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遗传算法和遗传规划

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关于遗传算法的详尽介绍,对于遗传算法中各个模块的参数进行解析,窥视遗传算法的核心部分,对于遗传算法模式定理的深入解析,及由模式定理产生的启迪思想,能够让你更好的理解遗传算法!遗传算法和遗传规划种搜索寻优技术云庆夏黄光球王战权编著冶金工业出版社1597内容筒介遗传算法和遗传规划是一种新兴的搜索优技术。它们仿效生物的进化与遗传,根据“优胜劣汰”原则,使所要解决的问题从初始解一步步地近最优解。本书全面介绍了传算法和遗传规划的基本知识、基本理论和基本技术。全书共分五章,即绪论,遗传算法、遗传规划、遗传算法的应用、邀传就划的应用。本书的特点是深入浅出,可适应不同层欢读者的受求符别适合于工程技术人员、科研人员阅读,也可作为大专院校的教材或参考书图书在版编目(CIP)数据遗传算法和遗传规划/云庆夏等编著.北京:冶金工业出版社,1997,4ISBN7-5024-1983-7I.遗…I.最优搜索Ⅳ.0229中国版本图书馆CP数据核字(97)第07684号日版人卿启云(北京沙摊黄祝院北巷39号,邮编L0009资任编辑田锋赍任校对杨力北京昌平长城印刷「印刷;冶金工业出版社发行;各地新华书经销1997年4月第1版,1997年4月第1收印刷850mm×1168mm1/32;5.25印张;139千字;160页;1-1250册5元前遗传算法( Genetic Algorithm)和遗传规划( Genetic Prograrmming)是一种新兴的搜索寻优技术。它们仿效生物的进化与遗传,根据“生存竞争”和“忧胜劣汰”的原则,借助复制、交换、突变等操作,使所要解决的问题从初始解一步步地逼近最优解。因此,这两种方法又被称为进化计算遗传算法是以单一字符串的形式描述所研究的问题,遗传规划则是用计算机程序的层次格式反映题。前者简单易行,后者适用于各种复杂的间题。遗传规划常常被译作“遗传程序设计它很容易被误解为关于遗传算法的计算机编程技术,因此本书称之为遗传规划无论是遗传算法或遗传规划,在国外已得到广泛应用,它们特别适合解决其它科学技术无法解决或难以解决的复杂间题,如结构优化、非线性优化、机器学习等,是继专家系统、人工神经网络之后又一受人青睐的新学科。我国在这方面的研究和应用方兴未艾,由于缺乏有关这一学科的普及读物,严重影响它们在我国的推和发展。为此,作者根据自己近年来的研究及国内外有关论著编写本书,其目的在于向各专业本科生、研究生及广大工程技术人员全面介绍遗传算法和遗传规划的基本知识、基本理论和基本技术,使这一学科在我国得到莲勃的发展书共分5章:第1章是全书的概述。本章通过两个示例揭示遗传算法和遗传规划的特征。第2章全面介绍遗传算法的基本原理。它包括方法步骤、计算机理及各种算子,其中模式理论是遗传算法的理论基础第3章全面介绍遗传规划的基本原理及各种算子,其中有些法可推广用于遗传算法中。第4章是关于遗传算法的应用情况,限于篇幅这里只介绍四个方面的应用。第5章通过四个领域中的应用,介绍遗传规划的应用情况。本书由西安建筑科技大学云庆夏、黄光球、王战权编著,毋建宏参加本书的校对工作。限于作者水平,书中缺点和错误在所难免,恳请读者批评指作者996.10目录绪论會■早■司鲁郾■曾鲁■血會白■■■申■■■白·會中■會自『會自申■■早中“■鲁曾會『■會罩1■■血『■■■■口1.1生物的进化与遗传曾曾忄·■中中中■1q自『鲁·曾『曾中■中早看产q會會■卓會2遗传算法示例1.3遗传算法秆遗传规划的特征山·■山4哂自西101.4历史回顏与展望…162遗传算法………2.1遗传算法的实施■昏■鲁■212.2模式理论………………,…………322.3遗传算法的算子503遗传规划P山口血詈■■q血■■"口■画甲■■■t■■由口b■晋■口■■白d督甘晋鲁血甲583.1概述如卓●刂昏卓昌甲甲卓●口●昏甲即4甲罍歌●ψ··ψ斷●■■司P●■歌白■島看583.2遗传规划基本原理舂ψ·咖■●自●↓··●■■■仙●■■晕司■·■讠;●■卧看■683.3辅助算子……………………………………………803,4控制参数……853.5模式理论…864遗传算法的应用■894.1概述………………894.2遗传算法在结构优化中应用……se3遗传算法在非线性优化中的应用9644遗传算法在输电系统规划中的应用………………101基于漶传算法的机器学习系统■■口■中白■■■ψ··卩自■195传规划的应用4●■■中自■●中■鲁晋■甲卓晋●画昏斷卩■■顰斷『甚日■口斷1231遗传规划在符号回归中的应用5.2最优控制……………………………………13853人工蚂蚁问题……14754布尔复合算子………………………………………153参文献■司■■司■■■■●『■·冒………4160I1绪论11生物的进化与传遗传算法和遗传规划是受生物进化学说和遗传学说的启发而发展起来的。因此,有必要首先简单回顾生物学的有关内容,以便深入了解遗传算法和遗传规划的本来面貌。不过,读者也可以跳过本节直接阅读下一节1】.1生物的进化地球上的生物,都是经过长期进化而形成的。解释生物进化的学说,主要是达尔文的自然选择学说。该学说的主要内容为:(1)不断繁殖。地球上的生物具有很强的繁殖能力,能产生许多后代。(2)生存竞争。生物的不断繁殖使后代的数目大量增加,而在自然界中生物赖以生存的资源是有限的。因此,为了生存,生物就需要竞争3)适者生存。生物在生存竞争中,根据对环境的适应能力,适者生存,不适者消亡,这是自然选择的结果。4〉遗传和变异。生暂在繁殖过程中,通过遗传,使物种保持相似。与此同时,由于变异,物种会产生差剜,甚至形成新物遗传算法和遗传规划,就是借用生物进化的规律,通过繁殖、遗传、变异、竞争,实现优胜劣汰,一步一步地逼近问题的最优解。因此,它们又被称为进化计算( Evolutionary Computation)。1.z细胞、染色体与DNA1.i.2.1细胞细胞是生物结构和功能的基本单位。细胞通常由细胞膜、细胞质与细胞核三部分组成。细胞膜是细胞最外面的一层薄膜,它把细胞内的物质与外界分隔,起到保护细胞的作用。细胞质是介于细胞膜和细胞核之间的原生质,是透明的胶状物。细胞核是细跑的最内层,是遗传物质贮存和复制的场所。细胞核由核膜、染色质、核液组成11.2.2染色体细胞核中的染色质是一些容易被碱性染料染成深色的物质。逍常,染色质为细长的丝,交织成网状。在细胞分裂期,细胞核内长丝状的染色质高度螺旋化,缩短变粗,形成光学显微镋可以看见的染色体。因此,染色体是染色质在细胞分裂时的一种待殊表现。1.1.2.3DNA染色体主要由蛋白质和DNA组成。DNA又称脱氧核糖核酸,是灬种高分子化合物。组成它的基本单位是脱氧核苷酸,后者又由磷酸、脱氧核糖和含氮碱基三者组成。DNA含四种含氮碱基,即:腺嘌呤(A)、鸟嘌呤〔G)、胞嘧啶(C〉和胸腺嘧啶T)。DNA的结构是有规则的双螺旋结构,由两条平行的脱氧核苷酸长链盘旋而成,两条链上的碱基通过氢链连结起来,形成碱基对。碱基对只有两种配对方式:A与T配对,C与G配对1.13生物的遗传与变异1.1.3.1传物质生物上下代之间传递遗传信息的物质,称作遗传物质。绝大多数生物的遗传物质是1NA。由于细胞里的DNA大部分在染色体上,因此,遗传物质的主要载体是染色体。生物所以具有遗传现象,是与遗传物质DNA分子的复制有关系的,DNA分子的复制过程始图1-1所示。首先,DNA的两股双螺旋链分离开。然后,以解开的毎股链(母链)为模板,按照碱基互补配对原则,合成出与母链互补的子链。新生成的子链不浙延伸,与相应的母链互相盘绕组成螺旋结构,形成一个新的DNA分子。这样,一个DNA分子就形成两个DNA分子,每条链的碱基序列都和祖体相同,使亲代的遗传信息传递给子代0[j[G】R◇c3OK CH干篮链图1-1DNA分子复制l一解旋:2—碱基配对;3—形成新DNA分子◇一脱氬核糖;一磷酸11.3.2基因基因是控制生物遗传的物质单元,它是有遗传效应的DNA片段。每个基因含有成百上干个脱氧核苷酸。它们在染色体上呈线性排列,这种排列顺序就代表遗传信息

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  • NGSIM使用手册(1)
    美国NGSIM系统的使用手册,方便读者高效的利用NGSIM进行数据下载,完成交通领域的研究Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No2. Government Accession no3. Recipients Catalog NoFHWA-HOP-06-0124. Title and subtitle5. Report DateNext Generation Simulation(NGSIM) Data Format Planly20046. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s8. Performing Organization report noVijay Kovvali, richard margiotta, Robert franc, vassiliAlexiadis9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit NoCAMBRIDGE SYSTEMATIC INC150 CAMBRIDGE PARK DRIVE SUITE 400011. Contract or grant noCAMBRIDGE MA 02140DTFH61-02-C-0003612. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredDepartment of transportationFinal reportFederal Highway AdministrationJuly 2003-july 2004Office of Acquisition Management14. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street SW, RM 4410Washington, DC 2059015. Supplementary notesFHWA COTR: John Halkias, Office of Operations, and James Colyar, Office of Operations r&d16. AbstractThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGSIM) Data Format Plan was developed to define thestructure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be collected for estimationcalibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. The development of the data Format Plan isbased on existing formats that are relevant to ngsim and augmented to fill in gaps. to this end, a reviewof existing data formats was undertaken and their relevance to NGSiM was assessed. The review includeddata standards developed for intelligent transportation systems(ITS), data formats developed specificallyfor traffic simulation models, and data formats developed for broader transportation applications. Thespecified data formats were developed with the objective of promoting efficient research by maintainingonsistency between data collection and research, and providing consistent storage and transmittalprotocols. On the other hand, this plan intentionally avoids over specification of data formats, so as tominimize unnecessary limitations to research. This document specifies the conceptual data model by meansof Unified Modeling Language UMl class diagrams; the data dictionary in the data standard prescribed bP1489-1999 format developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE); the dataexchange structure for data transfer from user to user or from the database/repository to users; and theNGSIM metadata17. Key words1 8. Distribution StatementNext generation simulation, NGSIM, trafficNo restrictions. This document is available to thesimulation, high-level plan, traffic data collection, public through the National Technical Informationvehicle trajectory dataService, Springfield, VA2216119. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages22. PriceUnclassifiedUnclassifiedForm dot e1700.7(8-72)Reproduction of completed pages authorizedTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1High- Level plan context……垂垂垂垂·着垂垂垂垂非垂·非垂垂看垂音非非;·垂垂音看垂看垂1.2 Background1.3 Data Collection Types……1344581. 4 Data Conversion1.5 Data Formats·····.···············.··.···.·;···..·.··..·.···2.0 NGSIM DATA REQUIREMENTS22 Microsimulation Software Data format,…………172.1 NGSIM Data…192.3 Rcquirements for NgsiM data Collection..................193.0 RECOMMENDED NGSIM DATA FORMATS..m. 233.1 NGSIM Data model233.2 NGSIM Data Dictionary……………243.3 NGSIM Metadata.............................253.4 NGSIM Data Exchange Format273.5 File and Directory Naming Convention……293.6 Summary30REFERENCES31APPENDIX A-REVIEW OF EXISTING TRANSPORTATION DATA FORMATS3APPENDIX B-ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR NGSIM DATACOLLECTION,45APPENDIX C-DATA MODEL∴….,,53APPENdIXD-DATA DICTIONARY.APPENDIX E-METADATA. ...........................................................................................99APPENdIX F-SYSTEM-STATE DATA看香音看音香n117List of FiguresFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies4Figure2. Diagran. Data format classification relevant to ngsim1………Figure 3. Diagram. Top level data model of general traffic simulation55Figure4. Diagram. Influencing factors database packages………………56Figure 5. Diagram. Behavioral models packages57Figure6. Diagran. Facility type generalization…………18Figure 7. Diagram. Traffic management systems generalization......59Figure 8. Diagram. Transit management systems generalizationFigure9. Diagran. nvironment generalization.………………………0Figure 10. Diagram NTCIP Controller class diagram61Figure 11 Diagram Actuated traffic signal controller generalization2Figure12 Diagram. Generalized microsimulation data model………………63Figure 13 Diagram Data concept components and constructs(IEEE Std 1489-1999)66List of tablesTable 1. Example validation data by algorithm categoryTable 2. Summary of NGSiM categorizations for data formatsTable 3. Accuracy requirements for vehicle trajectory data. ..45Table 4. Accuracy requirements for instrumented vehicle data.........46Table 5. Accuracy requirements for wide-area detector data......... 47Table 6. Accuracy requirements for nctwork-rclated data48Table 7. Accuracy requirements for representative transportation managementsystems data52Table 8. Terminology for UMLmodeler54Table 9. Data dictionary for NgSim.67Table 10 processing documentation metadata for ngsimwwwwwm116Table1l. Requisite vehicle trajectory data…………………………117Table 12. requisite wide-area detector data requirements……118EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGsim) Data Format plan was developed todefine the structure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be col-lected for estimation, calibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. Thedevelopment of the data format plan is based on existing formats that are relevant toNGSIM and augmented to fill in gaps. To this end, a review of existing data formats wasundertaken and their relevance to ngsim was assessed. The review included data standards developed for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), data formats developed spe-cifically for traffic simulation models and data formats developed for broader transporta-tion applications. The specified data formats were developed with the objective of pro-moting efficient research by maintaining consistency between data collection andresearch, and providing consistent storage and transmittal protocols. On the other handthis plan intentionally avoids overspecification of data formats, so as to minimize unnecessary limitations to researchFour data format components were specified in this document, including: 1)data model,2)data dictionary, 3 )metadata, and 4) data exchange formatNGSIM Data Model- The conceptual data model for NGSIM data formats is pre-sented by means of Unified Modeling Language() class diagrams. Used in con-junction with the data dictionary, the data model allows for construction of a formaldatabase/repository for NGSIM validation dataNGSIM Data Dictionary This provides definition of individual data elementsrequired by NGsim. It follows the data standard prescribed by P1489-1999 formatdeveloped by the Institutc of Elcctrical and Electronics Engineers(ieee)NGSIM Data Exchange Format- The data cxchange structure dcfincs how datashould be transferred from user to user or from the database /repository to users. Thisdocument specifies the framework for developing data exchange formats by providingthe data model and the data dictionary; it also provides clear guidance on the formatstandards with which the data exchange format should conform Currently it doesnot provide specific schema for the data exchange formatsNGSIM Metadata- This includes both traditional metadata(definitions, specificationsand valid value lists for data elements and general information about the dataset andits availability); and processing metadata(what has happened to the data from data col-lection to data archival). Administrative metadata formats were adapted fromContent Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata(FGDC-STD-001-1998), developedby the Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC). Recommendations for NGSiMprocessing metadata are based on the guidance provided in ASTM E2259-03, devel-oped by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTm)1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe objectives of the NGsim program include the followingDevelopment of a core set of open behavioral algorithms in support of traffic simulation with a primary focus on microscopic modelingCollection of extensive data that will be used for estimation calibration and validationof the core behavioral algorithms; and storing the data in a repository that can be uni-versally accessedThe High-Level Plan for DatasetsTask E3)identified different kinds of traffic data col-lection methods and technologies and recommended three kinds of data collection effortsfor ngsim, including vehicle trajectory data wide area detector data and instrumentedvehicle dataThis report Task F)presents the documentation, format structure, and transfer requirements for the ngsim data formats for these data collection efforts identified in task e3This report is organized as followsExecutive Summary -Provides an executive summary of this documentSection1.0-Provides an overview and introduction to this report, including the con-text of the data format plan within NGsIM, information on NGsim data collection anddata types, information on data conversion, general information on data formats, anda summary of available transportation data formats and their relevance for ngsimSection 2.0-Presents definitions and categorization for different data types, and pro-vides ngsim data requirementsSection 3.0-Presents data format recommendations for the NGsim program,including a data model, data elements for the data dictionary, metadata to describe thedata collection effort and data exchange formatsReferences-Presents references used in developing this data format planAppendix a-Presents a review of existing transportation data formatsAppendix B-Presents accuracy requirements for NGSiM data collectionAppendix C- Presents a UML representation of the ngsim data modelAppendix D-Presents a high-level NGSIM data dictionaryAppendix E- Presents metadata categories, dictionary, and recommended metadataformats for ngsim1.1 HIGH-LEVEL PLAN CONTEXTInterdependencies among NGSIM tasks are shown in figure 1. The High-Level Plan forDatasets(Task E. 3) presents an assessment of existing datasets of potential use for NGSIM,and makes recommendations on the focus for nGsim data collection methodologies. Thisreport on the data Format Plan task f) provides recommendations on the data exchangeformat(s) for NGSIM data collection efforts. The data formats are also influenced by theHigh-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e 2)Task E 1-1Core algorithmAssessmentTask e,3Task e.1-2Task e2High-LevelCore AlgorithmHigh-Level Verificationlan for DatasetsPlanandⅤ alidation planTask eData format planFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies.1.2 BACKGROUNDThe NGSiM field data collection effort pursues data required for developing, estimating,calibrating and validating traffic behavioral algorithms. Tactical route execution, opera-tional driving, and en-route strategic traveler behaviors were identified as the focus of theNGSIM core behavioral algorithm research in the identification and prioritization of coreAlgorithms Task D)report. The High-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e2)provides an example of the data collection datasets for each algorithm category as shownin table 1. the table illustrates the extent over which data must be collected for each levelof algorithm. For example, for operational driving algorithms, a single stretch of roadwayon a freeway will likely be sufficient, while, for development of tactical driving algo-rithms, the data collection effort should be expanded to include the freeway section andmultiple entry and exit ramps that feed the freeway. The data formats developed in thisplan address the data, both static and dynamic, that are pertinent to the data collectionefforts necessary for developing and validating all three categories of driver behavioralalgorithms4
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