Concepts in Programming Languages.pdf
Concepts in Programming Languages by John Mitchell.一本国外经典教材，看了之后对编程语言更加理解。费了很多劲才找到的。Concepts in Programming LanguagesThis textbook for undergraduate and beginning graduate students explains and examines the central concepts used in modern programminglanguages, such as functions, types, memory management, and controlThe book is unique in its comprehensive presentation and comparisonof major object-oriented programming languages. Separate chapters ex-amine the history of objects, Simula and Smalltalk, and the prominentanguages c++ and JavaThe author presents foundational topics, such as lambda calculus anddenotational semantics, in an easy-to-read, informal style, focusing on themain insights provided by these theories. Advanced topics include concurrency and concurrent object-oriented programming. A chapter on logicprogramming illustrates the importance of specialized programming meth-ods for certain kinds of problemsThis book will give the reader a better understanding of the issuesand trade-offs that arise in programming language design and a betterappreciation of the advantages and pitfalls of the programming languagesthey useJohn C. mitchell is Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University,where he has been a popular teacher for more than a decade. Many of hisformer students are successful in research and private industry. He received his ph D. from mit in 1984 and was a member of technical staff atat&T Bell Laboratories before joining the faculty at Stanford. Over thepast twenty years, Mitchell has been a featured speaker at internationalconferences; has led research projects on a variety of topics, includingprogramming language design and analysis, computer security, and applications of mathematical logic to computer science; and has written morethan 100 research articles. His previous textbook, Foundations for Pro-gramming Languages(MIT Press, 1996), covers lambda calculus, typesystems, logic for program verification, and mathematical semantics ofprogramming languages. Professor Mitchell was a member of the programming language subcommittee of the ACM/ieEE Curriculum 2001standardization effort and the 2002 Program Chair of the aCm principlesof programming languages conferenceCONCEPTS NPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESJohn c. mitchellStanford UniversityCAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESSPUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United KingdomCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211 USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne vic 3207, AustraliaRuiz de alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, spainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africahttp://www.cambridge.orgo Cambridge university press 2004First published in printed format 2002isBN 0-511-03492-X eBook(adobe readerISBN 0-521-78098-5 hardbackContentsPrefacepage IxPart 1 functions and foundations1 Introduction1.1 Programming Languages1.2 Goals1.3 Programming Language History3561.4 Organization: Concepts and Languages2 Computability2. 1 Partial Functions and computability102.2 Chapter SummaryExercises163 Lisp: Functions, Recursion, and Lists3.1 Lisp History183.2 Good Language design203. 3 Brief Language overview223.4 Innovations in the Design of Lisp253.5 Chapter Summary: Contributions of LispExercises404 Fundamentals484.1 Compilers and syntax484.2 Lambda calculus4.3 Denotational semantics4.4 Functional and Imperative Languages4.5 Chapter SummaryExercisesContentsPart 2 Procedures, Types, Memory Management, and Control5 The algol Family and ML5.1 The Algol Family of Programming Languages5.2 The Development of C5.3 The LCF System and ml5.4 The Ml Programming Language1035.5 Chapter summary121Exercises1226 Type Systems and Type Inference1296.1 Types in Programming1296.2 Type Safety and Type Checking1326.3 Type Inference1356.4 Polymorphism and Overloadin1456.5 Type Declarations and Type Equality1516.6 Chapter Summary155Exercises1567 Scope, Functions, and storage Management1627.1 Block-Structured Languages1627.2 In-Line blocks1657.3 Functions and procedures1707.4 Higher-Order functions1827.5 Chapter summary190Exercises1918 Control in Sequential Languages2048.1 Structured control2048.2 Exceptions2078.3 Continuations2188.4 Functions and evaluation order2238.5 Chapter summary227Exercises8Part 3 Modularity, Abstraction, and object-Oriented Programming9 Data Abstraction and Modularity2359.1 Structured Programming2359.2 Language Support for Abstraction2429.3 Modules9.4 Generic Abstractions2599.5 Chapter Summary269Exercises27110 Concepts in Object-Oriented Languages27710.1 Object-Oriented design27710.2 Four Basic concepts in object-Oriented languages278Contents10.3 Program Structure28810.4 Design Patterns29010.5 Chapter summary29210.6 Looking Forward: Simula, SmalltalkC++Java293Exercises29411 History of objects: Simula and smalltalk30011.1 Origin of Objects in Simula30011.2 Objects in Simula30311.3 Subclasses and Subtypes in Simula30811.4 Development of smalltalk31011.5 Smalltalk Language features31211.6 Smalltalk flexibilit31811.7 Relationship between Subtyping andInheritance2211.8 Chapter SummaryExercises32712 objects and Run-Time Efficiency: C++33712.1 Design goals and Constraints33712.2 Overview of c++34012.3 Classes. Inheritance and Virtual functions34612.4 Subtyping35512.5 Multiple inheritance12.6 Chapter summary366Exercises36713 Portability and Safety: Java38413.1 Java language overview38613.2 Java Classes and Inheritance38913.3 Java Types and Subtyping39613.4 Java System architecture40413.5 Security Features41213.6 Java summary417Exercises420Part 4 Concurrency and Logic Programming14 Concurrent and Distributed Programming43114.1 Basic Concepts in Concurrency43314.2 The actor model44114.3 Concurrent ML14.4 Java concurrency45414.5 Chapter Summary466Exercises469Contents15 The Logic Programming Paradigm and Prolog47515. 1 History of logic Programming15.2 Brief Overview of the logic Programming Paradigm4715. 3 Equations solved by Unification as Atomic Actions15.4 Clauses as Parts of procedure declarations48215.5 Prologs Approach to Programming48615.6 Arithmetic in Prolog49215.7 Control, Ambivalent Syntax, and Meta-Variables49615.8 Assessment of Prolog50515.9 Bibliographic remarks50715.10 Chapter Summary507Appendix a Additional Program Examples509A 1 Procedural and Object-Oriented organization509Glossary521Index525
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matlab 实现线性调频信号以及分析处理
里面有关于实现matlab的算法以及分析处理山国科技记文在线分布的时频平面作直线积分投影的变换,统称对信号作变换在分布的时频平面里惯用轴的截距和斜率为参数表小直线。因此,当需要沿作直线积分时,可将积分路径(直线)的参数(u,a)替换成()日两对参数之间的关系为:m=-cot,w=! sina。若求信号的变换,并以参数表示积分路径,则有:D.a=PQ线w, (t, wB u-u du∫r(,n)ma(w-mn-m)nh∫m(,w[一(m+motcw lt, wo +mt dt/sinaWo=u/sina上式表明,若是参数为和的信号,则积分值最大;而当参数偏离与或时,积分值迅速减小,即对‘定的信号,其变换会在对应的参数处呈现尖峰。我们自然会想到:多分量的信号的特性在平面里更加突出。即表现为各个尖峰,因而更有利于区别交叉项和噪声。利用变换一定能够获得更好的性能。作为时频分析方法之一,分数阶傅里叶变换ˉ与分布()变换()分别有着一定的数学关系,借助它们的联系,可进一步说明分数阶傅里叶变换的物理意义。信号的分布函数的定义为t+=xtde作为能量型时频表示满足许多期望的数学性质,这里给出其边缘特性X tt wdvXw=wtwat对WD旋转C角度,即对分布实施变换,其结果是RWIW=∫f山国技记文在线而信号的阶分薮阶傅里叶变换X。t的就是将信号的旋转c角度,即对于分数阶傅里叶变换只有旋转不变性,所以有X u= wtP可以看出,对时间轴与频率轴的积分分别是信号在时刻的瞬时功率和信号在频率的谱密度,而信号的对与时间成c角度的轴的积分投影对应着角度为a的分数阶傅里叶变换的幅度平方,这进步从能量的角度说明分数阶傅里叶变换作为广义傅里叶变换的含义。正弦信号在时频平面是一条平行于时间轴的直线,即它的频率不随时间变化,可视为旋转角度为°的完全时间域表示;冲击朕数在时频平面是一条平行于频率轴的直线可视为旋转角度为°的完全频率域表示;信号在时频平面是一条斜率为调频率的直线,当该信号的某一角度的分数阶傅里叶变换与其调频率一致时,在无限长度的理想情况下,表现为幅度为无穷大的冲击,在信号长度有限的情况下,其分数阶傅里卟变换呈现极大值这就是信号在分数阶傅里叶变换域的特点。离散 Chirp fourier变换是最近提出的一种有效的线性调频信号检测技术,它 Fourier变换的一种推广形式,可同时匹配 chirp信号的中心频率和调频率。本文利用修正离散Chirp- Fourie交换( MDCFT)实现干扰信号的检测和参数估计,从而实现对干扰的自适应抑制。分析和仿真表明,该方法可对FM干扰有着极好的抑制效果;同时,由于 Chirp- Fourie变换是维的线性变换,可借助快速傅里叶变换(FFT〕实现,与基于WVD的算法相比,不仅避免了交叉项十扰,而且降低了计算的复杂度,其实现更为简使3.基于Mat1ab的上机仿真过程及结果分析3.1对单分量信号的仿真及结果分析():输入解析信号为x()=eb的分布:40,图单分量信号的分布山国科技论文在线在上述解析信号中加入噪声后,用分布分析其性能图加入噪声的单分量信号的分布由图可以看出实际结果与前面的理论推导致。在实际应用中,信号长度总是有限长的,此时分布呈背鳍状。由图可以得到变换对噪声不太敏感,时频变换后信噪比较高。但当干扰的幅度大到一定程度时,变换的结果会严重变差,甚至分析不出结果。():前两个图是输入解析信号为x(t)=em的变换,后两个图是在这个解析信号中加入噪声以后用变换对其进行的分析:400C501m01501020100150图单分量信号的变换由理论分析可知,当旋转角度与线性调频信号的斜率相這应时,变换将出现一个峰值。这个分析在图中得到了证实。():图前两个图是输入解析信号为x()=e的分数阶傅里叶变换,后两个图是在山国科技论文在线这个解析信号中加入噪声以后用分数阶傅甲叶变换对其进行的分析:分数阶傅甲叶变换变换与变换的紧密联系在图和图的仿真中也可以得到证实HOD50图单分量信号的分数阶傅里叶变换():图的前两个图是输入中心频率是,调频率是的单分量线性调频信号后的Chirp- Fourier变换,后两个图是在这个信号中加入噪声以后用 Chirp-Fourier变换对其进行的分析。通过这个仿真,还将证明一个重要性质: Chirp- Fourier变换可同时匹配线性调频信号的中心频率和调频率的82a图单分量信号的 Chirp fourier变换比较结论:从以上几个仿真图形可以看出,对单分量的信号而言,上述几个变换山国科技论文在线都有非常好的时频聚集性,特别是分布与理论结果完仝一致。在抗噪声方面,对比几个图可知,变换和 Chirp- Fourier变换要比分布和分数阶傅里叶变换吏好。而对于分数阶傅里叶变换和分布,分数阶傅里叶变换的抗噪声性能要好3.2对多分量信号的仿真及结果分析个多分量的线性调频信号的D15020心Dm图多分量信号的一个多分量的线性调频信号的变换50.540多分量信号的变换山国科技论文在线个多分量的线性调频信号的分数阶傅甲叶变换:图多分量信号的分数阶傅里叶变换个多分量的线性调频信号(含两个分量,中心频率和调频率分别为k=)的 Chirp- Fourier变换50299,Q图多分量信号的 Chirp-fourier变换比较结论:从以上四个图可以看出,对于多分量信号,分布由于存在交叉项,时频面模糊不清,而其他三种变换则可以检测到两个信号。从图中还可以看到,Chirp- Fourier变换的效果是最好的。而且我们从图中还可以清楚地看到线性调频信号的中心频率和调频率。4LFM信号的应用线性词频)信号广泛地应用于雷达、声纳和通信等信息系统中。在这类系统中,信号的检测与参数估计是个重要的研究课题,受到特别的关注。下面给出一个基于FRT的MTD雷达信号处理过程的防真实例。假设有一个运动目标,回波信号为Stjn∫t-jwt+nt,其中nt为杂波信号,信号参数为nt是均值为零,方差为的高斯白噪声,信噪比为,观测时间为,采样频率为采样点数为N采用分数阶域的扫描上算法对该冋波信号作计算机仿真,仿真结果如图所从图中可以清楚看到一个LFM信号的存在,而闬目标的峰值非常突出,受杂波的影响相对较小。因此采用FRT的MTD雷达的抗干扰能力较强。另外由于日标的特征非常明显,可以通过适当提高杂波门限的方法来减小虚警概率山国科技论文在线图基于ⅣRFT的MTD雷达信号处理过程的防真5结束语非平稳信号是现代信号处理的主要研究对象之一,对其有很多种理论分析方法。本文介绍的分布,变换,分数阶傅里叶变换,变换是其中比较常用和重要的几种。本文对这几种变换做了初步的介绍,进而对它们进行了一些比较这有助于进一步了解各种变换的性能和作信号分析时选择合适的变换。时频分布之所以受到很多研究人员和信号处理领域的工程人员的重视,是因为它有很多传统傅立叶变换所不具备的性质。由时频分析的定义可知时频表示能给出信号在时域和频域的信息。经过儿年的发展,时频分析理论趋于成熟,并遂渐在实际应用中崭露头角,近年来已在实际的非平稳信号处理中获得了十分广泛的应用。如:信号检测与分类,吋频域滤波,信号综合,系统辩识和谱估计等。在的期刊和国际会议上发表的与采用时频工具处理非平稳干扰有关的论文及研究报告共有余篇,其中以美国大学教授的成果最为显著。时频分析是一个前景很广阔的研究方向,虽然取得了一定的成就,但理论体系尚不十分完备,需要进一步的发展。参考文献[1ˉ张贤达,保铮《非平稳信号分析与处理》[M1998年9月第1版国防工业出版社[2ˉ沈民奋,孙丽莎《现代随机信号与系统分析》M年月第版科学出版社[3丁凤芹,曹家麟《基丁分数阶傅里叶变换的多分量 Chirp信号的检测与参数估计》《语音技术》2004年第1期[4_孙泓波,郭欣,顾红,苏上民,刘国岁《修正 Chirp- Flourier变换及其在SAR运动目标检测中的应用》《电子学报》2003年第1期山国技记文在线[5董永强,陶然,思永,王越《基丁分数阶傅里叶变换的SAR运动目标检测与成像》《兵工学报》1999年第2期L6_陶然,齐林,王越《分数阶 Fourier变奂的原理与应用》LM」2004年8月第1版清华大学出版社[7董永强,陶然,周思永,王越《含未知参数的多分量 chirp信号的分数阶傅里叶分析》《北京理工大学学报》1999年第5期[8ˉ陈辉,王永良《利用离散 Chirp- Flourier变换技术估计调频信号参数》《空军雷达学院学报》2001年第1期[9ˉ齐林,穆晓敏,朱春华《系统中基于 Chirp- Fourier变换的扫频干扰抑制算》《电讯技术》年第期[10]李勇,徐震等《 MATLAB辅助现代工程数字信号处理》[M2002年10月鷥1版西安电子科技人学出版社「111胡昌华,周淘,夏启兵,张伟《基于 MATLAB的系统分析与设计—时频分析》「M12001年7月第1[2]干小宁,许家栋《离散调频-傅里叶变换及其作雷达成像中的应用》《系统工稈与电子技术》2002年第3期
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