length

说明：  拓扑排序 　 对一个 有向无环图 G进行拓扑排序，是将G中所有顶点排成一个线性序列，使得图中任 意一对顶点u和v，若u，v ∈E，则u在线性序列中出现在v之前。 　 通常，这样的线性序列称为满足拓扑次序的序列，简称 拓扑序列 。 注意： 　 ①若将图中顶点按拓扑次序排成一行，则图中所有的有向边均是从左指向右的。 　 ②若图中存在有向环，则不可能使顶点满足拓扑次序。 　 ③一个DAG的拓扑序列通常表示某种方案切实可行。 (Topological sort In a directed acyclic graph G topological sort, is all vertices will G formed a linear sequence, make diagram post Meaning a pair of vertex u and v, if u, v ∈ E, then u in linear sequence in which they appear in v before. Usually, such linear sequence sequence of topological order called meet, abbreviation topology sequence. Note: (1) if the diagram according to the topology order line vertices, then figure all from left to right edge are pointing. (2) if the figure to exist in the ring, is impossible to have the vertex meet topological sequence. (3) a DAG topological sequence usually expressed some scheme is feasible. )

排序程序,包含快速排序、归并排序、谢尔排序、插入排序。输出了比较次数和移动次数。(It is a sort program, including quick sort, merge sort, shell sort and insert sort.It outputs the compare times and movement times.)

设有一头指针为L的带有表头结点的非循环双向链表，其每个结点中除有prev（前驱指针），data（数据）和next（后继指针）域外，还有一个访问频度域freq。在链表被起用前，其值均初始化为零。每当在链表中进行一次Locate(L,x)运算时，令元素值为x的结点中freq域的值增1，并使此链表中结点保持按访问频度非增（递减）的顺序排列，同时最近访问的结点排在频度相同的结点的最后，以便使频繁访问的结点总是靠近表头。试编写符合上述要求的Locate(L,x)运算的算法，该运算为函数过程，返回找到结点的地址，类型为指针型。(Has a head pointer is non-circular doubly linked list L with a header node, each node in addition to prev (precursor pointer), data (data) and next (successor pointers) outside, there is an access frequency degree domain freq. Before the list was hired, their values are initialized to zero. Whenever carried out in the list once Locate (L, x) when the operation, so that the element node x is the value in freq domain by one, and keep this list in the node-access frequency of non-increasing (decreasing) the order, while a recent visit to the nodes in the same row of the frequency of the last node, so that the nodes are frequently accessed tables are always near the head. Locate (L, x) algorithm is prepared in accordance with the above requirements of the test operation, the operation as a function of the process, return to find the address of the node of type pointer.)

阿当姆斯显式和隐式求解方法，用四阶龙格库塔作为起始，然后运用四阶阿当姆斯算法求解初值问题。主要程序包含在test2.cpp中，方法简单易懂。编译环境VC2010(Adam James explicit and implicit method for solving fourth-order Runge-Kutta as a start, then use the fourth-order A Williams algorithm for solving initial value problem. The main program contains in test2.cpp method is simple and easy to understand. Compile environment VC2010)

说明：  《妙趣横生的算法》第三部分原书附带代码程序，绝对属实(&quot Algorithm for fun,&quot the third part of the original program with the code, the absolute truth)

说明：  一个实现外部排序的程序，其中gnerate.cpp为产生一个随机的文件，用于被排序。而caculate.cpp为外部排序程序。(A realization of the external sort program, which gnerate.cpp to generate a random file for be sorted. The caculate.cpp external sort program.)

说明：  给定程序中，函数fun的功能是：将a所指3×5矩阵中第k列的元素左移到第0列，第k列以后的每列元素依次左移，原来左边的各列依次绕道右边。 例如，有以下矩阵： 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 若k结果为2，程序执行结果为： 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 请在程序的下划线处填入正确的内容并把下划线删除，使程序得出正确的结果。 注意：源文件存放在考生文件夹下的BLANK1.C中 不得增行或删行，也不得更改程序的结构！ (A given program, function fun feature is: a 3 × 5 matrix referred to in the first k elements of the left column to move Section 0, the k elements of each column after column followed by the left, the original columns in the left turn Bypass on the right. For example, the following matrix: 123,451,234,512,345 If k is 2, the program execution results: 345,123,451,234,512 in the program underscore the right content at the fill and to remove the underscore, so that the program reach the right result. Note: The source files in the folder of BLANK1.C candidates are not allowed by the line or delete line, nor change the structure of the program!)

① 实现在B-树上的查找，并分析其时间复杂性。 ② 实现B-树的ADT，包括其上的基本操作：结点的加入和删除。 ③ 要求B-树结构中的M=3 或5，实现其中的一种即可。 ④ 实现基本操作的演示。 (4) 实现提示 (b-trees c/c++)

用不多于四种颜色为地图染色，使相邻的行政区不重色，是计算机科学中著名的“四染色”的典型应用，应用这个思想，是以回溯的算法对一幅给定的地图染色。是对数据结构中栈的应用。(With no more than four colors map staining the adjacent borough is not heavy color, typical applications of computer science "stain" the application of this idea, a backtracking algorithm on a given mapstaining. The application of the stack data structure.)

说明：  离散随机线性系统的卡尔曼滤波。 其中13lman.c是卡尔曼滤波函数，4rinv.c是滤波函数中用到的矩阵求逆函数，13lman0.c是主程序。(discrete stochastic linear Kalman filtering system. 13lman.c which is the Kalman filter function, 4rinv.c filtering function is used in the matrix inversion function, is the main program 13lman0.c.)