专用集成电路设计实用教程
IC设计经典教材，《专用集成电路设计实用教程》专用集成电路设计实用教程虞希清编著大學出瓶社图书在版编目(CIP)数据专用集成电路设计实用教程/虞希清编著.一杭州:浙江大学出版社,2007.1ISBN978-7-308-05113-2专..Ⅱ.虞..Ⅲ.集成电路一电路设计一高等学校一教材Ⅳ.TN402中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2006)第165341号专用集成电路设计实用教程虞希清编著任编辑张真封面设计张真出版发行浙江大学出版社(杭州天目山路148号邮政编码310028)(E-mail:zupress@mail,hz,zj.cn)(网址http://www.zjupress.com排版杭州好友排版工作室印刷杭州浙大同力教育彩印有限公司开本787mm×1092mm1/16印张18.25字数467千印数2001-3000版印次207年1月第1版2007年7月第2次印刷书号ISBN978-7-30805113-2定价38.00元版权所有翻印必究印装差错负责调换内容提要在现代的IC设计中,工程师们广泛地使用数字电路的逻辑综合技术。工程师们使用RTL代码和IP描述设计的功能,进行高级设计,用综合工具对设计进行编辑和优化,以实现满足设计目标的电路。根据多年为客户进行技术培训,技术支持和IC设计的经验,笔者编写了本书。书中主要介绍了IC设计的基本概念,设计流程和设计方法,并就工程师们在设计中常见的问题,提供了解决方法。本书的特点是实用性强全书共分九章,第一章概述EC设计的趋势和流程;第二章介绍用RTL代码进行电路的高级设计和数字电路的逻辑综合;第三章陈述了IC系统的层次化设计和模块划分;第四章详细地说明如何设置电路的设计目标和约束;第五章介绍综合库和静态时序分析;第六章深入地阐述了电路优化和优化策略;第七章陈述物理综合和简介逻辑综合的拓扑技术;第八章介绍可测性设计;第九章介绍低功耗设计和分析本书的主要对象是IC设计工程师,帮助他们解决IC设计和综合过程中遇到的实际问题。也可作为高等院校相关专业的高年级学生和研究生的参考书。前言本书在 Synopsys公司的逻辑综合培训资料基础上编写而成。从事EDA工作和ASIC设计已有十几年了。在给中港台ASIC设计工程师提供的技术培训和支持中,工程师们曾提出了设计和使用设计工具中遇到的各种各样的问题。教学相长,在和工程师讨论问题、提供解决方案的过程中,我得到了很多的经验和启发。在为用户解决一些实际问题,为他们提供培训后,我曾收到热情的掌声和感谢信。用户的掌声和谢意给了我很大的鼓励和鞭策,使我下决心要编写一本实用的中文版的集成电路设计教程和手册,以答谢用户们的支持和帮助。本书讲究实用性,希望其中的内容能帮助ASIC设计工程师清楚明了IC设计的基本概念,IC设计的流程,逻辑综合的基本概念和设计方法,解决进行IC设计时和工具使用时所遇到的问题。全书共分九章,第一章概述IC设计的趋势和流程;第二章介绍用RTL代码进行电路的高级设计和数字电路的逻辑综合;第三章陈述了IC系统的层次化设计和模块划分;第四章详细地说明如何设置电路的设计目标和约束;第五章介绍综合库和静态时序分析;第六章深入地阐述了电路的优化和优化策略;第七章陈述物理综合和简介逻辑综合的拓扑技术;第八章介绍可测性设计;第九章介绍低功耗设计和分析本书的主要对象是IC设计工程师,帮助他们解决IC设计和综合过程中遇到的实际问题。也可作为高等院校相关专业的高年级学生和研究生的参考书。在本书的编写过程中,得到了 Synopsys中国区高级技术经理常绍军先生的大力支持。常绍军先生、资深的应用技术顾问李昂先生和冯源先生审阅了本书,并提出了宝贵的意见和建议。在此,表示衷心的感谢。在本书编写过程中,得到了全家的支持,深表谢意!由于时间仓促,知识水平有限,书中难免有不足和错误之处,敬请各位专家,IC设计工程师和同行们批评指正,不胜感激。来函可发电子邮件( Email: victory_snps@ yahoo.com.hk)。虞希清2006年11月于 Synopsys香港目录第一章集成电路设计概论1.1摩尔定律………………∴…………11.2集成电路系统的组成1.3集成电路的设计流程第二章数字电路的高级设计和逻辑综合132.1RTL硬件描述语言设计132.1.1行为级硬件描述语言( Behavioral Level hdi)132.1.2寄存器传输级硬件描述语言( RTL HDI)172.1.3结构化硬件描述语言( Structure HDL)………………………………232逻辑综合(L。 gic Synthesis)…………………272.2.1逻辑综合的基本步骤…282.2.2综合工具 Design Compiler302.2.3目标库和初始环境设置鲁·自自音甲·是着音鲁备.··非曲●d■···●····第三章系统的层次化设计和模块划分353.1设计组成及 DC- Tcl…·自音···········日·········.···卡器日音是·晶自鲁bt·。……353.1.1设计物体( Design Object)鲁音自353.1.2 DC - Tcl简介香看·鲁·鲁·鲁.鲁自春3.2层次( Hierarchy)结构和模块划分( Partition)及修改463.2.1层次结构的概念463.2.2模块的划分…息鲁483.2.3模块划分的修改·看。51第四章电路的设计目标和约束…°。●看。面●554.1设计的时序约束…普·非鲁·鲁击曲■554.1.1同步( Synchronous)电路和异步( Asynchronous)电路…4.1.2亚稳态( Metastability)574.1.3单时钟同步设计的时序约束…血D。e574.1.4设计环境的约束724,1.5多时钟同步设计的时序约束…………794.1.6异步设计的时序约束832专用集成电路设计实用教程4.1.7保持时间( Hold Time)854.2复杂时序约束看香鲁e鲁曲鲁。自鲁自。a。自鲁自。鲁4.2.1多时钟周期( Multi-Cycle)的时序约束874.2.2门控时钟的约束904.2.3分频电路和多路传输电路的时钟约束鲁·看看看鲁924.3面积约束……………………………96第五章综合库和静态时序分析…985.1综合库和设计规则···········.······.··4·a·.·····◆···—985.1.1综合库……5.1.2设计规则1075.2静态时序分析5.2.1时序路径和分组1125.2.2时间路径的延迟1145.2.3时序报告和时序问题的诊断鲁·.···.·自击击合音。甲。。。●。。●……115第六章电路优化和优化策略…1206.1电路优化..···4····;··.·.·.·.·a·a·;··1226.1.1 Synopsys的知识产权库- Design Ware1236.1.2电路优化的三个阶段………………………1266.2优化策略…………1346.2.1编辑策略垂由d垂……1356.2.2自动芯片综合( Automated Chip Synthesis)………………………………1416.3网表的生成格式及后处理144第七章物理综合1487.1逻辑综合(L。 gic Synthesis)遇到的问题……………………1487.2物理综合( Physical Synthesis)的基本流程鲁鲁自谁…………………………1517.3逻辑综合的拓扑技术( Topographical Technology)…………162第八章可测试性设计…1748.1生产测试简介…………1748.2可测试性设计鲁D曹吾音·非·自·········着4鲁4鲁是1768.2.1物理瑕疵和故障模型1768.2.2D算法( D algorithm)1788.3测试协议( Test protocol)1858.4测试的设计规则·●鲁q鲁·音鲁鲁D鲁香曹音音音·自自··。·非鲁曲··●1908.4.1可测试性设计中的时钟信号1908.4.2三态总线和双向端口的测试。非……………………198录8.5门级网表可测试问题的自动修正2048.6扫描链的插入2088.7可测试设计的输出和流程2228.8自适应性扫描压缩技术………225第九章低功耗设计和分析2299.1工艺库的功耗模型…………2319.2功耗的分析…鲁鲁鲁……………2379.3低功耗电路的设计和优化2519.3.1门控时钟电路25293.2操作数分离………2619.3.3门级电路的功耗优化●·4·■D鲁曹春击自由2669.3.4多个供电电压( Multi-VDD)…2749.3.5电源门控………276参考文献……………………281第一章集应电路设计概记集成电路( Integrated Circuits)是现代电子设备的重要组成部分。因此,成功设计集成电路对整个电子信息技术产业的发展起到重要的作用。由于科技的发展,半导体芯片的集成化程度越来越高,设计的系统越来越复杂,规模越来越大,设计的性能越来越髙,功耗也越来越大,这些不断地给芯片设计工程师和电子设计自动化( Electronics Design Automation,简称EDA)厂商提出新的课题和挑战。1.1摩尔定律摩尔提出著名的“摩尔定律”已经40多年了。1965年4月,摩尔在《电子学( Electronics)》杂志上发表文章预言,半导体芯片上集成的晶体管数量将每年翻一番。1975年,他又提出修正说,芯片上集成的晶体管数量将每两年翻一番。晶体管数量MOORES LAWIntels Tanuma 2 Processo1000000000ante△nmtele Pentium Pr100000000Intels Pentium m Processoitels Pentium Pro10000000Intelstuma Printels*v Proces1000000Intel388 pre28610000080801000080084004●100019701975198019851990199520002005年度图1.1.1图1.1.1为在过去25年, ntel CPu中晶体管增长的情况。集成电路的规模不断地稳
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MATLAB在卡尔曼滤波器中应用的理论与实践Kalman
MATLAB在卡尔曼滤波器中应用的理论与实践KalmanKALMAN FILTERINGTheory and Practice Using MATLABThird editionMOHINDER S GREWALCalifornia State University at FullertonANGUS P. ANDREWSRockwell Science Center (retired)WILEYA JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATIONCopyright 2008 by John Wiley sons, Inc. All rights reservedPublished by John Wiley sons, InC, Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permittedunder Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writtenpermission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to theCopyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,(978)750-8400, fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc, lll River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissionimit of liability Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability orfitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situationYou should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liablefor any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidentalconsequential, or other damagesFor general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact ourCustomer Care Department within the United States at(800)762-2974, outside the United States at(317)572-3993 or fax(317)572-4002Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print maynot be available in electronic format. For more information about wiley products, visit our web site atwww.wiley.comLibrary of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication DataGrewal. Mohinder sKalman filtering: theory and practice using MATLAB/Mohinder S. GrewalAngus p. andrews. 3rd edIncludes bibliographical references and indexISBN978-0-470-17366-4( cloth)1. Kalman filtering. 2. MATLAB. I. Andrews, Angus P. II. TitleQA402.3.G69520086298312—dc22200803733Printed in the United States of america10987654321CONTENTSPrefaceAcknowledgmentsXIIIList of abbreviationsXV1 General Information1.1 On Kalman Filtering1.2 On Optimal Estimation Methods, 51. 3 On the notation Used In This book 231. 4 Summary, 25Problems. 262 Linear Dvnamic Systems2. 1 Chapter focus, 312.2 Dynamic System Models, 362. 3 Continuous Linear Systems and Their Solutions, 402.4 Discrete Linear Systems and Their Solutions, 532.5 Observability of Linear Dynamic System Models, 552.6 Summary, 61Problems. 643 Random Processes and Stochastic Systems3.1 Chapter Focus, 673.2 Probability and random Variables (rvs), 703.3 Statistical Properties of RVS, 78CONTEN3.4 Statistical Properties of Random Processes(RPs),803.5 Linear rp models. 883.6 Shaping Filters and State Augmentation, 953.7 Mean and Covariance propagation, 993.8 Relationships between Model Parameters, 1053.9 Orthogonality principle 1143.10 Summary, 118Problems. 1214 Linear Optimal Filters and Predictors1314.1 Chapter Focus, 1314.2 Kalman Filter. 1334.3 Kalman-Bucy filter, 1444.4 Optimal Linear Predictors, 1464.5 Correlated noise Sources 1474.6 Relationships between Kalman-Bucy and wiener Filters, 1484.7 Quadratic Loss Functions, 1494.8 Matrix Riccati Differential Equation. 1514.9 Matrix Riccati Equation In Discrete Time, 1654.10 Model equations for Transformed State Variables, 1704.11 Application of Kalman Filters, 1724.12 Summary, 177Problems. 1795 Optimal Smoothers5.1 Chapter Focus, 1835.2 Fixed-Interval Smoothing, 1895.3 Fixed-Lag Smoothing, 2005.4 Fixed-Point Smoothing, 2135.5 Summary, 220Problems. 226 Implementation Methods2256. 1 Chapter Focus, 2256.2 Computer Roundoff, 2276.3 Effects of roundoff errors on Kalman filters 2326.4 Factorization Methods for Square-Root Filtering, 2386. 5 Square-Root and UD Filters, 2616.6 Other Implementation Methods, 2756.7 Summary, 288Problems. 2897 Nonlinear Filtering2937.1 Chapter Focus, 2937.2 Quasilinear Filtering, 296CONTENTS7.3 Sampling Methods for Nonlinear Filtering, 3307.4 Summary, 345Problems. 3508 Practical Considerations3558.1 Chapter Focus. 3558.2 Detecting and Correcting Anomalous behavior, 3568.3 Prefiltering and Data Rejection Methods, 3798.4 Stability of Kalman Filters, 3828. 5 Suboptimal and reduced- Order Filters, 3838.6 Schmidt-Kalman Filtering, 3938.7 Memory, Throughput, and wordlength Requirements, 4038.8 Ways to Reduce Computational requirements 4098.9 Error Budgets and Sensitivity Analysis, 4148.10 Optimizing Measurement Selection Policies, 4198.11 Innovations analysis, 4248.12 Summary, 425Problems. 4269 Applications to Navigation4279.1 Chapter focus, 4279.2 Host vehicle dynamics, 4319.3 Inertial Navigation Systems(INS), 4359. 4 Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS), 4659.5 Kalman Filters for GNSS. 4709.6 Loosely Coupled GNSS/INS Integration, 4889.7 Tightly Coupled GNSS /INS Integration, 4919. 8 Summary, 507Problems. 508Appendix A MATLAB Software511A 1 Notice. 511A 2 General System Requirements, 511A 3 CD Directory Structure, 512A 4 MATLAB Software for Chapter 2, 512A. 5 MATLAB Software for Chapter 3, 512A6 MATLAB Software for Chapter 4, 512A. 7 MATLAB Software for Chapter 5, 513A 8 MATLAB Software for Chapter 6, 513A 9 MATLAB Software for Chapter 7, 514A10 MATLAB Software for Chapter 8, 515A 11 MATLAB Software for Chapter 9, 515A 12 Other Sources of software 516CONTENAppendix b A Matrix Refresher519B. 1 Matrix Forms. 519B 2 Matrix Operations, 523B 3 Block matrix Formulas. 527B 4 Functions of Square Matrices, 531B 5 Norms. 538B6 Cholesky decomposition, 541B7 Orthogonal Decompositions of Matrices, 543B 8 Quadratic Forms, 545B 9 Derivatives of matrices. 546Bibliography549Index565PREFACEThis book is designed to provide familiarity with both the theoretical and practicalaspects of Kalman filtering by including real-world problems in practice as illustrativeexamples. The material includes the essential technical background for Kalman filter-ing and the more practical aspects of implementation: how to represent the problem ina mathematical model, analyze the performance of the estimator as a function ofsystem design parameters, implement the mechanization equations in numericallystable algorithms, assess its computational requirements, test the validity of resultsitor the filteThetant attributes ofthe subject that are often overlooked in theoretical treatments but are necessary forapplication of the theory to real-world problemsIn this third edition, we have included important developments in the implemen-tation and application of Kalman filtering over the past several years, including adaptations for nonlinear filtering, more robust smoothing methods, and develelopingapplications in navigationWe have also incorporated many helpful corrections and suggefrom ourreaders, reviewers, colleagues, and students over the past several years for theoverall improvement of the textbookAll software has been provided in MatLab so that users can take advantage ofits excellent graphing capabilities and a programming interface that is very close tothe mathematical equations used for defining Kalman filtering and its applicationsSee Appendix a for more information on MATLAB softwareThe inclusion of the software is practically a matter of necessity because Kalmanfiltering would not be very useful without computers to implement it. It provides aMATLAB is a registered trademark of The Mathworks, IncEFACEbetter learning experience for the student to discover how the Kalman filter works byobserving it in actionThe implementation of Kalman filtering on computers also illuminates some of thepractical considerations of finite-wordlength arithmetic and the need for alternativealgorithms to preserve the accuracy of the results. If the student wishes to applywhat she or he learns, then it is essential that she or he experience its workingsand failings--and learn to recognize the differenceThe book is organized as a text for an introductory course in stochastic processes atthe senior level and as a first-year graduate-level course in Kalman filtering theory andapplicationIt can also be used for self-instruction or for purposes of review by practi-cing engineers and scientists who are not intimately familiar with the subject. Theorganization of the material is illustrated by the following chapter-level dependencygraph, which shows how the subject of each chapter depends upon material in otherchapters. The arrows in the figure indicate the recommended order of study. Boxesabove another box and connected by arrows indicate that the material represented bythe upper boxes is background material for the subject in the lower boxAPPENDIX B: A MATRIX REFRESHERGENERAL INFORMATION2. LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMSRANDOM PROCESSES AND STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS4. OPTIMAL LINEAR FILTERS AND PREDICTORS5. OPTIMAL SMOOTHERS6. IMPLEMENTATIONMETHODS7. NONLINEAR8. PRACTICAL9. APPLICATIONSFILTERINGCONSIDERATIONSTO NAVIGATIONAPPENDIX A: MATLAB SOFTWAREChapter l provides an informal introduction to the general subject matter by wayof its history of development and application. Chapters 2 and 3 and Appendix b coverthe essential background material on linear systems, probability, stochastic processesand modeling. These chapters could be covered in a senior-level course in electricalcomputer, and systems engineeringChapter 4 covers linear optimal filters and predictors, with detailed examples ofapplications. Chapter 5 is a new tutorial-level treatment of optimal smoothing
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