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《Matlab/Simulink动力学系统建模与仿真（第2版）》主要介绍了动力学系统中微分方程模型、传递函数模型和状态空间模型等建立的基础理论，并引入了Simulink仿真技术，为解决复杂动力学问题（特别是不易得到解析解的动力学问题）提供了方法。　　《Matlab/Simulink动力学系统建模与仿真（第2版）》编排了较多的例题来说明各类动力学模型的仿真模型的建立方法，以及差分模型、相似模型、时域和频域等仿真模型，最后将控制动力学基础知识作为后继研究的扩展内容做了介绍。　　《Matlab/Simulink动力学系统建模与仿真（第2版）》是一本多学科内容相交又的教材，同时涉及了力学、电学和动内容简介本书主要介绍了动力学系统中微分方程模型、传递函数模型和状态空间模型等建立的基础理论,并引入了 Simulink仿真技术,为解决复杂动力学问题(特别是不易得到解析解的动力学问题)提供了方法。书中编排了较多的例题来说明各类动力学模型的仿真模型的建立方法,以及差分模型、相似模型、时域和频域等仿真模型,最后将控制动力学基础知识作为后继硏究的扩展内容做了介绍。本书是一本多学科内容相交叉的教材,同时涉及了力学、电学和动力学控制等学科的交叉知识。本书适合具有一定数学和力学基础知识的理工科专业的本科高年级学生使用,可以作为机械工程、土木工程、车辆工程和仪器仪表、印刷机械等本科高年级学生和相关专业的研究生在学习有关动力学系统建模与仿真内容时的参考书,还可供相关工程技术人员参考。图书在版编目(CIP)数据Matlab/ Simulink动力学系统建模与仿真/黎明安,钱利编著.-2版.一北京:国防工业出版社,2015.7ISBN978-7-118-102055L.①M..Ⅱ.①黎.②钱..Ⅲ.①计算机辅助计算—应用—动力系统一系统建模②计算机辅助计算一应用—动力系统一系统仿真Ⅳ.①TP391.75②019中国版本图书馆CP数据核字(2015)第138118号※宫原社出版发行(北京市海淀区紫竹院南路23号邮政编码100048)天利华印刷装订有限公司印刷新华书店经售开本787×10921/16印张19字数456千字2015年7月第2版第1次印刷印数1—3000册定价49.00元(本书如有印装错误,我社负责调换)国防书店:(010)8854077发行邮购:(010)88540776发行传真:(010)88540755发行业务:(010)88540717前言本书是在为“工程力学”本科专业开设的“动态系统建模与计算机仿真”课程基础上多次改编而成的。本书一开始就采用了模型框图,使学生在学习过程中掌握和使用仿真框图的表示方法,为今后建立仿真模型奠定基础。本书结合了 Simulink仿真平台的基础知识,学生可以在各章的例题中学会 Matlab基本的编程能力和 Simulink基本模块的应用;将 Simulink的基础知识分散到各个章节中由浅入深地讲授,使学习者容易接受。本书第1版于2012年出版,此次在第1版的基础上修改了部分错误,个别习题也做了调整,使内容编排更趋于合理。全书分为10章,第1章~第3章介绍了建模与仿真的数学力学基础知识和以框图来表示模型的方法,主要以微分方程模型为主线介绍了简单仿真模型的建立。第4章介绍了系统的传递函数模型以及面对传递函数的仿真模型的建立。第5章介绍了状态空间模型。第6章介绍了基于采样的将连续系统离散化的方法。第7章介绍了机电相似模型。第8章介绍了动力学系统的时域瞬态响应分析方法。第9章介绍了频域分析方法。第10章介绍了控制动力学基础。全书贯穿了 Matlab/ Simulink仿真技术。本书中的仿真例题均在 Matlab(R2007a)下调试通过,希望读者在该版本下建立仿真模型本书由西安理工大学师俊平教授、王忠民教授审阅,两位教授对本书内容的编写提出了宝贵的修改意见,研究生雷霜、崔凯和朱晓雄等对初稿进行了认真的校对,在此表示衷心感谢。西北工业大学支希哲教授、朱西平教授,空军工程大学冯立富教授,陕西理学院张宝中教授,西安科技大学郭志勇教授,西安理工大学徐开亮博士等在编写过程中给予了大力帮助,在此表示深切感谢由于水平有限,本书还有很多需要改进的地方,敬请使用者提出宝贵意见。编著者Ⅲ目录绪论…………………………………………………………………………1第1章系统建模与仿真基础…………1.1系统仿真模型框图表示法·4441.1.1基本仿真元件………1.1.2简单仿真框图结构51.2拉普拉斯变换…1.2.1拉普拉斯变换的定义及其性质1.2.2拉普拉斯逆变换………………………………111.2.3拉普拉斯变换在求解线性常系数微分方程中的应用1.3z变换与Z逆变换…161.3.1Z变换的定义1.3.2Z变换的应用…171.4矩阵的特征值与特征矢量…181.4.1标准特征值问题…191.4.2广义特征值问题1.4.3相似变换及其特性…………………………………………21习题5第2章动力学系统的微分方程模型………………………………………282.1动力学建模基本理论…………………………………………………282.1.1动力学系统基本元件…282.1.2动力学建模基本定理…………………………292.2哈密顿动力学建模体系382.2.1拉格朗日方程2.2.2哈密顿原理2.3一维弹性体的有限元建模………422.3.1梁单元质量矩阵与刚度矩阵…422.3.2总体系统动力学微分方程………………………………442.4一维弹性体系统的假设模态法482.4.1模态函数……………………………………………482.4.2系统的动能和势能…………………492.4.3系统的动力学方程2.5 Simulink高级积分器的仿真模型建立…512.5.1高级积分器端口………522.5.2高级积分器在仿真中的应用…………………………52习题………………………………………………………………………………………54第3章动力学系统响应分析的数值方法……583.1数值积分法和数值微分法…583.1.1数值积分法………………………………………………………………583.1.2数值微分法……593.1.3多自由度振动系统的差商模型…………………………………633.2龙格一库塔法……653.2.1二阶龙格一库塔法………653.2.2四阶龙格一库塔法……………………………………………663.3四阶龙格一库塔法仿真程序设计673.3.1求解一阶微分方程四阶龙格一库塔法程序设计……………………673.3.2求解一阶微分方程组的四阶的龙格一库塔法程序设计693.3.3高阶微分方程的四阶龙格一库塔法程序设计703.4隐式逐步积分法…………………………………………………723.4.1线性加速度法723.4.2威尔逊θ法…3.5微分方程的边值问题的求解…………………763.5.1解线性方程边值问题的差分方法……………………………………763.5.2解线性方程边值问题的打靶法(试射法)…773.5.3关于三对角矩阵的追赶法程序设计……·,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,……793.6关于 Simulink环境中的求解器 Solver803.6.1常用求解器…………………………………………803.6.2求解器的选择813.7Malb中符号微积分……………823.7.1符号微分与符号积分……………………………………823.7.2利用符号运算求解微分方程习题……………………………………………………………………884第4章系统传递函数模型84.1传递函数及其特性…4.1.1传递函数定义……………884.1.2传递函数的特性…4.1.3传递函数的图示方法…894.2基本环节的传递函数……………………894.2.1比例环节……………………904.2.2一阶延迟环节4.2.3微分环节914.2.4积分环节…………914.2.5振荡环节………………914.3传递函数的其他形式934.3.1传递函数的零极点形式……………………………………………934.3.2传递函数的留数形式…………………………………………934.3.3传递函数的串联、并联与反馈连接形式944.3.4控制系统的开环传递函数……………………………………974.4多自由度振动系统的传递函数模型……………1014.4.1直接方法,..,.,,...,,,,,,.,·,,,,,,,,,..,·.、,,,,,,,,,,,,··,1014.4.2模态分析法…1035传递函数模型的 Simulink仿真模型建立…………………1054.5.1与传递函数相关的 Matlab运算指令…1054.5.2传递函数模型的 Simulink仿真模型建立…1084.6弹性系统的传递函数仿真模型…1114.6.1弹性系统的传递函数1114.6.2传递函数 Simulink仿真模型………………………………………………112习题113第5章动力学系统状态空间模型1175.1动力学系统的状态空间模型………………1175.1.1状态空间方程的一般形式1175.1.2化高阶微分方程为状态方程——不含输入导数情况……………………1185.1.3线性多自由度振动系统的状态空间模型1215.2微分方程模型与状态空间的关系1235.2.1微分方程模型与状态空间模型特征对的关系……………………1235.2.2系统含有输入导数的状态空间模型1235.3状态空间的相似变换…………………………………………1295.3.1一般情况…1295.3.2特殊情况(可控标准型的情况)…………………1305.4系统的状态空间模型与传递函数模型之间的转换……1315.4.1从状态空间模型转换为传递函数模型……………………1315.4.2模型转换 Matlab函数1325.4.3传递函数模型转换为状态空间模型的直接方法∴……1345.5传递函数模型转换为状态空间模型的串并联法…1355.5.1并联模型法,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1355.5.2串联模型法1385.6状态空间仿真模型建立………………………………………1415.6.1非线性时变系统1415.6.2非线性定常系统……………………………………1425.6.3线性时变系统∴…………1425.6.4线性定常系统……………425.7关于混合系统仿真……………………144习题…∴∴…145第6章连续系统的相似离散法1486.1线性连续系统相似离散法…1486.1.1连续系统状态方程的精确解…486.1.2零阶保持器下状态方程的离散化…1496.1.3一阶保持器下状态方程的离散….,.,,.,,,,.,,,,,·,,,,,,,,,1506.1.4离散系统仿真模块1516.2状态转移矩阵…1526.2.1状态转移矩阵的特性1526.2.2求转移矩阵的几种方法…1536.3离散化系统的传递函数模型…………………1546.3.1零阶保持器的传递函数1546.3.2一阶保持器的传递函数…1546.3.3离散系统的传递函数模型1566.4线性时变系统状态方程的离散化………………………1586.4.1线性时变状态方程的解……………………1586.4.2线性时变系统状态方程离散化…………………1596.4.3近似离散化1596.5离散系统仿真模型建立…………………………1636.5.1有关离散系统 Matlab函数的应用1636.5.2状态方程的离散——基于单位延迟的状态空间仿真模型1666.5.3利用离散传递函数模块的 Simulink仿真模型……∴1686.5.4使用离散状态空间模块 Simulink仿真模型168习题……………………………………………………………………………170第7章机电模拟系统………………………………………1737.1电学基本元件和基本定律1737.1.1电学基本元件……1737.1.2简单电路动态方程1747.1.3电气系统的数学模型建立…………………………………………1747.2无源滤波器……………1787.2.1滤波器基本类型1787.2.2无源RC滤波器……………………………………………………………………………1857.2.3无源RLC滤波器………………………………………………………1867.3机电相似系统1867.3.1力一电压相似……………………………………………………………………187Ⅶ7.3.2力一电流相似…1887.4机电耦合系统的数学建模∴…1897.5运算放大器系统的数学建模∴……………190习题………196第8章系统瞬态响应分析………2008.1典型状态和典型激励的瞬态响应…2008.1.1系统响应种类…2008.1.2常见的几种典型外激励……………2018.2一阶系统的瞬态响应分析·……………………………………………………2028.2.1系统在零输入响应……………………2028.2.2系统零状态响应…………………………………………………2028.2.3标准一阶系统的单位阶跃响应特性……………2048.3二阶系统瞬态响应分析…………………………2068.3.1标准二阶系统的单位脉冲响应………………2068.3.2欠阻尼标准二阶系统的阶跃响应2098.3.3欠阻尼标准二阶系统性能指标…2108.3.4非标准欠阻尼标准二阶系统性能指标…∴…2148.3.5欠阻尼二阶系统的单位斜坡响应………………………………2178.3.6过阻尼二阶系统的单位阶跃响应………………………2188.4 Matlab/ Simulink仿真…………………………………………………………2208.5高阶系统的响应2218.5.1高阶系统的传递函数……………………………………2218.5.2高阶系统的瞬态响应222习题……………………………………………………………………………222第9章动力学系统频域分析方法………………………………………………2269.1概述……………………………………………2269.2频率响应函数…2269.2.1谐和激励下系统的响应函数…………………………………………2269.2.2系统的传递函数与系统的频率响应函数………………………2279.2.3系统频率响应特性曲线(频响曲线)……………………2309.3单位脉冲函数与频率响应函数.·······:··:.·.·········;···;··:.:··2329.3.1单位脉冲响应函数(权函数)…………………2329.3.2单位脉冲函数与频率响应函数…………………………………2339.3.3标准二阶系统的频率响应特性……·.···········2359.4频率响应分析法仿真……23794.1连续系统频率响应特性:,···:,,2379.4.2线性多自由度系统的频域分析2459.4.3快速傅里叶变换与仿真……………………………246Ⅷ9.5频率响应特性在振动系统参数识别中的应用……2489.5.1幅频、相频曲线识别法…………2499.5.2实频、虚频曲线识别法2509.5.3导纳圆的参数识别法…………………252习题………………254第10章动力学系统控制基础…25610.1动力学控制的基本概念…25610.2PID控制系统…………………25710.2.1PID工作简介…25710.2.2PID的数学模型…………25810.2.3PID控制系统的响应分析…25910.3状态反馈控制系统··..···.···:········.···········:······…………27010.4最优控制………………………27410.4.1固定端点的问题最优控制…………………………………27510.4.2始端时刻固定、末值状态自由情况下的最优控制27610.5线性系统的二次型最优设计…………279习题………………………………………………………………………285附录………………………………………………………288附录1 Simulink仿真系统常用模块库288附录2典型函数的拉普拉斯变换和Z变换…………………………………………290附录3 Matlab/ Simulink部分功能设置…………29参考文献…292Ⅸ

支撑向量机SVM和支撑向量回归SVR的参数寻优工具箱MATLAB版，对于不想太深入了解c++版的工具箱有很大帮助，另外不用调试参数，而是寻优取得

多点插值的埃米尔特曲线、贝齐尔曲线及 B 样条曲线绘制。 通过鼠标输入型值点，根据用户输入的型值点，分别绘制Hermite 曲线，三次 Bezier 曲线，四阶三次等距 B 样条曲线（可通过菜单或工具条选择具体要绘制哪种曲线），要求同时绘制出曲线的控制多边形（对 Hermite 曲线，要求绘制出起点和终点处切向量）

MSP430149通过按键控制DA输出，步进0.1V，同时AD检测DA值，在1602上显示，使用的DA芯片为12位DAC7512.

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Verilog的IEEE标准，比较新的一个吧应该是IEEE Std 1364 TM-2005(Revision of IEEE Std 1364-2001)lEE Standard for VerilogHardware Description LanguageSponsorDesign Automation Standards Committeeof theIEEE Computer SocietyAbstract: The Verilog hardware description language(HDL) is defined in this standard. VerilogHDL is a formal notation intended for use in all phases of the creation of electronic systems. Because it is both machine-readable and human-readable, it supports the development, verificationsynthesis, and testing of hardware designs; the communication of hardware design data; and themaintenance, modification, and procurement of hardware. 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Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of texttogether with appropriate supporting comments Comments on standards and requests for interpretations shouldaddressed toIEEE-SA Standards Board445 Hoes lanePiscataway, NJ 08854USANoTE-Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subjectmatter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to theexistence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEf shall not be responsible foridentifying patents for which a license may be required by an ieee standard or for conducting inquiries into thelegal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attentionAuthorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright ClearanceCenter. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923 USA; +19787508400. Permission to photocopy portions of any indi-idual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance CenterIntroductionThis introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 1364-2005, IEEE Standard for Verilog Hardware Description LanguageThe Verilog hardware description language(HDL) became an IEEE standard in 1995 as IEEE Std 13641995. It was designed to be simple, intuitive, and effective at multiple levels of abstraction in a standardtextual format for a variety of design tools, including verification simulation, timing analysis, test analysisand synthesis. It is because of these rich features that verilog has been accepted to be the language of choiceby an overwhelming number of integrated circuit(IC)designersVerilog contains a rich set of built-in primitives, including logic gates, user-definable primitives, switches,and wired logic. It also has device pin-to-pin delays and timing checks. The mixing of abstract levels isessentially provided by the semantics of two data types: nets and variables. Continuous assignments, inwhich expressions of both variables and nets can continuously drive values onto nets, provide the basicstructural construct. Procedural assignments, in which the results of calculations involving variable and netvalues can be stored into variables, provide the basic behavioral construct. a design consists of a set of modules, each of which has an input/output(1/O)interface, and a description of its function, which can be structural, behavioral, or a mix. These modules are formed into a hierarchy and are interconnected with netsThe Verilog language is extensible via the programming language interface(PLI)and the verilog procedural interface(VPi) routines. The Pli/vPi is a collection of routines that allows foreign functions to accessinformation contained in a Verilog hdl description of the design and facilitates dynamic interaction withsimulation. Applications of PLI/VPI include connecting to a Verilog HDL simulator with other simulationand computer-assisted design(CAD)systems, customized debugging TaskS, delay calculators, andannotatorsThe language that influenced Verilog HDL the most was HILO-2, which was developed at Brunel University in England under a contract to produce a test generation system for the British Ministry of DefensehiLO-2 successfully combined the gate and register transfer levels of abstraction and supported verificationsimulation, timing analysis, fault simulation, and test generationIn 1990, Cadence Design Systems placed the Verilog HDL into the public domain and the independentOpen Verilog International(oVi)was formed to manage and promote Verilog HDL. In 1992, the Board ofDirectors of ovi began an effort to establish Verilog hdl as an ieeE standard. In 1993, the first IEeEworking group was formed; and after 18 months of focused efforts, Verilog became an IEEE standard asIEEE Std 1364-1995After the standardization process was complete, the IEEe P1364 Working Group started looking for feedback from IEEE 1364 users worldwide so the standard could be enhanced and modified accordingly. Thisled to a five-year effort to get a much better Verilog standard in IEEE Std 1364-2001With the completion of IEEE Std 1364-2001, work continued in the larger Verilog community to identifyoutstanding issues with the language as well as ideas for possible enhancements. As Accellera began work-ing on standardizing System Verilog in 2001, additional issues were identified that could possibly have led toincompatibilities between Verilog 1364 and System Verilog. The IEEE P1364 Working group was established as a subcomittee of the System Verilog P1800 Working Group to help ensure consistent resolution ofsuch issues. The result of this collaborative work is this standard ieee Std 1364-2005Copyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedNotice to usersErrataErrata,ifanyforthisandallotherstandardscanbeaccessedatthefollowingurL:http:/stan-dards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errataperiodicaInterpretationsCurrentinterpretationscanbeaccessedatthefollowingUrl:http:/standards.ieeeorg/reading/ieee/interp/Index. htmlPatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mattercovered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEee shall not be responsible for identifyingpatents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or forconducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attentionParticipantsAt the time this standard was completed, the ieee P1364 Working group had the following membershipJohny Srouji, IBM, IEEE SyStem verilog Working Group chairTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics Corporation, ChairNeil Korpusik, Sun Microsystems, Inc, Co-chairStuart sutherland sutherland hdl inc. editorShalom Bresticker, Intel Corporation, Editor through February 2005The Errata Task Force had the following membershipKaren pynopsys,rKurt baty. WFSDB ConsultinDennis marsa. XilinxStefen Boyd, Boyd TechnologyFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncShalom Bresticker, Intel CorporationMike McNamara, Verisity, LtdDennis Brophy, Mentor Graphics CorporationDon Mills, LCDM EngineeringCliff Cummings, Sunburst Design, IncAnders nordstrom, Cadence Design Systems, IncCharles dawson, Cadence Design Systems, IncKaren Pieper, Synopsys, IncTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics CorpoBrad Pierce, Synopsys, IncRonald goodstein, first shot Logic simulation andSteven Sharp Cadence Design Systems, IncAlec Stanculescu. Fintronic USA IncDesignStuart Sutherland. Sutherland HDL IncMark Hartog, Synopsys incGordon Vreugdenhil, Mentor Graphics CorporationJames Markevitch, Evergreen Technology GroupJason Woolf, Cadence design Systems, IncCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedThe behavioral Task Force had the following membership:Steven Sharp, Cadence Design Systems, InC, ChairKurt Baty, WFSDB ConsultingJay lawrence. Cadence design Systems. IncStefen Boyd, Boyd TechnologyFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncShalom Bresticker, Intel CorporationKathryn McKinley, Cadence Design Systems, IncDennis brophy, Mentor graphics corporationMichael mcnamara. Verisity LtdCliff Cummings, Sunburst Design, IncDon Mills, LCDM EngineeringSteven Dovich, Cadence Design Systems, IncMehdi Mohtashemi, Synopsys, IncTom Fitzpatrick, Mentor Graphics CorporationKaren Pieper, Synopsys, IncRonald Goodstein, First Shot Logic Simulation andBrad Pierce, Synopsys, IncDesignDave Rich, Mentor Graphics CorporationKeith Gover, Mentor Graphics CorporationSteven Sharp, Cadence Design Systems, IncMark Hartoog, Synopsys, IncAlec Stanculescu. Fintronic USAEnnis Hawk, Jeda TechnologiesStuart Sutherland. Sutherland hdl. IncAtsushi kasuya, Jcda TechnologicsGordon Vrcugdcnhil, Mentor Graphics CorporationThe PLI Task Force had the following membershipCharles Dawson, Cadence Design Systems, Inc, ChairGhassan Khoory, Synopsys, Inc Co-chairTapati Basu, Synopsys, IncMichael rohleder. Freescale Semiconductor. IncSteven Dovich, Cadence Design Systems, IncRob Slater, Freescale Semiconductor IncRalph duncan, Mentor Graphics CorporationJohn Stickley, Mentor Graphics CorporationJim garnett, Mentor Graphics CorporationStuart Sutherland. Sutherland HDL. incJoao geada CLK Design AutomationBassam Tabbara. Novas software. IncAndrzej litwiniuk, Synopsys, IncJim Vellenga, Cadence Design Systems, IncFrancoise Martinolle, Cadence Design Systems, IncDoug Warmke, Mentor Graphics CorporationSachchidananda Patel, Synopsys, IncIn addition, the working group wishes to recognize the substantial efforts of past contributorsMichael McNamara, Cadence Design Systems, Inc1364 Working Group past chair(through September 2004)Alec Stanculescu, Fintronic USA, 1304 Working Group past vice-chair(through June 2004)Stefen Boyd, Boyd Technology, ETF past co-chair(through November 2004)The following members of the entity balloting commitlee voted on this standard. Balloters may have votedfor approval, disapproval, or abstentionAccelleraIntel CorporationBluespec, Inc.Mentor Graphics CorporationCadence Dcsign Systcms, IncSun microsystems, IncIntronic u.s.aSunburst design, IncIBMSutherland hdl lncInfineon TechnologiesSynopsys, IncCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 8 November 2005, it had the followingmembershipSteve M. mills. chairRichard h. hulett vice chairDon wright Past chairJudith gorman. secretaryMark d. bowmanWilliam B HopfT W. olsenDennis B. BrophyLowell G. JohnsonGlenn parsonsJoseph brudeHerman KochRonald c. petersenRichard coxJoseph L. Koepfinger*Gary s. RobinsonBob davisDavid J lawFrank stoneJulian forster kDaleep c mohlaMalcolm v thadenJoanna n. gueninPaul nikolichRichard l. townsendS. HalpJoe d. watseRaymond hapemanHoward L, wolfmanAlso included are the following nonvoting Ieee-Sa Standards board liaisonsSatish K. aval, NRC RepresentativeRichard Deblasio, DOE RepresentativeAlan H. Cookson, NIST RepresentativeMichelle d, trIEEE Standards Project EditoCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedContentsOverview1. 2 Conventions used in this standard1.3SIption1 4 Use of color in this standard1.5 Contents of this standard1.6 Deprecated clauses……….….….….…1.7 Header file listings....18 Examples…………………1.9PNormative references63. Lexical conventions83.1 Lexical tokens3.2 White space3. 3 Comments中··…·········:···············中·····“:·:·:·4·····“··········3. 4 Operators3. 5 Numberssteger constants3.5.2 Real constants123.5.3 Conversion123.6 Strings123.6. 1 String variable declaration133.6.2 String manipulation133.6.3 Special cha3.7 Identifiers. keds, and syste143.7.1 Escaped identifiers143.7.2 Keywords153.7.3 System tasks and functions3.7.4 Compiler directives153.8 Attrib163.8.1 Examples3.8.2 SyIata typ··4.1 Val214.2 Nets and variables4.2.1 Net declarations4.2.2 Variable declarations4.3V4.3.1g v244.3.2 Veclor net accessibility44.4 Strengths4.4.1 Charge strength4.4.2 Drive strength.....卓········中····“·········:·····················:········254.5 Implicit declarations4.6 Net types………264.6.1 Wire and tri nets264.6.2 Wired nets4.6.3TCopyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved4.6.4 Trio and tri l nets4.6.5 Unresolved nets4.6.6 Supply nets324.7 Regs324.8 Integers, reals, times, and realtime4.8.1 Operators and real numbers4.8.2 Conversion4.9 Arrays4.9.1Net arrays…·中·····:··344.9.2 reg and variable arrays344.9.3 Memories4.10 Parameters…………………354.10.1 Module parameters…364.10.2 Local parameters(localparam““374.10.3 Specify parameters……384. Name spaces…39Expressions……5.1 Operators41Operators with real operands425.1.2 Operator precedence………5.1.3 Using integer numbers in expressions…….445.1.4 Expression evaluation order……2451. 5 Arithmetic operators5.1.6 Arithmetic expressions with regs and integers5. 1.7 Relational operators485.1.8Equ495.1.9 Logical operators…495.1.10 bitw isators505.1.11 Reduction operators5.112 Shift operators…….535. 1. 13 Conditional operator535.1. 14 Concatenations545.2 Operands………5.2. 1 Vector bit-Select and part-select addressing..565.2.2 Array and memory addressing.......,.……5.2.3ings585.3 Minimum, typical, and maximum delay expressions5.4 Expression bit lengths5.4.1 Rules for expression bit lengths65.4.2 Examole of expression bit-length problerpl635.4.3 Example of self-determined expressions.645.5 Signed expressions5.5.1 Rules for expression types.....5.5.2 Steps for evaluating5.5.3 Steps for evaluating an assignment5.54 Handling X and Z in signed expressions………5.6 Assignments and truncation6. Assignments……………686.1 Continuous assignments686. 1. 1 The net declaration assignment6.1.2 The continuous assignment statement·····中···:·:·4·中·····6.1.371Copyright C 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved

最近在研究轨迹数据方面的课题，特意收集大量关于轨迹方面的网站，里面包括出租车等方面的数据集。

一个数字的四路抢答器；只要技术指标如下：（1）基本功能： 1.在主持人宣布下，四组参与抢答。（此时组号无显示）。 2.当有抢答者首先按下抢答开关时，相应显示灯亮并伴有声响（间断）、并且显示其组号和当前时间。同时，抢答器不再接收其它组的抢答干扰。 3.电路具有时间控制功能。要求在限定时间9秒后无人抢答时，该题作废，用声响提示（间断）。 （2）增加功能：无人抢答时，可以显示顺计时的时间。

针对LEO卫星网络路由算法，提出了一种OPNET路由仿真模型。该仿真模型主要由卫星网络域、卫星节点域和路由进程域组成。卫星网络域实现网络拓扑结构的动态变化，节点域利用无线仿真机制进行数据的发送和接收，路由进程域完成具体算法的实现。