handover(HHO1799.3.3 Macro Diversity Handover(MDHO)1849.3.4 Fast Base Station Switching(FBSS1879.3.5 System Design Issue: H Add and h delete1899.3.6 Concluding Remarks1919.4 Mobility management: Network handover192References192CHAPTER 10Quality of Service(Qos)19510.1 Introduction19510.2 Definitions and Fundamental Concepts19510.2.1 Service Flows and Qos Parameters19510.2.2 Connections19610.3 Object Relationship Model19710.4 Service flow transactions19910.4.1 Creating a Service Flow19910.4.2 Changing a Service Flow20010.4.3 Deleting a Service Flow20310.5 QoS Parameters20410.6 Scheduling Services20610.6.1 Unsolicited Grant Service(UGS)20610.6.2 Real-Time Polling Service(rtPS20710.6.3 Extended Real-Time Polling Service(ertPS20710.6.4 Nonreal-Time Polling Service(nrtPS20810.6.5 Best Effort(BE)20810.6.6 Remarks209References210

目前常用的优化标准测试函数及MATLAB代码