Vehicle Dynamics Theory and Application
不错的汽车动力学教材,是参与汽车底盘电子开发的动力学基础。Reza n. jazarVehicle DynamicsTheory and ApplicationsSpringerReza n. jazarDept of Mechanical EngineeringManhattan collegeRiverdale. NY 10471ISBN:978-0-387-74243-4e-ISBN:978-0-387-74244-1Library of Congress Control Number: 200794219c 2008 Springer Science+ Business Media, LLCAll rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without thewritten permission of the publisher(Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 SpringStreet, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrievalelectronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now knownor hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarksservice marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as anexpression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rightsPrinted on acid-free paper987654321springer. comKavoshmy daughter, Vazan,and my wife, MojganHappiness is when you win a race against yourselfPrefaceThis text is for engineering students. It introduces the fundamental knowledge used in vehicle dymamics. This knowledge can be utilized to developcomputer programs for analyzing the ride, handling, and optimization ofroad vehiclesVehicle dynamics has been in the engineering curriculum for more thana hundred years. Books on the subject are available, but most of themare written for specialists and are not suitable for a classroom applicationA new student, engineer, or researcher would not know where and howto start learning vehicle dynamics. So, there is a need for a textbook forbeginners. This textbook presents the fundamentals with a perspective onfuture trendsThe study of classical vehicle dynamics has its roots in the work ofgreat scientists of the past four centuries and creative engineers in thepast century who established the methodology of dynamic systems. Thedevelopment of vehicle dynamics has moved toward modeling, analysisand optimization of multi-body dynamics supported by some compliantmembers. Therefore, merging dynamics with optimization theory was anexpected development. The fast-growing capability of accurate positioninsensing, and calculations, along with intelligent computer programming arethe other important developments in vehicle dynamics. So, a textbook helpthe reader to make a computer model of vehicles, which this book doesLevel of the bookThis book has evolved from nearly a decade of research in nonlineardynamic systems and teaching courses in vehicle dynamics. It is addressedprimarily to the last year of undergraduate study and the first year graduatestudent in engineering. Hence, it is an intermediate textbook. It providesboth fundamental and advanced topics. The whole book can be coveredin two successive courses, however, it is possible to jump over some sections and cover the book in one course. Students are required to know thefundamentals of kinematics and dynamics, as well as a basic knowledge ofnumerical methodsThe contents of the book have been kept at a fairly theoretical-practicallevel. Many concepts are deeply explained and their application empha-sized, and most of the related theories and formal proofs have been explained. The book places a strong emphasis on the physical meaning andapplications of the concepts. Topics that have been selected are of highinterest in the field. An attempt has been made to expose students to aPrefacebroad range of topics and approachese There are four special chapters that are indirectly related to vehicle dy-amics: Applied Kinematics, Applied Mechanisms, Applied dynamics, andApplied vibrations. These chapters provide the related background to understand vehicle dynamics and its subsystemsOrganization of the bookThe text is organized so it can be used for teaching or for self-studyChapter 1"Fundamentals, "contains general preliminaries about tire andrim with a brief review of road vehicle classificationsPart I"One Dimensional Vehicle Dynamics, " presents forward vehicledynamics, tire dynamics, and driveline dynamics. Forward dynamics refersto weight transfer, accelerating braking, engine performance, and gear ratiodesignPart II"Vehicle Kinematics, presents a detailed discussion of vehiclemechanical subsystems such as steering and suspensionsPart IIT"Vehicle Dynamics, employs Newton and Lagrange methodsto develop the maneuvering dynamics of vehiclesPart Iv "Vehicle Vibrations, presents a detailed discussion of vehi-cle vibrations. An attempt is made to review the basic approaches anddemonstrate how a vehicle can be modeled as a vibrating multiple degreeof-freedom system. The concepts of the Newton-Euler dynamics and La-grangian method are used equally for derivation of equations of motionThe RMS optimization technique for suspension design of vehicles is intro-duced and applied to vehicle suspensions. The outcome of the optimizationtechnique is the optimal stiffness and damping for a car or suspended equipmentMethod of presentationThis book uses a fact-reason-application"structure. The "fact"is themain subject we introduce in each section. Then the reason is given as a" proof. The application of the fact is examined in some examples. Theexamplesare a very important part of the book because they show howto implement the facts. They also cover some other facts that are neededto expand the subjectPrerequisitesSince the book is written for senior undergraduate and first-year graduatelevel students of engineering, the assumption is that users are familiar withmatrix algebra as well as basic dynamics. Prerequisites are the fundamentals of kinematics, dynamics, vector analysis, and matrix theory. Thesebasics are usually taught in the first three undergraduate yearsPrefaceUnit SystemThe system of units adopted in this book is, unless otherwise stated, theinternational system of units(SI). The units of degree(deg)or radian(rad)are utilized for variables representing angular quantitiesSymbolse Lowercase bold letters indicate a vector. Vectors may be expressed inan n dimensional Euclidian space. ExamplerCUppercase bold letters indicate a dynamic vector or a dynamic matrix, such as force and moment. ExampleFo Lowercase letters with a hat indicate a unit vector. Unit vectors arenot bolded. ExampleLowercase letters with a tilde indicate a 3 x 3 skew symmetric matrixassociated to a vector. Examplea3211An arrow above two uppercase letters indicates the start and endpoints of a position vector. ExampleON = a position vector from point o to point Ne The length of a vector is indicated by a non-bold lowercase letterExampleCapital letter B is utilized to denote a body coordinate frame. ExampleB(ocgB(Oxyz)B1(o1x19121)ⅹ11PrefaceCapital letter G is utilized to denote a global, inertial, or fixed coordinate frame. ExampleG(XYZG(OXYZRight subscript on a transformation matrix indicates the departureframes. ExampleRB= transformation matrix from frame B(oxyz)Left superscript on a transformation matrix indicates the destinationframe. ExampleRBtransformation matrix from frame B(o cgz)to frame G(OxYZ)Capital letter R indicates rotation or a transformation matrix, if itshows the beginning and destination coordinate frames. Example0BSIn a0Whenever there is no sub or superscript, the matrices are shown in abracket. ExampleCOS asin a osIn aCOs O0e Left superscript on a vector denotes the frame in which the vectoris expressed. That superscript indicates the frame that the vectorbelongs to; so the vector is expressed using the unit vectors of thatEr= position vector expressed in frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on a vector denotes the tip point that the vector isreferred to. ExamplePsition vector ofexpressed in coordinate frame G(OXYZ)Right subscript on an angular velocity vector indicates the frame thatthe angular vector is referred to. ExampleB= angularof the body coordinate frame B(oxyz)
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MPU-6050 六轴传感器数据手册(中文)
MPU-6050 六轴传感器数据手册(中文)T。pvewTop View88昌翼24123122212019CLKIN18 GNDCLKIN 118 GNDNc 217|NcNC 2Nc6NCNc 316NCMPU-6000MPU-6050Nc16 NCNc514NCAUX DA613VDDAUX_DA613VDDmoQB5B召azQFN PackageQFN Package24-pin, 4mm x 4mm xo9mm24-pin, 4mm x 4mm x 0.9mm+2+7.2典型应用GNDCr 10n2巴2222l2巴2凹2CLKINMPU600回而MPU-6050 sAX CLAUX CLGNDClVLOGIC△NDGNDTypical Operating Circuits73所用电容规格器件标签规格数量校准滤波电容(Pm10)C1陶瓷,Ⅹ7R,0.1uF±10%,2VVDD旁路电容(Pin13)C2陶瓷,Ⅹ7R,0.1uF±10%,4∨电荷泵电容(Pin20)C3陶瓷,Ⅹ7R,10UF±10%,50VLOGC旁路电容(Pin8)C4陶瓷,X7R,10uF±10%,4V7.4上电过程建议Power-Up Sequencing1. TVDDR is VDD rise time: Time for vdd to risefrom 10% to 90% of its final valueVDDR2. TVDDR is $100msec3. tvr is VLOGIC rise time: Time forVLOGIC to rise from 10% to 90% of its finalVDDvaltlVR4. TVGR is S3msec90%5. TvG-VDD is the delay from the start of VDDramp to the start of VLOGIC riseVLOGIC10%6. TVLGVDD is 20: VLOGIC amplitude mustalways be sVDD amplitude7. VDD and VLOGIC must be monotonicramps1.VLOG|C振幅必须sVDD振幅2.VDD上升时间(TvDR)为实际值的10%到90%之间3.VDD上升时间(TvDR)≤100ms4.ⅥLOGC上升时间( TVLGR)为实际值的10%到90%之间5. VLOGIO上爪时间(TvcR)≤3ms6. TVG-VDD为从VDD上升沿到LOG|C上升沿的时间7.VDD和ⅥLOGC必须是单调边沿7.5系统结构图CLKINCLKOUTacknowledgSCL FROMMASTER8clock pulse forSTARTacknowledgementconditionAcknowledge on the ic bus通信开始标志(S)发出后,主设备会传送一个7位的Save地址,并且后面跟着一个第8位,称为Read/ Write位。R^W位表小主改备是在接受从改备的数据还是在向其写数据。然后,主设备释放SDA线,等待从设各的应答信号(ACK)。每个字节的传输都要跟随有一个应答位。应答产生时,从设备将SDA线拉低并且在SCL为晑电平时保持低。数据传输总是以停止标志(P)结束,然后释放通信线路。然而,主设备也可以产生重复的开始信号去操作另一台从设备,而不发出结束标志。综上可知,所有的SDA信号变化都要在SCL时钟为低电平时进行,除了廾始和结束标志。SDA91-7891-7START ADDRESS RN ACKDATAACKDATAACK STOPconditionComplete IC Data Transfer如果要写MPU-60X0寄存器,主设备除了发出开始标志(S)和地址位,还要加一个R∧W位,0为写,1为读。在第9个时钟周期(高电平时),MPU-60X0产生应答信号。然后主设备开始传送奇行器地址(RA),接到应答后,开始传送寄存器数据,然后仍然要有应答信号,依次类推。单字节写入时序Master S AD+WRADATASlaveACKACKACK连续写入时序
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