Inside_NAND_Flash_Memories.pdf
Inside_NAND_Flash_Memories.pdfRino micheloni· Luca Crippa· Alessia marelliInside nand flashMemoriesSpringerRino micheloniLuca CrippaIntegrated Device TechnologyForward InsightsAgrate BrianzaNorth yorkItalCanadarino. micheloni@ieee. orgluca.crippa @ieee.orgAlessia marelliIntegrated Device Technologyagrate brianzaItalylessiamarelli@gmail.comISBN97890-481-9430-8e-ISBN97890-481-9431-5DOI10.1007/978-90-481-9431-5Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New YorkLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2010931597O Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenbeing entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the wor Ose ofpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpoCover design: eStudio Calamar SLPrinted on acid-free paperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com)PrefaceIn the last decade Flash cards became the most important digital storage supportIt is difficult to identify a single killer application(digital photography, MP3digital video, ...)or whether the success of this media support is due to itsusability in different applications. It is also difficult to state whether the recentlution in the infotainment area has been triggered by the availability of high-performance NAND Flash memories or if the extraordinary success of Flash cardsis a consequence of the establishment of new applicationsIn any case, independently of the cause-effect relationship linking new digitalapplications and Flash cards, to realize how NANd Flash memories entered in ourdaily life, it is sufficient to imagine as they would change our recent habits if theNAND memories disappeared suddenly. To take a picture it would be necessary tofind a film (as well as a traditional camera .), disks or even magnetic tapes wouldbe used to record a video or to listen a song, and a cellular phone would return tobe a simple mean of communication rather than a console for an extendedentertainmentThe development of nand Flash memories will not be set down on the mereevolution of these digital systems since a new killer application can trigger a furthersuccess for this memory support: the replacement of Hard Disk Drives(HDD)with Solid State Drives (SSD)The advantages of Ssd with respect to HDD are countless(higher read/writspeed, higher mechanical reliability, random access, silent operation, lower powerconsumption, lower weight, .. ) Nevertheless, the cost per gigabyte is stillsignificantly favorable to hDd and the success of ssd will depend only on theperformances that they will succeed in reachingThe present book, the fourth authored by rino micheloni and coworkers afterVLSI-Design of Non-volatiles Memories, Memories in Wireless Systems and ErrorCorrection Codes for Non-volatile Memories, all published by Springer, tacklesall the main aspects related to NANd Flash memories, from the physicaltechnological, and circuit issues to their use in Flash cards and SsdsAfter an extended market overview(Chap. 1), Chap 2 has been conceived as aguide for the entire book, so that the reader can directly reach the heart of theproblems that interest himThe following chapters deepen physical and technological aspects. In particularChaps. 3 and 4 tackle technological and reliability issues of traditional FloatingGate NAND memories, respectively, while the state-of-the-art of charge trappingtechnologies is effectively summarized in Chap 5Ⅴ i PrefaceThe central part of the book is dedicated to circuit issues: logic( Chap. 6),sensing circuits(Chaps. 8 and 9)and high voltage blocks( Chaps. 1l and 12)Other basic topics related to circuit aspects are also analyzed, such as theimplementation of Double Data Rate interfaces( Chap. 7), while multilevel storage(2 bits per cell) is presented in Chap. 10Techniques adopted to increase memory reliability and yield are discussedin Chaps. 13 and 14, the former dealing with redundancy, the latter with ErrorCorrection Codes. The test flux used by nand memories manufactures is describedin Chap 15Chapter 16 focus on nand devices storing 3 and 4 bits per cell that allowreaching the lower cost per gigabyte and that will conquer, in the next few years,the market of consumer applicationsThe last chapters are dedicated to the two most popular systems based onNAND memories: Flash cards( Chap. 17)and SsD(Chap. 18). The relationshipbetween Nand memories and system performances are highlightedFinally, Chap. 19 describes the effects of ionizing radiations on non-volatilememories, to understand whether NaNd memories can be safely used in spaceand military applicationsProf. Piero olivoDean of the Engineering FacultyUniversity of ferrara, ItalyAcknowledgementsAfter completing a project like a technical book, it is very hard to acknowledgeall the people who have contributed directly or indirectly with their work anddedicationFirst of all, we wish to thank all the authors of the contributed chaptersWe have to thank mark de Jongh for giving us the possibility of publishing thiswork and cindy zitter for her continuous supportLast but not least, we keep in mind all our present and past colleagues for theirsuggestions and fruitful discussionsRino. Luca and alessiaTable of contentsPrefaceAcknowledgementsvIII Market and applications for nand Flash memoriesGregory Wong2 NAND overview: from memory to systemsR. Micheloni, A Marelli and S. Commodaro3 Program and erase of Nand memory arrays55Cristoph Friederich4 Reliability issues of NAND Flash memoriesC. Zambelli. a. Chimenton and p. olivo5 Charge trap nand technologies115Alessandro grossi6 Control logic131A Marelli.R Micheloni andR. ravasio7 NAND DDR interface161Andrea silvagni8 Sensing circuits197L. Crippa and R. micheloni9 Parasitic effects and verify circuits235L. Crippa and R. michelonO MLC Storage261L Crippa and R Micheloni11 Charge pumps, voltage regulators and HV switchesR Micheloni and L Crippa
- 2020-12-08下载
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机械原理MATLAB辅助分析
该书籍提供了如何基于MATLAB软件进行机械原理里面一些机械结构的运动分析，里面还有MATLAB程序可供使用，很不错的一本书。高等学校教材◎李滨城徐超编著机械原理 MATLA辅助分析化学孓业約版祉本书介绍了数学软件 MATLAB辅助机械原理分析的方法。运用解析法,通过建立数学模型,对机构与机器进行精确的分析与综合,是机械原理学科发展的重要方向。全书分为七章,分别应用 MATLAB进行了平面连杆机构的运动分析、平面连杆机构的力分析、连杄机构设计、凸轮机构设计、齿轮机构设计、机械的运转及其速度波动的调节和机构优化设计,每一专题内容通过数学模型的建立、计算实例的介绍、 MATLAB程序的编制,深入浅出地介绍了 MATLAB在机槭原理中的应用。书中大量的程序实例不但实用,更包含作者多年在机械原理教学中使用 MATLAB的经验。本书既可作为高校机械类专业选修课的教材,也可作为学习机械原理和机械原理课程设计的参考书。图书在版编目(CIP)数据机械原理 MATLAB辅助分析/李滨城,徐超编著北京:化学工业出版社,2011.5ISBN978-7-122-10596-7I·机…Ⅲ.①李…②徐…Ⅲ,机构学-计算机辅助分析软件包, MATLABⅣ.TH1139中国版本图书馆CP数据核字.(2011)第026200号责任编辑:杜进祥周永红装帧设计:韩飞责任校对:边涛出版发行:化学工业出版社(北京市东城区青年溯南街13号邮政编码100011)印刷:北京市振南印刷有限责任公司装订:三河市宇新装订厂710mm×100m1/16印张11%字数227千字2011年7月北京第1版第1次印刷购书咨询:010645188传真:010-64519686)售后服务:010-64518899网址:http://www.cipciom,cn凡购买本书,如有缺损质量问题,本社销售中心负责调换。定价:25.0元版权所有违者必究前FOREWORD机械原理 MATLAB辅助分析现今,计算机辅助设计在机被原理学科中得到了广泛的应用。为了在教学中培养学生利用计算机先进软件解决实际问题的思维方法和动手能力,我们从2007年开始尝试在机械原理教学中应用 MATLAB辅助机械原理分析与综合,在多年教学改革实践的基础上,编写了这本《机械原理 MATLAB辅助分析》本书运用科学与工程计算语言 MATLAB进行编程计算,它是一种数值计算的优秀工具,易学易用,一般学生只要经过10多个小时的练习就能够用它完成所需要的计算。本书在内容编写上首先是应用解析法建立分析或综合的数学模型,然后通过具体的计算实例来说明数学模型的使用方法,接着用 MATLAB进行编程计算。书中所附程序全部在计算机上调试通过,有些实例还根据运算结果绘制出了相应的分析曲线图和设计仿真图。其目的一方面可加深学生对课程内容的理解,提高分析问题和解决问题的能力;另一方面,意在培养学生独立编程能力,掌握 MATLAB编程方法和技巧。在编写本书过程中,编者参考了高等院校理工科机械类专业机械原理课程的现行教学大纲,也参照了兄弟院校编写的《机械原理》有关教材。江苏科技大学有关领导和机械原理学科组对本书的编写和出版给予了热情的帮助和支持,在此谨致深切的谢意。由于编者水平有限,加之编写仓促,书中定有不妥之处,恳请读者批评指正。编者2010年10月目录CONTENTS机械原理 MATLAB辅助分析算一章平而连杆机构的运动分析第一节平面连杆机构运动分析概述…………第二节铰链四杆机构的运动分析…1128第三节曲柄滑块机构的运动分析第四节导杆机构的运动分析……………………………………………………14第五节六杆机构的运动分析习题..···.·.4444·:4.:4.4···4a,:s30第二章平面连杆机构的力分析35第一节平面连杄机构力分析概述甲曹鲁,度m曲·使普35第二节铰链四杆机构的力分析……………………………………37第三节曲柄滑块机构的力分析44第四节导杆机构的力分析…………………………………51第五节六杆机构的力分析:::·.=:··..4:··““·4“““+“++:·+t58习题…………………………………………………………-………………………68第三章莲杆机构设计第一节铰链四杆机构类型判断72第二节几何法按连杆上活动铰链已知位置设计四杆机构………………………77第三节位移矩阵法按连杆预定位置设计四杆机构第四节解析法按连杆预定位置设计四杆机构第五节按预定的运动规律设计四杆机构·97第六节按行程速比系数及有关参数设计四杆机构102习题……112算四章凸轮机构设计117笫一节推杆常用的运动规律…………………………………117第二节凸轮轮廓曲线的设计118第三节程序设计实例………………122习题130第五章齿轮机构设计第一节渐开线函数的计算133第二节渐开线标准直齿圆柱齿轮的设计计算·:.+.....::...·..:=.::·138第三节直齿圆柱齿轮机构传动设计计算143第四节渐开线齿轮的范成…………………………………………………“145习题150算六章机的运转及其遠度波动的调节151第一节机槭的运转及其速度波动的调节概述番福…·151第二节机械系统的等效动力学模型……………………………………152第三节机槭运动方程式156第四节机槭运转的速度波动及其调节方法…………………………………,165习题………………167第七章机构优化设计169第一节平面连杆机构再现已知运动规律的优化设计…169第二节凸轮机构最大压力角及其位置的确定……………………………174习題………………………………………178参者文獻第一章平面连杆机构的运动分析第一节平面连杆机构运动分析概述机构的运动分析,就是按照已知的起始构件运动规律来确定机构中其他构件的动。它的具体任务:一是求构件的位置;二是求构件的速度;三是求构件的加速度、数学模型的建立平面连杆机构属闭环机构,在用解析法进行机构运动分析时,采用封闭矢量多边形法求解较为简便。首先建立机构封闭矢量方程式,然后对时间求一阶导数得到速度方程,对时间求二阶导数得到加速度方程。二、程序设计每个平面连杆机构运动分析 MATLAB程序都由主程序和子函数两部分组成,其程序设计流程如图1-1所示。开始开始输入已知参数,如各构件尺寸等输入已知参数,如各构件尺寸等调用子函数求解位移表达式求机构的位移、速度和加速度求解速度表达式用图形输出计算结果求解加速度表达式机构运动仿真结:)结束(a)主程序b)子函数图1-1平面连杆机构运动分析程序设计流程子函数的任务是求机构在某一位置时,各构件的位移、速度和加速度;主程机械原理 MATLAB辅助分析序的任务是求机构在一个工作循环内各构件的位移、速度和加速度的变化规律,并用线图表示出来,同时进行机构运动仿真。第二节铰链四杆机构的运动分析在图1-2所示的铰链四杆机构中,已知各构件的尺寸及原动件1的方位角a1和匀角速度ω,需对其位置、速度和加速度进行分析。、数学模型的建立为了对机构进行运动分析,先如图1-2建立直角坐标系,并将各构件表示为杆矢,为了求解方便,将各杆矢用指数形式的复数表示。1.位置分析B2如图1-2所示,由封闭图形ABCDA可写出机构各杆矢所构成a163的封闭矢量方程+=+(1其复数形式表示为图1-2铰链四杆机构l1en+l2e2=l3e3+l4(1-2)将上式的实部和虚部分离,得l1 tl2 cosb2=l3 cos03+lLysin@1 +l2 sin02=L3 sine(1-3)由于式(1-3)是一个非线性方程组,直接求解比较困难,在这里借助几何方法进行求解,在图中连接BD,由此得D=2 +4A-2L1 cos9=arcsin(,singBD2-lrccs2LBDL363=π82=arcsinls sinBa-Li sinel1-4)2.速度分析将式(1-2)对时间t求一次导数,得速度关系tl202e=l30(1-5)第一章平面连杆机构的运动分析将上式的实部和虚部分离,得G1 w1 cosB)+li az cos]2=l3w3 cose1-6)Liw sinB1+1202 sinB2=l3 w3 sinB3若用矩阵形式来表示,则上式可写为l2 singal3 sinaLi sinBaI(1-7)l2 cost2Co3-l,解上式即可求得二个角速度2、aB33.加速度分析将式(12)对时间t求二次导数,可得加速度关系表达式-L2 sine ls sinB3 ]ra2w2 L2 cose2 als cos03 1o2141coS61le coste -l3 cose1an2 L2 sine2 (3 l3 sinO3 I La3u1 1 siney(18)解上式即可求得二个角加速度a2、a3。二、计算实例例1-1】如图1-2所示,已知铰链四杆机构各构件的尺寸为:l1101.6mm,l=254mm,l3=177.8mm,l4=304.8mm,原动件1以匀角速度1=250rad/s逆时针转动,计算构件2和构件3的角位移、角速度及角加速度,并绘制出运动线图。三、程序设计铰链四杆机构 MATLAB程序由主程序 crank rocker main和子函数crank rocker两部分组成。1.主程序 crank_ rocker_main文件兴著并菁兴并菁普并普菁暑菁#“萧誓養美赀黄并“兴弹一萧萧兴浙普兴黃蒉景是吴暑普暑州,暑1.输入已知数据clear ill=101.6;2=254;l3=177.8;l4=304.8omega=250;alpha1=0hd=pi/180;du=180/pi;%2.调用子函数 crank rocker计算铰链四杆机构位移,角速度,角加速度forn1=1:361theta=(nl-1)*hd:Theta, omega, alpha]-crank rocker(thetal, omega, alpha1, 11, 12, 13. 14)theta2(nl)=theta(1): theta(n1)=theta(2)
- 2020-06-20下载
- 积分：1
