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软件 博途，本系统控制六层电梯， 采用集选控制方式。 为了完成设定的控制任务， 主要根据电梯输入/输出点数确定PLC 的机型。 根据电梯控制的要求， 电梯应具有内呼和外呼按钮、 行程开关、 开关门按钮， 以及相应的指示灯， 估算所需 I/O 口的数量

主要讲述当前网络挑战与发展趋势，以及网络总体设计和5G网络的功能特是哪个，和关键技术 。最后总结和展望未来AT-2◇21MT202056/推进组5G无线技术架构白皮书引言在过去的三十年里,移动通信经历了从语音多址技术之外,大规模天线、超密集组网和全频业务到移动宽带数据业务的飞跃式发展,不仅深谱接入都被认为是5G的关键使能技术。此外,新刻地改变了人们的生活方式,也极大地促进了社型多载波、灵活双工、新型调制编码、终端直通会和经济的飞速发展。移动互联网和物联网作为(2)、全双工(又称同时同频全双工)等也未来移动通信发展的两大上要驱动力,为第五代是潜在的5G无线关键技术。5G系统将会构建在以移动通信(5G)提供了广阔旳应用前景。面向新型多址、大规模天线、超密集组网、全频谱接2020年及未来,数据流量的千倍增长,千亿设备入为核心的技术体系之上,全面满足面向2020年连接和多样化的业务需求都将对5G系统设计提出及未来的5G技术需求。严峻挑战。与4G相比,5G将支持更加多样化的当前,5G愿景与需求已基明确,概念与技场景,融合多种无线接入方式,并充分利用低频术路线逐步清晰,国际标准制定工作即将启动。和髙频等频谱资源。同时,5G还将满足网络灵为此,迫切需要尽快细化5G技术路线,整合各种活部署和高效运营维护的需求,大幅提升频谱效无线关键技术,形成5G无线技术框架并推动达成率、能源效率和成本效率,实现移动通信网络的产业共识,以指导5G国际标准及后续产业发展。可持续发展传统的移动通信升级换代都是以多址接入技术为主线,5G的无线技术创新来源将更加丰富。除了稀疏码分多址(SCMA)、图样分割多址(PDMA)、多用户共享接入(MUSA)等新型AT-292◇MT2020(5G)推进组5G无线技术架构白皮书场景与技术需求与以往移动通信系统相比,5G需要满足更加低功耗大连接场景主要面向环境监测、智多样化的场景和极致的性能挑战。归纳未来移动能农业等以传感和数据采集为目标的应用互联网和物联网主要场景和业务需求特征,可提场景,具有小数据包、低功耗、低成本炼出连续广域覆盖、热点高容量、低时延高可靠海量连接的特点,要求支持百万/平方公里和低功耗大连接四个5G主要技术场景。连接数密度。·连续广域覆盖玚景是移动通信最基本的覆总之,5G的技术挑战主要包括盖方式,在保证用户移动性和业务连续性0.1-1GbDs的用广体验速率,数十Gbps的的前提下,无论在静止还是高速移动,覆峰值速率,数十Tbυs/km的流量密度,1盖中心还是覆盖边缘,用户都能够随时随百万/平方公里的连接数密度,毫秒级的地获100Mbps以上的体验速率。端到端时延,以及百倍以上能效提升和单热点高容量场景:要面向室内外局部热点位比特成本降低。区域,为用户提供极高的数据传输速率,满足网络极高的流量密度需求。要技术挑战包括 1Gbps用户休验速率、数|Gbps峰值速率和数十Tbps/km的流量密度低时延高可靠场景主要面向车联网、工业控制等物联网及垂直行业的特殊应用需求,为用户提供亳秒级的端到端时延和或接近100%的业务可靠性保证。AT-2◇2M-2020(56推进组5G无线技术架构白皮书5G无线技术路线面对5G场景和技术需求,需要选择合适的5G将通过工作在较低频段的新空口来满足无线技术路线,以指导5G标進化及产业发展。大覆盖、高移动性场景下的用户体验和海量设综合考虑需求、技术发展趋势以及网络平滑演备连接。同时,需要利用高频段丰富的频谱资进等因素,5G空口技术路线可由5G新空口(含源,来满足热点区域极高的用户体验速率和系低频空口与高频空口)和4G演进两部分组成。统容量需求。综合考虑国际频谱规划及频段传LTE/LTE一 Advanced技术作为事实上的播特性,5G应当包含工作在6GHz以下频段的统一4G标准,已在全球范围内大规模部署。为低频新空口以及工作在6GHz以上频段的高频了持续提升4G用户体验并支持网络平滑演进新空口。需要对4G技术进一步增强。在保证后向兼容的5G低频新空口将采用全新的空口设计,前提下,4G演进将以LE/LTE- advanced技引入大规模天线、新型多址、新波形等先进技术梹架为基础,在传统移动通信频段引入增强术,攴持更短的帧结构,更精简的信令流程,技术,进一步提升4G系统的速率、容量、连接更灵活的双工方式,有效满足广覆盖、大连接数、时延等空口性能指标,在一定程度上满足及髙速等多数场景下的体验速率、时延、连接5G技术需求。数以及能效等指标要求。在系统设计时应当构受现有4G技术框架的约東,大规模天线建统一的技术方案,通过灵活配置技术模块及超密集组阏等增強技术的潜力难以完仝发挥,参数来淸足不同场景差异化的技术需求。全频谱接入、部分新型多址等先进技术难以在5G高频新空口需要考虑高频信道和射频器现有技术框架下采用,4G演进路线无法满足5G件的影响,并针对波形、调制编码、天线技术极致的性能需求。因此,5G需要突破后向兼容等进行相应的优化。同时,高频频段跨度大的限制,设计全新的空口,充分挖掘各种先进候选频段多,从标准、成本及运维角度考虑,技术的潜力,以全面满足5G性能和效率指标要应当尽可能采用统一的空口技术方案,通过参求,新空口将是5G主要的演进方向,4G演进将数调整来适配不同信道及器件的特性。是有效补充。髙频段覆盖能力弱,难以实现全网覆盖,需要与低频段联合组网。由低频段形成有效的3AT-22MT2020(5G)推进组5G无线技术架构白皮书网络覆盖,对用户进行控制、管理,并保证基本的数据传输能力;高频段作为低频段的有效补充,在信道条件较好情况下,为热点区域用户提供高速数据传输。5G无线技术路线主要场景连续广域覆盖6-100GHZ5G高频新空口冷热点高容量5G低频新空口低时延高可靠

Gordon L. Stüber著，为英文原文第三版。其第二版已经翻译成中文，即为移动通信原理（第二版），由电子工业出版社出版，但翻译水平很差。Gordon L. StuberPrinciples of mobileCommunicationThird edition② SpringerGordon L. StuberGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta gaUSAstuber @ece gatech. eduISBN978-1-4614-0363-0e-ISBN978-1-46140364-7DOI10.1007/978-1-46140364-7Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg londonLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2011934683C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2002, 2011All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writtenpermission of the publisher(Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use inconnection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer softwareor by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbiddenThe use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they arenot identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subjectto proprietary rightsPrinted on acid-free paperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+businessMedia(www.springer.com)To Alana, our son nickolasmy father lothar Stuiberand my late mother Beatrice stiiberPrefacePrinciples of Mobile Communication, third edition, is a major revision of thesecond edition. Like its earlier editions, this book provides a mathematicallyrigorous overview of physical layer wireless communications. The basic pedagogicmethodology is to include fully detailed derivations from first principles. The text isintended to provide enough principle material to guide the novice student, whilit the same time having plenty of detailed material to satisfy graduate studentsinclined to pursue research in the area. The book is intended to stress the principlesof wireless communications that are applicable to a wide array of wireless standardsIt is intended to serve as a textbook and reference for graduate students, and a usefulreference for practicing engineersOrganization of the bookChapter 1 begins with an overview that is intended to introduce a broad array ofissues relating to wireless communications. Included is a brief description of theevolution of various wireless standards, the basic concepts of cellular frequencyreuse, the land mobile radio propagation environment, link budgets, and coverageand capacity of cellular radio systemsChapter 2 provides an extensive treatment of radio propagation, since goodunderstanding of the physical wireless channel is essential for the developmentand deployment of wireless systems. The chapter begins with a treatment ofthe narrow-band faded envelope for conventional fixed-to-mobile channels foundin cellular radio systems, mobile-to-mobile channels found in mobile ad henetworks, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels where multipleantennas are used at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve high capacity afterconsidering the narrow-band channel, we consider the statistical treatment of wide-band channels. The emulation of wireless channels is essential for the developmentand testing of wireless systems, and the chapter provides a detailed discussion ofchannel simulation techniques. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion ofshadowing and path loss models for land mobile radio environmentsPreraceChapter 3 provides a detailed treatment of co-channel interference which is therimary impairment in spectrally efficient cellular frequency reuse systems. Veryoften the receivers in such systems are affected by multiple co-channel interferersand the probability distribution of the total interfering power is considered. Thchapter also considers the link outage performance due to co-channel interferencein a variety of wireless environmentsChapter 4 covers the various types of modulation schemes that are used in mobilecommunication systems along with their spectral characteristics. The chapter beginswith the mathematical representation of bandpass modulated signals, along withNyquist pulse shaping. Later, a large variety of modulation schemes used in wirelesssystems are considered, including both single-carrier and multi-carrier modulation,and both linear and nonlinear modulation techniques This is followed by a treatmentof the power density spectrum of modulated signals. Although quite mathematicalin nature, power spectrum is an important topic, since wireless systems are requiredto operate within a specified out-of-band emission maskChapter 5 discusses the error probability performance of various digital modulation schemes on narrow-band fat fading channels. The performance is evaluatedwith a variety of receiver structures, including coherent detectors, differentialcoherent detectors and noncoherent detectorsChapter 6 includes a treatment of multi-antenna techniques for combatingenvelope fading. The chapter includes a discussion of various diversity combiningtechniques for coherent, differentially coherent, and noncoherent receiver detectionof signals on fading channels with additive white gaussian noise. also consideredis optimal combining which is effective when the primary additive impairment isco-channel interference rather than noise. Finally, the chapter considers the use ofmultiple antennas at the transmitter in the context of classical beam-forming andtransmit diversityChapter 7 provides an extensive treatment of digital signaling on intersymbolinterference(ISI) channels that are typical of broadband land mobile radio systemsThe chapter begins with the characterization of Isi channels and goes on todiscuss techniques for combating ISI based on symbol-by-symbol equalization andsequence estimation. Later, error probability for maximum likelihood sequenceestimation is considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of co-channeldemodulation for the purpose of mitigating co-channel interference on Isi channelsChapter 8 covers error control coding techniques for wireless systems. Thechapter begins with a discussion of basic block coding including space-time blockcodes Convolutional coding is considered next along with the Viterbi and BCJRalgorithms for decoding convolutional codes, followed by trellis coded modulationThe chapter then provides a detailed discussion on the design and performanceanalysis of convolutional and trellis codes for awgn channels, and interleaved fatfading channels, and fading isi channels. Later, space-time trellis codes are treatedand the chapter concludes with Turbo codinChapter 9 is devoted to spread spectrum techniques The chapter begins with anintroduction to direct sequence and frequency hop spread spectrum. This is followedy a detailed treatment of spreading sequences. Also included is a discussionPrefaceof the effects of tone interference on direct sequence spread spectrum, and theRAKE receiver performance on wide-band channels. The chapter wraps up witha discussion of cdma multiuser detectionChapter 10 is devoted to multi-carrier techniques. It considers the performanceof ofdm on frequency-selective channels and considers the effect of residualISI and problem of residual ISI cancellation. Later, the chapter examines singlecarrier frequency-domain equalization(SC-FDE)techniques. This is followed by atreatment of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)on both theforward and reverse links. The chapter concludes with a discussion of single-carrierfrequency division multiple acceSs (SC-FDMA)Chapter 11 considers frequency planning techniques for cellular systems. Thechapter begins with a discussion of cell sectoring, cell splitting, and reuse partition-ing. Later, the chapter considers radio planning for OFDMa cellular systems. Thisis followed by hierarchical overlay/underlay architectures based on cluster planningFinally, the chapter wraps up with macrodiversity TDMA cellular architecturesChapter 12 considers CDMa considers CDMA cellular systems, consideringtopics such as capacity and power control This is followed by a discussion ofhierarchical macrodiversity CDMa architectures and their performanceChapter 13 is devoted to cellular radio resource management. The chapter beginswith an introduction to basic hard and soft handoff. Later, the chapter considers theimportant problem of link quality evaluation, including signal strength averaging,velocity estimation, and velocity adaptive hard handoff algorithms later, a detailedanalysis of hard and soft handoff is provided. Finally, the chapter wraps up withmethods for estimating received carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio(CINR)The Appendix includes a brief and focused tutorial discussion of probabilityand random processes. A good understanding of the material in the Appendix isessential, since the concepts are widely used throughout the textUSing This Book for InstructionThe book has been developed from a graduate-level course on physical wirelesscommunications that I have taught at Georgia Tech since 1993. Normally, I prefera graduate-level course in digital communications as a prerequisite for this courseHowever, such a prerequisite may be waived to the extent that there is extensivebackground material in each chapter. A course may cover the introductory materialin each chapter and skip the more specialized material. In my own classes, I alwaystry to judge the mathematical level of the students early and adapt accordinglyThe book obviously contains far too much material to be taught in a onesemester course. However, i believe that it can serve as a suitable text in mostsituations through the appropriate instructor selection of background sections. Myown preference for a one semester course is to include the following material inorder: Chap. 1, Chap 2(skipping the more advanced material), and the first twosections of Chap 3. In moving to modulation waveforms in Chap. 4, an instructormay have to treat/assume basic signal-space representation. However, most students

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