ex3_1

  Particle swarm optimization has been used to solve many optimization problems since it was proposed by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995 [4]. After that, they published one book [9] and several papers on this topic [5][7][13][15], one of which did a study on its performance using four nonlinear functions adopted as a benchmark by many researchers in this area [14]. In PSO, each particle moves in the search space with a velocity according to its own previous best solution and its group’s previous best solution. The dimension of the search space can be any positive integer.