Vehicle Dynamics Theory and Application
不错的汽车动力学教材，是参与汽车底盘电子开发的动力学基础。Reza n. jazarVehicle DynamicsTheory and ApplicationsSpringerReza n. jazarDept of Mechanical EngineeringManhattan collegeRiverdale. NY 10471ISBN:978-0-387-74243-4e-ISBN:978-0-387-74244-1Library of Congress Control Number: 200794219c 2008 Springer Science+ Business Media, LLCAll rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without thewritten permission of the publisher(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 SpringStreet, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrievalelectronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now knownor hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarksservice marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as anexpression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rightsPrinted on acid-free paper987654321springer. comKavoshmy daughter, Vazan,and my wife, MojganHappiness is when you win a race against yourselfPrefaceThis text is for engineering students. It introduces the fundamental knowledge used in vehicle dymamics. This knowledge can be utilized to developcomputer programs for analyzing the ride, handling, and optimization ofroad vehiclesVehicle dynamics has been in the engineering curriculum for more thana hundred years. Books on the subject are available, but most of themare written for specialists and are not suitable for a classroom applicationA new student, engineer, or researcher would not know where and howto start learning vehicle dynamics. So, there is a need for a textbook forbeginners. This textbook presents the fundamentals with a perspective onfuture trendsThe study of classical vehicle dynamics has its roots in the work ofgreat scientists of the past four centuries and creative engineers in thepast century who established the methodology of dynamic systems. Thedevelopment of vehicle dynamics has moved toward modeling, analysisand optimization of multi-body dynamics supported by some compliantmembers. Therefore, merging dynamics with optimization theory was anexpected development. The fast-growing capability of accurate positioninsensing, and calculations, along with intelligent computer programming arethe other important developments in vehicle dynamics. So, a textbook helpthe reader to make a computer model of vehicles, which this book doesLevel of the bookThis book has evolved from nearly a decade of research in nonlineardynamic systems and teaching courses in vehicle dynamics. It is addressedprimarily to the last year of undergraduate study and the first year graduatestudent in engineering. Hence, it is an intermediate textbook. It providesboth fundamental and advanced topics. The whole book can be coveredin two successive courses, however, it is possible to jump over some sections and cover the book in one course. Students are required to know thefundamentals of kinematics and dynamics, as well as a basic knowledge ofnumerical methodsThe contents of the book have been kept at a fairly theoretical-practicallevel. Many concepts are deeply explained and their application empha-sized, and most of the related theories and formal proofs have been explained. The book places a strong emphasis on the physical meaning andapplications of the concepts. Topics that have been selected are of highinterest in the field. An attempt has been made to expose students to aPrefacebroad range of topics and approachese There are four special chapters that are indirectly related to vehicle dy-amics: Applied Kinematics, Applied Mechanisms, Applied dynamics, andApplied vibrations. These chapters provide the related background to understand vehicle dynamics and its subsystemsOrganization of the bookThe text is organized so it can be used for teaching or for self-studyChapter 1"Fundamentals, "contains general preliminaries about tire andrim with a brief review of road vehicle classificationsPart I"One Dimensional Vehicle Dynamics, " presents forward vehicledynamics, tire dynamics, and driveline dynamics. Forward dynamics refersto weight transfer, accelerating braking, engine performance, and gear ratiodesignPart II"Vehicle Kinematics, presents a detailed discussion of vehiclemechanical subsystems such as steering and suspensionsPart IIT"Vehicle Dynamics, employs Newton and Lagrange methodsto develop the maneuvering dynamics of vehiclesPart Iv "Vehicle Vibrations, presents a detailed discussion of vehi-cle vibrations. An attempt is made to review the basic approaches anddemonstrate how a vehicle can be modeled as a vibrating multiple degreeof-freedom system. The concepts of the Newton-Euler dynamics and La-grangian method are used equally for derivation of equations of motionThe RMS optimization technique for suspension design of vehicles is intro-duced and applied to vehicle suspensions. The outcome of the optimizationtechnique is the optimal stiffness and damping for a car or suspended equipmentMethod of presentationThis book uses a fact-reason-application"structure. The "fact"is themain subject we introduce in each section. Then the reason is given as a" proof. The application of the fact is examined in some examples. Theexamplesare a very important part of the book because they show howto implement the facts. They also cover some other facts that are neededto expand the subjectPrerequisitesSince the book is written for senior undergraduate and first-year graduatelevel students of engineering, the assumption is that users are familiar withmatrix algebra as well as basic dynamics. Prerequisites are the fundamentals of kinematics, dynamics, vector analysis, and matrix theory. Thesebasics are usually taught in the first three undergraduate yearsPrefaceUnit SystemThe system of units adopted in this book is, unless otherwise stated, theinternational system of units(SI). The units of degree(deg)or radian(rad)are utilized for variables representing angular quantitiesSymbolse Lowercase bold letters indicate a vector. Vectors may be expressed inan n dimensional Euclidian space. ExamplerCUppercase bold letters indicate a dynamic vector or a dynamic matrix, such as force and moment. ExampleFo Lowercase letters with a hat indicate a unit vector. Unit vectors arenot bolded. ExampleLowercase letters with a tilde indicate a 3 x 3 skew symmetric matrixassociated to a vector. Examplea3211An arrow above two uppercase letters indicates the start and endpoints of a position vector. ExampleON = a position vector from point o to point Ne The length of a vector is indicated by a non-bold lowercase letterExampleCapital letter B is utilized to denote a body coordinate frame. ExampleB(ocgB(Oxyz)B1(o1x19121)ⅹ11PrefaceCapital letter G is utilized to denote a global, inertial, or fixed coordinate frame. ExampleG(XYZG(OXYZRight subscript on a transformation matrix indicates the departureframes. ExampleRB= transformation matrix from frame B(oxyz)Left superscript on a transformation matrix indicates the destinationframe. ExampleRBtransformation matrix from frame B(o cgz)to frame G(OxYZ)Capital letter R indicates rotation or a transformation matrix, if itshows the beginning and destination coordinate frames. Example0BSIn a0Whenever there is no sub or superscript, the matrices are shown in abracket. ExampleCOS asin a osIn aCOs O0e Left superscript on a vector denotes the frame in which the vectoris expressed. That superscript indicates the frame that the vectorbelongs to; so the vector is expressed using the unit vectors of thatEr= position vector expressed in frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on a vector denotes the tip point that the vector isreferred to. ExamplePsition vector ofexpressed in coordinate frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on an angular velocity vector indicates the frame thatthe angular vector is referred to. ExampleB= angularof the body coordinate frame B(oxyz)
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天线工程手册
林昌禄老师的天线工程手册，很经典的中文版。供大家下载参考文献303)第11章行波天线11.1行波人线的基本原理(305)11.2长线大线与V形天线菱形大线3104螺旋天线l1.5八木大线(324)l1.6表面波线(329)11.7漏波人线342)参与文献第12章宽频带天线12.1宽频带天线的基本概念12.2“宽带振子天线12.3加载天线(3692.4非频变大线(381)12.5宽频带喇叭大线(40212.6超宽频带接收天线(41012.7宽频带匹配技(413)参考文献第13章绒阵和平面阵13.1阵列线基础(4293.2线阵13.3平面阵13.4方向性和信噪比的最佳化13.5方向图综合(452参考文献(462)第14章微带天线463)概述(463)±4.2微带贴片大线466)14.3微带振子天线和微带隙缝天线(494)14.4宽频带、多频段和频率捷变技术(503)14.5微带线形天线与微带线阵5014.6微带面忤天线参考文献第15章喇叭天线(531)15.]通论15.2主模喇叭天线15.3双模喇叭天线547)15.4多模喇叭天线15.5波纹喇叭天线…56215.6组合喇叭人线15.7其他形式的喇58115.8校正喇叭口亩场的相位分布与透镜天线参考文献第16章反射面天线16·1基木方法和基木公式16.2单反射面天线—一抛物前天线16.3双反射亩天线16.4赋形双反射而天线610)6.5对称双镜天线的效分析6l2)6.6单偏置抛物亩人线16.7双偏置钷物面大线l6.8波束扫描反射面人线(628)6.9溅散板馈源天(638)喇叭抛物而天线(6416.1!抛物柱面天线16、12等强度线波束线(645)参若文献第17章相控阵天线6419)17.1相控:阵人线参数计算公式17.2料阵大线轴射方向性和旁瓣的挖制17.3阵元辐射器的选抒174移相器附遨择17.5相控忤馈电网络的设计(672)17.6相控阵天线的带宽678)17.7柑摔阵天线宽带和宽角匹配方法(681)17.8相控阵的暈化误差(684)17.9颛率扫描大线阵参考文献第18章信号处理天线与阵列倍号处理技术(693)(698.2倍号处理天线18.3自适应∵城滤波天线(718)4白适应抗扰大线系统(737)18.5空间谱估计技术(749第19章时域天线19.!时域人线的研究对象及指标(75l)9.2偶极天线(751)l9.3隙缝轴射器(754)19.4偶极子用作接收天线19.5加载天线19.6渐近线喇叭天线(756)19.7频率无关天线川时城人线19.8脉冲阵列天线75919.9时域凵径辋射及时域面大线19.10时域接收天线与发射天线的关系19.11馈电问题参考文献(769)第三篇天线应用第20章圆极化天线770)20.1引0.2圆极化波的特性与参数20.3圆极化器(7730.4电磁振子惻极化线0.5螺旋人线799)0.6隙缝闶极化天线20.7微带极化天线20.8反射器圆极化极化天线2(0.10其他圆极化天线与文献第21章长、中、短波和超短波通信天线21.!长、中波通信天线设计考虑2.2长、中波通信天线的基本形式及方问性1.3T型与T型大线214笼『型大线1.5高Q铁氧休加感人线(833)21.6短波通信天线设(8321.7水平极化与垂直极化知波通信天线1.8笕带短波通信人线21.9超短波通信天线设计(86721、10超短波接力通信大线1.于栘动通信873参考文献第22章卫星通信天线879)2.l卫星通倍天线发展状况(8792.2对称型双反射镜通信地球站天线的设计22.3对称双镜天线的赋形技术(892)224且星通信天线获得低旁瓣的办法22,5对称型双镜卩通信天线旁瓣源的分析与计算(907)2.6馈源的设计与选择22.7多波束星通信地球站天线22.8跟踪体制及选择参考文献939)第23章雷达天线9403.1达大线的般设计要求………23.2笔形泼束天线扇形波束天线23.4赋形波束人线—余割平方天线…(948)精密龈踪达天线一-单脉冲线及馈源设计(951)36H达天线的电扫描精度妓波束控制(96223.7超视进雷达大线23.8合成!径人线974)参考文献第24章测向天线980)24.)测向系统天线设计原则980)4.2测向系统单兀人线4.3测向系统的宽孔径天线(983244多波束测向24.5伏尔与多普勒伏尔地面天线992)塔康人线24.7仪表着陆系统和微波着陆系统天线(997248环境对测向线场性能的影24.9测向大线系统的误差分析与性能评估考文献第25章飞行体上的天线(I0235.1飞行体L的大25.2椭圆桂面和双曲柱上:的天线l025)253椭圆柱体上的天线园锥体上的天线(045)255椭球体上的天线(105025.6飞行体天线的电兼谷(1056)献第26章毫米波天线概述26.2反射面天线与亳米波馈26.3表衣面被与漏波大线264微带天线与其他的印制天线(I099)26.5集成大线(1108)参考文献第四篇相关论题第27章天线罩(1113般设计考虑(l11327.2外形与结构27.3材料选择(1115)274电磁性能设计参考文前第28章天线的雷达散射截面般概念(1143)28.2反射面天线的R(114728.3阵列人线的HCS1162大线RCS的减缩8.5天线H(S的测量参考文献第29章天线测量(119629.1天线测试场的设计与鉴定(1l969.2振幅方向图测量29.3增益测量(12l0294极化测量(l21929.5相位测量(1223)29.6近场测量(1226)29.7阻抗测量298模型天线法(1242)9.9射电源法(2439.10天线的时域测量参考文献第一篇天线基础第1章引1.1天线功能大线在无线电设备中的主裳功能有两个:第个是能量转换功能,第一个是定向镉射(或接收)功能能量转换功能是指导行波与自由空间波之间的转换,发射天线是将馈线引导的电磁波(高频电流)转换为向空问辐射的电磁波传向远方,接收天线是将空闾的磁波转换为馈线引导的电嵫波(高频电流)送给接收机定向作用是指线辐射或接收电磁波有定的方向性,根据无线电系统设备的要求,发射天线可把电磁波能量集中在一定方向轴射出去,接收天线可只接收特定方向传来的电憾波可以看出,发射天线和接收天线之间的关系类似于发电机与电动机之间的关系,前者是在导行波与自由河波之间往返变换,后者圳在机械能和电能之间往返变换,这种相似性表明:收、发天线之间存在着·定的可逆性。第二汽中4易原理的讨论将证明,只要天线中不含有非线件材料(如铁氧体器件),同一副天线用作发射和川作接收时,其基木特性保持不变。此,本于册中讨论的各种类型天线一般都不特别注明它是发射天线或是接收天线(除特殊应川场合外),都按发射天线处埋。1.2天线类型随着无线电技术的飞速发展和无线电设备应用场合的H靥扩展,已出现了适于不同用途种类繁多的天线,在天线工程设计中选择哪种类型大线很人程度上取决于特应川场合系统的电气和机械方面的要求阵列大线对品种繁多的大线进行分类是件十分难的事。若按工作性线、蛋达天线播天线、电视人线等:若按频段又可分为长波天10 K 100k IM IOM IG 10G 100(线、中波天线、短波天线微波线等。但这些分类法都显得笼不太科学因为有的线既可作发射又可作接收,甚至可收发共用;有的大线既叮用丁通信又可用背达;有的大线既适用于短波又适用于超知波甚至微波。很难将它归属于哪一类行业天线手册将从三个人的方面来讨论天线I程问题,即犬线基础、天线设计和天线应用。在大线分类上则按天线辐射方式进行,适当考虑天线结构、作频段和应川等判素。我们将天线分为四组人寸(/x基木类型:线元天线、行波天线、阵列大线和孔径大线。它们适用的频率范围和天线的大致电尺寸如图1-1所示。表1.1中举出图1-1天线分类些常用天线实例及属的天线类别当然,将天线类型简单地划分为这四红基本形式也仅是·种近似,不能说它十分严密的科学性,因为总还能找到一些例外。但这种分类法有利于读者对本于册的阅表1.1天线类型线元天线阵列大孔径天线单极天线侧射阵角铧喇叭偶极天线菱形天端射阵扇形喇叭螺旋天线直线阵员喇叨陈缠人平面阵多模喇叭载体大线对数时期天线圆形阵混合模喇叭微带天线慢曼波天线波纹喇叭加载大线快波大线信号处坪抛物而瘌叭有源天线漏波逗应阵仪锥大线表面波天线多波束阼单反射面天线鞭状夫线长介质棒天线相控阵双反射面天线密度加权阵球形反射面无线极低副瓣阵偏置反射面天线「焦反射面天线切割反射面天线孔径扫描天线透镜天线角形反射面大线背射人线1.3场区划分假设将发射大线置于图1-2所示球坐标系统的原点处,它向周围辐射电磁波,则其周围的电磁波功率密度(或场强)分布般都是距离r及角坐标(6,q)的函数。因此根据离开天线距离天线位置的不同,将天线周围的场区划分为感应场区,辐射近场区和辐射远场区感应场区感应场冈是指很靠近天线的区域。在这个场区里,电磁波的图t-2球坐标中的天线感应场分量远大于辐射场,而占优势的感应场之电场和磁场的时间相位相差90°,坡印亭矢量为纯虛数,因此,不辐射功率,电场能量和磁场能量柑互交替地贮存于天线附近的空间内。图1-3(a)所小电尺寸小的偶极天线,其感应场区的外边界是λ/2x。这里,入是工作波长。无限大孔径大线不存在感应场区,有限大孔径天线,在其中心区域感应场区仍可忽略,只是在孔径边缘附近存在感应场,感应场随离川天线距离的增加而极快衰减,超过感应场区后,就是辐射场占优势的辐射场区了。图1-3(6)所示电人寸大的孔径大线的帮射场区又分为近场区和远场区1.3.2辐射近场区辐射近场区里电磁场的角分布与离开大线的距离有关,即在不同距离处的天线方向图是不同的。这是因为:(a)由天线各辐射元所建立的场之相对相位关系是随距离而变的;(b)这些场的相对振幅也是随距离而改变的。在辐射近场区的内边界处(即感应区的外边界处),天线方向图是-个主瓣和副瓣难分的起伏包感应场区辐射远场区辐射近场区感应b)孔径天线(a)电尺小小偶坂天线图13天线周围的场区络。随饣离开线距离的增加,直到近远场辐射区时天线方向图的主瓣和副瓣才明显形成,但零点电乎和副辦电平均较3.3辐射远场区辐射近场区的外边就是轴射远场区。这个区域里的特点是:(1)场的大小与离开天线的距离成反比;(2场的角分布(即方问图)与离开天线的距离无关;(3)方向图瓣、鲥瓣和零值点已全部形成辐射远场风的起始边界通常规定为2D(1.1式中,R是从观察点到天线的距离,D足天线孔径的最大线尺寸在这个距离上,孔径中心与孔径边缘到观察点的行程差为边缘与中λ/16,相应的相仪差为225°如果在这个距离上对孔经天线的辐程差=k缘与中心射特性进行测量,其结果与在无穷远距离上测得的结果相差甚微程差=λ/4在【程上是完全可以接受的天线通常是用来向远场区传送能量,因此,天线上作者的主要兴趣也在这一区域上。对孔径线尺寸为D,孔径面上相位恒定的大电尺寸天线而言,远场区的大部分能量集中在±λD弧度的角空间内;在靠近天线的地方,能量主要集中在宽度为D的管道内,如图1-4所示。在近场区的起始部分,可认为辐射大体|是平平行波束区标准-3d点行的;在R≥D2/2A的过渡区域内,场以半角为A/D弧度的锥形向外发散,R=D2/2A处的孔径中心与边缘行程差为A;在R≥近场区R=2Da/k场区2D2/A处则是天线的辐射远场区场在近场区域内的细微变化情况是复杂的,它取决于孔径面图1-4孔径人线的辐射上的特定振幅分布,但流过任一近场“管道”截面的功率恒等于总的辐射功率、随着向远场区的接近,功率密度逐渐趋于1/R2规律变化4功率传输若收、发天线相互处于远场区内,相距为R,若已知发射功率为P1,问接收天线接收的功率为多少?这是-个很有实际用途的工程向题无论通信、需达或电视、播,只要是无线信总传输系统都会面临这题,它与天线特性密切相关,因此,下面进行简要讨论设收发天线设置的相对坐标如图1-5所示。发射线输入功率为P,天线效率为,则辐射功率将是P该辐射功率P住接收天线处产生的功率密度为日,q)D).(6,g)4πR
- 2021-05-06下载
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