NGSIM使用手册（1）
美国NGSIM系统的使用手册，方便读者高效的利用NGSIM进行数据下载，完成交通领域的研究Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No2. Government Accession no3. Recipients Catalog NoFHWA-HOP-06-0124. Title and subtitle5. Report DateNext Generation Simulation(NGSIM) Data Format Planly20046. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s8. Performing Organization report noVijay Kovvali, richard margiotta, Robert franc, vassiliAlexiadis9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit NoCAMBRIDGE SYSTEMATIC INC150 CAMBRIDGE PARK DRIVE SUITE 400011. Contract or grant noCAMBRIDGE MA 02140DTFH61-02-C-0003612. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredDepartment of transportationFinal reportFederal Highway AdministrationJuly 2003-july 2004Office of Acquisition Management14. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street SW, RM 4410Washington, DC 2059015. Supplementary notesFHWA COTR: John Halkias, Office of Operations, and James Colyar, Office of Operations r&d16. AbstractThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGSIM) Data Format Plan was developed to define thestructure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be collected for estimationcalibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. The development of the data Format Plan isbased on existing formats that are relevant to ngsim and augmented to fill in gaps. to this end, a reviewof existing data formats was undertaken and their relevance to NGSiM was assessed. The review includeddata standards developed for intelligent transportation systems(ITS), data formats developed specificallyfor traffic simulation models, and data formats developed for broader transportation applications. Thespecified data formats were developed with the objective of promoting efficient research by maintainingonsistency between data collection and research, and providing consistent storage and transmittalprotocols. On the other hand, this plan intentionally avoids over specification of data formats, so as tominimize unnecessary limitations to research. This document specifies the conceptual data model by meansof Unified Modeling Language UMl class diagrams; the data dictionary in the data standard prescribed bP1489-1999 format developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE); the dataexchange structure for data transfer from user to user or from the database/repository to users; and theNGSIM metadata17. Key words1 8. Distribution StatementNext generation simulation, NGSIM, trafficNo restrictions. This document is available to thesimulation, high-level plan, traffic data collection, public through the National Technical Informationvehicle trajectory dataService, Springfield, VA2216119. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages22. PriceUnclassifiedUnclassifiedForm dot e1700.7(8-72)Reproduction of completed pages authorizedTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1High- Level plan context……垂垂垂垂·着垂垂垂垂非垂·非垂垂看垂音非非;·垂垂音看垂看垂1.2 Background1.3 Data Collection Types……1344581. 4 Data Conversion1.5 Data Formats·····.···············.··.···.·;···..·.··..·.···2.0 NGSIM DATA REQUIREMENTS22 Microsimulation Software Data format,…………172.1 NGSIM Data…192.3 Rcquirements for NgsiM data Collection..................193.0 RECOMMENDED NGSIM DATA FORMATS..m. 233.1 NGSIM Data model233.2 NGSIM Data Dictionary……………243.3 NGSIM Metadata.............................253.4 NGSIM Data Exchange Format273.5 File and Directory Naming Convention……293.6 Summary30REFERENCES31APPENDIX A-REVIEW OF EXISTING TRANSPORTATION DATA FORMATS3APPENDIX B-ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR NGSIM DATACOLLECTION,45APPENDIX C-DATA MODEL∴….,,53APPENdIXD-DATA DICTIONARY.APPENDIX E-METADATA. ...........................................................................................99APPENdIX F-SYSTEM-STATE DATA看香音看音香n117List of FiguresFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies4Figure2. Diagran. Data format classification relevant to ngsim1………Figure 3. Diagram. Top level data model of general traffic simulation55Figure4. Diagram. Influencing factors database packages………………56Figure 5. Diagram. Behavioral models packages57Figure6. Diagran. Facility type generalization…………18Figure 7. Diagram. Traffic management systems generalization......59Figure 8. Diagram. Transit management systems generalizationFigure9. Diagran. nvironment generalization.………………………0Figure 10. Diagram NTCIP Controller class diagram61Figure 11 Diagram Actuated traffic signal controller generalization2Figure12 Diagram. Generalized microsimulation data model………………63Figure 13 Diagram Data concept components and constructs(IEEE Std 1489-1999)66List of tablesTable 1. Example validation data by algorithm categoryTable 2. Summary of NGSiM categorizations for data formatsTable 3. Accuracy requirements for vehicle trajectory data. ..45Table 4. Accuracy requirements for instrumented vehicle data.........46Table 5. Accuracy requirements for wide-area detector data......... 47Table 6. Accuracy requirements for nctwork-rclated data48Table 7. Accuracy requirements for representative transportation managementsystems data52Table 8. Terminology for UMLmodeler54Table 9. Data dictionary for NgSim.67Table 10 processing documentation metadata for ngsimwwwwwm116Table1l. Requisite vehicle trajectory data…………………………117Table 12. requisite wide-area detector data requirements……118EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGsim) Data Format plan was developed todefine the structure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be col-lected for estimation, calibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. Thedevelopment of the data format plan is based on existing formats that are relevant toNGSIM and augmented to fill in gaps. To this end, a review of existing data formats wasundertaken and their relevance to ngsim was assessed. The review included data standards developed for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), data formats developed spe-cifically for traffic simulation models and data formats developed for broader transporta-tion applications. The specified data formats were developed with the objective of pro-moting efficient research by maintaining consistency between data collection andresearch, and providing consistent storage and transmittal protocols. On the other handthis plan intentionally avoids overspecification of data formats, so as to minimize unnecessary limitations to researchFour data format components were specified in this document, including: 1)data model,2)data dictionary, 3 )metadata, and 4) data exchange formatNGSIM Data Model- The conceptual data model for NGSIM data formats is pre-sented by means of Unified Modeling Language() class diagrams. Used in con-junction with the data dictionary, the data model allows for construction of a formaldatabase/repository for NGSIM validation dataNGSIM Data Dictionary This provides definition of individual data elementsrequired by NGsim. It follows the data standard prescribed by P1489-1999 formatdeveloped by the Institutc of Elcctrical and Electronics Engineers(ieee)NGSIM Data Exchange Format- The data cxchange structure dcfincs how datashould be transferred from user to user or from the database /repository to users. Thisdocument specifies the framework for developing data exchange formats by providingthe data model and the data dictionary; it also provides clear guidance on the formatstandards with which the data exchange format should conform Currently it doesnot provide specific schema for the data exchange formatsNGSIM Metadata- This includes both traditional metadata(definitions, specificationsand valid value lists for data elements and general information about the dataset andits availability); and processing metadata(what has happened to the data from data col-lection to data archival). Administrative metadata formats were adapted fromContent Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata(FGDC-STD-001-1998), developedby the Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC). Recommendations for NGSiMprocessing metadata are based on the guidance provided in ASTM E2259-03, devel-oped by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTm)1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe objectives of the NGsim program include the followingDevelopment of a core set of open behavioral algorithms in support of traffic simulation with a primary focus on microscopic modelingCollection of extensive data that will be used for estimation calibration and validationof the core behavioral algorithms; and storing the data in a repository that can be uni-versally accessedThe High-Level Plan for DatasetsTask E3)identified different kinds of traffic data col-lection methods and technologies and recommended three kinds of data collection effortsfor ngsim, including vehicle trajectory data wide area detector data and instrumentedvehicle dataThis report Task F)presents the documentation, format structure, and transfer requirements for the ngsim data formats for these data collection efforts identified in task e3This report is organized as followsExecutive Summary -Provides an executive summary of this documentSection1.0-Provides an overview and introduction to this report, including the con-text of the data format plan within NGsIM, information on NGsim data collection anddata types, information on data conversion, general information on data formats, anda summary of available transportation data formats and their relevance for ngsimSection 2.0-Presents definitions and categorization for different data types, and pro-vides ngsim data requirementsSection 3.0-Presents data format recommendations for the NGsim program,including a data model, data elements for the data dictionary, metadata to describe thedata collection effort and data exchange formatsReferences-Presents references used in developing this data format planAppendix a-Presents a review of existing transportation data formatsAppendix B-Presents accuracy requirements for NGSiM data collectionAppendix C- Presents a UML representation of the ngsim data modelAppendix D-Presents a high-level NGSIM data dictionaryAppendix E- Presents metadata categories, dictionary, and recommended metadataformats for ngsim1.1 HIGH-LEVEL PLAN CONTEXTInterdependencies among NGSIM tasks are shown in figure 1. The High-Level Plan forDatasets(Task E. 3) presents an assessment of existing datasets of potential use for NGSIM,and makes recommendations on the focus for nGsim data collection methodologies. Thisreport on the data Format Plan task f) provides recommendations on the data exchangeformat(s) for NGSIM data collection efforts. The data formats are also influenced by theHigh-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e 2)Task E 1-1Core algorithmAssessmentTask e,3Task e.1-2Task e2High-LevelCore AlgorithmHigh-Level Verificationlan for DatasetsPlanandⅤ alidation planTask eData format planFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies.1.2 BACKGROUNDThe NGSiM field data collection effort pursues data required for developing, estimating,calibrating and validating traffic behavioral algorithms. Tactical route execution, opera-tional driving, and en-route strategic traveler behaviors were identified as the focus of theNGSIM core behavioral algorithm research in the identification and prioritization of coreAlgorithms Task D)report. The High-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e2)provides an example of the data collection datasets for each algorithm category as shownin table 1. the table illustrates the extent over which data must be collected for each levelof algorithm. For example, for operational driving algorithms, a single stretch of roadwayon a freeway will likely be sufficient, while, for development of tactical driving algo-rithms, the data collection effort should be expanded to include the freeway section andmultiple entry and exit ramps that feed the freeway. The data formats developed in thisplan address the data, both static and dynamic, that are pertinent to the data collectionefforts necessary for developing and validating all three categories of driver behavioralalgorithms4
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高频电路设计与制作 市川裕一.pdf
高频电路设计与制作 市川裕一.pdf 高频电路设计与制作 市川裕一.pdf图字:01-2005-1166号内容简介本书是“图解实用电子技术丛书”之一。全书共分9章。本书首先对高频的基本知识加以介绍,然后在后续的篇章里,对开关、低噪声放大器、混频器、滤波器、检波电路、振荡电路、PLL的设计与制作等进行详细论述。本书全面地阐述了有关高频电路设计的基础理论及其实际制作,且配有大量的印制电路板图、仿真电路等,图文并茂,大大地提高了本书的参考阅读价值本书适合电子通信及其相关领域的工程技术人员参考阅读,也可作为大专院校电子、通信专业学生的课外阅读资料。图书在版编目(CIP)数据高频电路设计与制作/(日)市川裕一,青木胜著;卓圣鹏译;何希才校北京:科学出版社,2006(图解实用电子技术丛书)ISBN7-03-017369-4I.高…Ⅱ.①市…②青…③卓…④何…Ⅲ.高频电路-设计Ⅳ.TN710.2中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2006)第058116号责任编辑:赵方青崔炳哲/责任制作:魏谨责任印制:刘士平/封面制作:李力北京东方科龙囹文有限公司制作http://www.okbook.com.cn学寓版出版比京东黄城根北街16号邮政码:100717http://www縹海印剁有限责任公司印刷科学出版社发行各地新华书店经销2006年8月第版开本:B5(720×1000)2007年2月第二次印刷印张:印数:4001-7000字数:271000定价:39.00元(如有印装质量问题,我社负责调换(新欣》)译者序对电路设计而言,高频电路是由具有丰富经验的技术人员进行设计的。所以,高频电路的设计工作重任往往肩负在前辈工程师的身上。因为高频电路涉及的参数很多,设计时受周边电路的影响很大,不仅要考虑电路本身的设计,也要顾及所使用印制基板的材质、厚度和印制布线等。只要设计不当,就会产生寄生电容形成谐振电路,造成信号被衰减或产生噪声,导致无法满足设计要求。因此,高频电路设计人员需要有经验,所谓经验,就是设计时能事先避免一些不合常理的设计以及解决电路设计时所遇到的问题般初学者可能不具备这些能力。但是,随着科技的进步,高频电路设计的门槛逐渐降低,高频电路/微波电路用的仿真软件也得到了快速的发展。不了解高频电路的人,只要使用髙性能仿真软件,就能得到所需要的性能。因此,设计人员只要依照仿真电路,稍具备一些基本设计概念,就能够设计出高频电路。一般说来,虽能靠仿真软件来设计出所期望的电路,但是,最后还是靠人工去完成。因此,设计人员必须不断学习新知识、积累实际操作经验才能顺利地完成设计任务,而本书就是充实自己的一本好书。本书是高频电路设计的入门书,其内容包括:高频的基础知识,开关、低噪声放大器、混频器、滤波器、检波电路、振荡电路以及PLL等的设计与制作。这些设计与制作都是最基本的概念,根据实际的图表加以说明,使初学者能很快进入高频电路设计领域,对一些有经验的设计者而言,本书也是一本不可或缺的参考书本书内容新颖,深入浅出地介绍了高频电路设计。由于时间仓促,立意虽宏,疏漏之处尚祈不吝指教GHz Jidai no Kousyuuha Kairo SekkeiBy yuichi Ichikawa, Masaru AokiCopyright c 2003 by Yuichi Ichikawa. Masaru AokiAll rights reservedOriginally published in Japan by CQ Publishing Co, Ltd, TokyoChinese (in simplified character only) translation rights arranged withCQ Publishing Co, Ltd, JapanGHz時代O高周波回路設計市川裕—青木胜cQ出版株式会社2004著者简介市川裕一1963年生于群马县1985年毕业于群马大学部电子工学科1985年进入日本光电工业(株)1985年进入日本电气电波机器 Engineering(株),从事微波电路设计1988年进人(株)横尾制作所,从事卫星通信用LNB的设计开发1992年进入太阳诱电(株),从事微弱无线组件设计1999年创办 I-Laboratory,从事高频/微波电路的开发、设计与试制,咨询现在出任1 Laboratory代表青木胜1955年生于埼玉县1979年进入八重州无线(株),从事无线通信设备开发1983年进入日本摩托罗拉(株),从事通信设备的信号处理,控制软件的开发现在出任(有)DST代表董事长图解实用电子技术丛书高频电路设计与制作开关/放大器/检波器/混频器/振荡器的技巧详解〔日]市川裕一青木胜著卓圣鹏译何希才校钭学出版北京前言直到最近,所谓“高频”是指在电气电路中一块特殊的领域。那里是“电子技术人员的世界”,尤其在微波电路的设计现场,反复使用小刀加工印制图案,完成焊接铜箔的作业。作者到现在仍然记得,在刚刚进入高频行业时,听公司的前辈说过,“成为一名合格的技术人员,需要花费10年的工夫”。由于在高频领域常采用试探法,因此,也许从事数字电路或低频电路的专业人员看来,高频电路世界是不易接近的领域。然而随着移动电话的迅速普及,蓝牙( Bluetooth)、无线LAN等无线数据通信设备的快速开发,高频电路技术越来越受到关注。直到今天,人们认为“高频、微波设备是面向防卫产业的特殊技术”,但随着时代的变迁成为最先进技术及通信革命中不可或缺的普遍技术。实际上,在以电气大厂家为中心的高频领域,各种行业不同厂家的加入,且此领域中高频电路技术人员难求的局面仍在延续与过去相比,现在高频电路设计门槛变低而容易进入。原因是根据用户的要求,高频电路/微波电路用的仿真软件在迅速发展。不了解高频电路的人,看看学学久而自通,对输入电路进行最佳化,就能简单设计出相应特性的电路。若使用最近高性能的仿真软件,如果是简单的无源电路,有时也能够实际得到趋近预测特性的性能。但是,仿真软件毕竟是工具,是否能有效利用这种工具全凭使用者所具备的经验与理论基础。在实际的高频电路中,由于有仿真软件不能表现的许多电路要素;因此,实际上,一定要考虑肉眼看不见的电路要素,进行元件的配置,绘制印制图案。使用仿真软件的人,由于积累经验、具备知识的不同,完成的性能有很大差异。常听说“在公司只能做确定工作,不能积累各种经验”。此时,最有效的工作方法是使用仿真软件。若使用仿真软件,就能验证工作中所处理电路的工作情况,并进行调整。若使用刊载于文献与书中的电路或仿真软件附属的样品电路,就能够简单处理各种电路。若由仿真得到虚拟经验,并同时进行日常实用电路的设计与调整,就能极大地提高设计能力。这里,作者最想说的是“要积累丰富的经验”,不仅要阅读文献、书籍,还要尽量多地接触电路,自己动手实际制作,并通过测试调整使电路稳定可靠地进行工作。若接触众多电路,即使要必须设计全新电路或无经验电路时,也会取得成功的。本书是以晶体管技术2000年11月~2001年12月的连载与2000年6月特刊内容作为蓝本,内容加以补充,而后编辑而成。第2章以必须理解的内容为最低限度,对设计高频电路时史密斯图的用法和匹配方法进行了说明。高频电路入门者阅读的图书定是以电磁场理论为中心进行讲解,因此,本书尽量删除了一些难以理解的说明。第3章~第9章,是实际设计、试作并评价2GHz频带的各种高频电路本书所试作的电路还不是十分成熟的电路,有许多改善之处。试作相同电路,无问题也正常动作,“成功啦!”由此感到很高兴,但这并不是结束,而是“经验”积累的开始,大家手脑并用,使这种电路具有更佳的特性。采用试探法过程中,或许大家有新的发现。这就是电路特性好过了头,反而会变坏,这也是“经验”。作为积累经验的题材若能利用本书,那是件高兴的事将自己的想法整理出来以文章的形式呈现给大家,这对于作者来说,也是一次很好的学习机会,并且也是积累经验的过程。本人能够承担本书编写工作,感到非常荣幸最后谨向在百忙之中很快完成了第8章和第9章的编写任务的DST公司的青木胜先生,以及为了使本书浅显易懂而做编辑工作的晶体管技术编辑部的寺前裕司先生致以深深的谢意。2002年冬市川裕目录第1章欢迎进入高频世界—一成为高频工程师为目标1.1频带和电路1.2高频电路设计环境的变化………11241.3现在高频电路设计中广泛存在的弊端……第2章高频的基础知识——为了更好地理解高频信号…2.1信号的波长…………2.2高频电路看作分布常数的电路………2.3高频中最重要的工作是传输线的设计…………112.3.1表示传输线电气特性的“特性阻抗”…………112.3.2高频使用的传输线……2.4用分布常数与集中常数制作的高频电路2.5高频中功率比电压与电流更容易处理…162.5.1S参数的概要…………………2.5.2实际高频元件数据表中记载的S参数…2.6用史密斯图求阻抗2.6.1史密斯图222.6.2在史密斯图上描绘阻抗………………………252.6.3元件与传输线路的增加以及史密斯图上的阻抗轨迹………………………262.7高效率地传输高频信号的技术—匹配………302.7.1禁止使用电阻取得匹配……,,,2.7.2阻抗匹配实例1………………322.7.3阻抗匹配实例2…2.7.4匹配电路构成的不同造成输入阻抗特性的差异……………………………3目录2.7.5使用实际元件的匹配电路………2.8实际无源元件的高频阻抗………2.9能发挥高频电路性能的印制基板的设计2.9.1高频电路用印制基板的基础知识2.9.2印制图案的精度与特性阻抗的偏差2.9.3印制图案“弯曲”对特性阻抗的影响……2.9.4邻近接地图案对信号图案的影响2.9.5邻近信号图案的耦合会彼此影响……………第3章开关的设计与制作—控制信号流的技术3.1高频开关的作用与性能……………3.1.1开关的作用……………………3.1.2开关要求的性能……………3.2开关的种类与选择……………3.3高频开关所使用的半导体元件3.3.1PIN二极管…………3.3.2 MESFET……………………………………633.4PIN二极管作为开关元件的特性实验……………63.5开关基本型—SPST开关的种类与特性…3.5.1两种SPST开关…………………………3.5.2SPST开关的接入损耗与隔离特性3.6SPDT开关的种类与动作3.6.1串联型与并联型的组合开关………………753.6.2两种串联型的组合开关……3.7试作的SPDT开关特性的仿真分析3.7.1SPDT开关的规格…………………………793.7.2试作SPDT开关的高频特性+,隔离特性的改善、,单3.8SPDT开关的试作873.9试作SPDT开关基板的初始特性与调整3.10试作前仿真预测与评价结果不同的原因…………95
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