图像合并，可以实现多张图片快速合并一一张

了解模型的每一个模块，掌握每一个模型所需要的数据，很好的使用invest 模型

绝对能运行的matlab路径规划PRM代码，该代码给出了二维环境下，机器人的路径规划方法——概率路图法（PRM），并附有文档简单说明

因资料好下载量大，下载需要的积分就自动增加了。需要资料的可以在我任意一篇博客评论里私聊我。基于经典贝叶斯理论的图像分割，含有MATLAB代码，有训练数据和实验数据，还有相应的PPT详解。

Matlab拟牛顿法以及实例，内附拟牛顿法函数程序，可用于求解非线性方程组

本资源利用MCGS组态软件来模拟实现四层电梯的控制，运行。PLC WORLD处理器为核心,综合了计算机控制、自动化、通讯网络等技术的一种通用的工业控制装置。PLC电梯控制系统有如下的特点:(1)、PLC是基于工业环境下设计的控制装置,环境适应性强,可靠性高;(2)、PLC最常用的编程语言是梯形图语言,编程语言形象、直观,编程筒单,便于广大现场工程技术人员掌握。(3)、門C控制系统的体积小,重量轻,便于安装,维修方便。(4)、PLC具有自诊断、故障报警、故种类显示等功能,可以方便的实时监视系统的运行状态。(5)、现代PLG具有传统控制系统无法比拟的远程数据传送、交换、控制和监枧的网络通讯功能。1.2系统结构和控制器选型电梯的PLC控制系统的结构如图1所示,主要硬件包括:可编控制器PL0、变频器、光电旋转编码器、轿厢操纵盘、厅外呼梯盘、门机及其他电气元件等。轿箱历外上位积操纵呼梯盘组态监控楼层显示申行接入部PLC部分串行接口2分门机编拽引机变频器码器图1系统结构图PLC WORLD1.3本次实习所选用的PLG机型?以及编程软件?S7-200可编程控制器是德国西门子公司研制的一种新型可编程控制器。它工作可靠,功能极其强大,存储容量大,编程方便,输出端可直接驱动2A的继电器或接触器的线圈,抗干扰能力强。因此,能够满足电梯对电气控制系统的要求。S7-200系列小型PG( MicroPL0)可应用于各种自动化系统。紧凑的结构,低廉的成本,强大的功能使得它成为各种小型控制任务的理想解决方案。在本次设计中,利用它编写控制一个四层楼电梯的控制系统分别完成轿厢内指令,厅外召唤指令,楼层位置指示,开门控制等任务STEP7WN32是S7-200系列的PLG编程软件,可以对S7-200的所有功能进行编程。该软件在 Windows平台上运行。其基本功能是协助用户完成应用软件任务。例如:创建用户程序,修改和编辑过程中编辑器具有简单的语法检查功能。还可以直接用软件设置PG的工作方式,参数和运行监控2.四层楼电梯模拟控制的设计控制要求(1)开始时,电梯处于任意一层。(2)当有外呼电梯信号到来是,轿厢响应该呼梯信号,达到该楼层时,轿厢停止运行,(轿厢门打开,延时3秒后自动关门)(3)当有内呼电梯信号到来是,轿厢响应该呼梯信号,达到该楼层时,轿厢停止运行,(轿厢门打开,延时3秒后自动关门)(4)在电梯轿厢运行过程中,即轿厢上升(或下降)途中,任何反PLC WORLD方向下降(或上升)的外呼信号均不响应,但如果反方向外呼梯信号前方再无其他内、外呼梯信号时,则电梯响应该外呼梯信号。例如,电梯轿厢在一楼,将要运行到三楼,在次过程中可以响应二层向上的外呼梯信号,但不响应二层向下的外哗梯信号。当到达三层,如果四层没有任何呼梯信号,则电梯可以响应三层向下外呼梯信号。否则,电梯将继续运行至四楼,然后向下运行响应三层向下外呼梯信号(5)电梯具有最远反向外呼梯功能。例如,电梯轿厢在一楼,而同时有二层向下呼梯,三层向下呼梯,四层向下外吇梯,则电梯轿厢先去四楼响应四层向下外呼梯信号。(6)电梯未平层或运行时,开门按钮和关门按钮均不起作用。平层且电梯轿厢停止运行后,按开门按钮轿厢开门,按关门按钮轿厢关门。3.I/0点的分配如下10.0S4四层内呼|10.7U1层上呼10.1S3层内呼11.0U2二层上呼10.2S2二层内呼11.1U3三次上呼10.3S1层内呼11.2SQ1层限位PLC WORLD10.4D4四层下呼11.3SQ2二层限位10.5D3层下呼11.4SQ3三层限位10.6D2二层下呼11.5SQ4四层限位Q0.0L4轿厢在四Q1.0SL2内呼二层层指示Q0.1L3轿厢在三Q1.1SL1内呼一层层指示Q0.2L2轿厢在二Q12外呼一层层上指示00.3L1轿厢在一Q1.3UP2外呼二层层上指示Q0.4DOWN轿厢上行Q1.4UP3外呼三层上指示Q0.5UP轿厢下行Q1.5DN2外呼二层下指示00.6sL4内呼四层Q1.6dn3呼三层指示下指示Q0.7内呼三层Q1.74外呼四层指示下指示4.PLC编程程序如下:4.1指令表:PLC WORLDsgLDsa22sq33sq1414Dsq0LD MO. 50MO. 4ALDLDSg2sq10MO. 5LDMO. 7M0. 6ALDOLDM2.0PLC WORLDsgdownLDMO. 7MO. 6ALDLD14sqdownM0. 6DMO. 5MO. 4ALDOLDM2.1MO. 2ANM3.0ownsq2sa3ANg4OLDPLC WORLDM3.3sg3sa2qAN MO. 5AMO. 7M2.0M3.3LDN MO. 2ANM2.7LDn sq 1AN213sqOLDM3.4g40sa3PLC WORLDsq200AAdownM0. 6MO. 3MO. 4LDM2.1M3.6OLDM3.4downd4sq4AL0ADd3sq3OLD20d22OLDusq

TMS320F2837xD技术参考手册-第14章：增强型脉宽调制器(ePWM)TMS320F2837xD技术参考手册-第15章：高分辨率脉宽调制器（HRPWM）TMS320F2837xD技术参考手册-第16章：增强型捕捉(eCAP)TMS320F2837xD技术参考手册-第17章：增强型QEP(eQEP)TMS320F2837xD技术参考手册-第22章：Controller Area Network (CAN)TMS320F2837xD技术参考手册-第23章：通用串行总线（USB）控制器TMS320F2837xD技术参考手册-第24章：通用并行端口(uPP)TMS3

主要研究矩形零件的排样方法，遗传算法的用途在此处体现的淋漓尽致本文算子的选择是有效的为进一步验证算法,对零件数量从16~97的不同算例进行试验,每类有3个例子,其最优排放图均已知,各个算例的基本试验数据(零件数量,板材尺寸)和本文试验最好结果见表2,表2算例2的基本试验数据及本文试验结果Tab 2 Dimension of second exampleand best result given by this paper问题零件最优高度原最优板材所得最低高度()SA+文算法结果(b)SA+最低水平线算法结果种类数量mm尺寸/mmmm2020×2020图1算例1的排放图40×15Fig 1 Layout of first example2860×3032表1本文算法与最低水平线算法排样结果对比C4496060×6064Tab. 1 Difference between our algorithm and7360×90the lowest outline algorithm9712080×120129最小高度最小高度最大高度平均高度运行时间图2给出了部分算例的最好排放结果。 Hopper算法/mm出现频次/mm/mm/ms8. Turton对以上规模不同的矩形件采用BL、BLFSA+最低水平线481/5053.716算法进行排放,允许零件旋转90°,GA、NE、SA、HCSA+本文方法483/505 I48.6等算法搜索排放顺序。文中指出采用BLF排放效果优于BL算法10%~30%,采用SA+BLF算法所得4.2算例2结果最优,见表3。(a)C11(b)C41(c)C61图2算例2采用本文算法所得的排放图ig 2 Best layout of second example with our algorithm表3各类别实例的相对距离百分比1表4各实例运行时间对比表Tab3 Relative distance of best solution toTab 4 Average elapsed time foroptimum height for six cases%six cases with different algorithm问题种类BIBLF SA+BLF本文算法问题A+BLFSA+本文算法174种类ms162.824126.7C41816132120C657.5注:1)表中值表示所得最好结果U与最优值lO)pt差值的白分比C61528189447(U-Op:)/lOpt。宇航材料工艺2007年第4期17对比表2、表3知,本文算法和文献[6]中采用图3表明:矩形排放耗时10ms,经人机交互调BLF解码的综合算法结果相近,并且在零件数量较整后材料利用率为86.4%,比人工排样提高约11少(如n=16)时能获得最优解,与埋论分析一致;由8%。表4知,本文算法的运行时间大大少于BLF算法,这5结论是因为在排放R;时只需搜索当前轮廓线段,比BLF实际算例表明最低轮廓线搜索算法能有效地进算法(搜索所有空域区域)搜索空间减少,因此效率明行矩形件排放,与模拟退火算法相结合,能在较短时显提高。由于文献[6的运行环境是:处理器奔腾间内获得与BLF算法相近的排放结果,并且在零件200MHκ,RAM65M, Windows nt4.0;而本文运行数量较少时能获得最优解,是解决大规模矩形件排放环境为:CPU2.8GHz,RAM512M,其速度大约是问题的有效方法200MHz处理器的15倍,因此表4所给BLF混合算参考文献法的运行时间做了相应处理。可见采用轮廓搜索法1张丽萍,张春丽,蒋寿伟.皮料优化排样的有效方法与BLF算法可获得相近的排放效果,但前者效率明软件学报,2005;16(2):316~323显高于后者。文献[7采用启发式递归(HR)算法对2曹炬,周济,余俊.矩形件排样优化的背包算法.中国以上算例进行求解,大大提高了运行效率,但在零件机械工程,1994;5(2):11~12数量较多时其速度也明显低于本文算法。因此最低3曹炬.二维异形切割件优化排样的拟合算法.中国机轮廓搜索法可用于求解大规模矩形件的排样问题。械工程,2000;11(4):438~4414.3应用举例1 Jakobs S On genetic algorithms for the packing of针对不规则复合材料铺层,采用矩形包络法求出 polygons,Eur. of oper,Res.,1996881):165-181其包络矩形,然后采用上述算法进行排放。图3是飞5贾志欣.面向发电设备制造的下料优化排样原理与关机坐舱罩顶棚的铺层展开数据采用以上策略获得的键技术,四川大学博士学位论文,2002排放图。6 Hopper E, Turton B C H. An empirical investigationof meta-heuristic and heuristic algorithms for a 2D packingproblem. EurJ of Oper Res, 2001; 128(1): 34577 Zhang Defu, Kang Yan, Deng Ansheng. A new heuristicrecursive algorithm for the strip rectangular packing problemComputers &. Operations Research, 2006; 33(8): 2209-2 217图3复合材料铺层排放实例(编辑李洪泉)ig. 3 Layout for composites plys18宇航材料工艺2007年第4期矩形件优化排样的研究旧万数据WANFANG DATA文献链接作者:邓冬梅,厝米水,安鲁陵,王桂宾, Deng Dongmei, Zhou laishui, An Luling,Wang guibin作者单位:南京航空航天大学机电学院,南京,210016刊名宇航材料工艺sTc|PKU英文刊名:AEROSPACe mATERIALS technology年,卷(期):2007,37(4)被引用次数4次惨考文献(条)1.张丽萍.张春丽.蒋寿伟皮料优化排样的有效方法[期刊论文]软件学报2005(02)2.曹炬.周济.余俊矩形件排样优化的背包算法[期刊论文]中国机械工程1994(02)3.曹炬二维异形切割件优化排样的拟合算法「期刊论文]中国机械工程2000(044.Jakobs S On geretic algorithms for the packing of polygons 1996 (05.贾志欣面向发电设备制造的下料优化排样原理与关键技术[学位论文]20026. Hopper E Turton B C H An empirical investigation of meta-heuristic and heuristic algorithms for a 2Dpacking problem 2001(01)7. Zhang Defu. Kang Yan. Deng Ansheng A new heuristic recursive algorithm for the strip rectangularpacking problem 2006 (08)相似文献(1条)1.学位论文邓冬梅复合材料铺层排样抆术硏究与开发2007复合材料因其比强度高、比模量大、材料的刚度和强度可设汁等一系列优点,在航空航天领域得到广泛应用,但高昂的价咯成了复合材料应用的最大壁垒。国外的硏究和应用成果表明数字化技术是降低复合材料构件制造成本、提高构件性能的有效途径。目前国内主要还以手工没计和手工制造为主、自动化程度不高,不仅浪费人力、物力,而且产品质量难以保证,因此有必要对复合材料数字化技术进行研究。优化排样是复合材料构件数字化生产过程中的重要环节。本文在研宄各种排样算法的基础上,提岀丁新的矩形件排样算法、优化算法以及不规则样片的排样算法,并与复合材料铺层排样的特点相结合开发了复合材料铺层排样软仁。主要研究内容和创新点如下矩形件排样不仅适用于矩形样片的排放,也是不规则样片排咩的基础。本文在建立矩形件排样数学模型的基础上,介绍了各种常见的定序列矩形件排样算法并分析其特点,提出了一种新的启发式排样算法——最低轮廓线搜索算法。该算法满足“最下最左”条件,克服了其他排样算法对某些排栏图不能给出排列的缺点,实验结果表明该算法排样效果好于最低水平线算法和最下最左(BL)算法。利用该算法实现了大量不同规格图纸的集中出图,省时省力,节约氏张2050%。矩形件排样问题具有图形运算和组合优化两方面的特性,单纯的排样算法只能解决图形运算问题,样片的排放顺序对排样结果同样重要。针对较小规模(一般少于100个图形)的矩形件排样问题,本文提岀了模拟退火与最低轮廓线搜索算法相结合的综合优化算法。对于十多个图形的排样,该算法可短时间内求得最优舾:对于近百个图形的排样,在排样效果相当旳情冮下,该亥算法比其基于模拟退火的综合优化算法效率提髙百以饣。针对大规模矩形件排样问题本文提出了蚁群笪法与最低轸廓线搜索算法相结合旳综合优化算法,该算法比模拟退火与最低轮廓线算法相结合的综合优化算法效率提高十倍以上。不规则图形排栏是所有排样研究中的热点和难点。本文将不规则样片简化成多边形进行排样,提出了两种不同的解法方法:一是基于矩形的排样方法,二是直接对多边形进行排样。基于矩形求解不规则样片排样时,将图形运算、矩形件排样算法及交互调整相结合,提出了基于矩形的多边形综合排样算法。通过各种优化组合策略,对单一样片和多种样片进行组合求其最小包络矩形,从而将不规则形状样片排样转化为矩形件排样进行求解。直接冄放多边形时,重点研究两个多边形的临界多边形(NFP)的求解。首先对基于倾斜图法的NFP求解法进行了改进和优化,完善了凹、凸两多边形NFP的求解,然后提出了适用于任意两多边形N求解的边界绕行法,该方法比基于倾斜图的求解方法适用范围广,计算简单、效率高。根据复合材料构件数宇化生产的主要过程,分析总结了复合材料铺层排样的特点,并将伉化排样算法与复合材料铺层排样的特点相结合,设计丌发了复合材料构件铺层排栏软件系统。引证文献(3条)1.卢远志杨建新.文桂林.周兵.钟志华基于排样思想的工程图坐标尺寸防干涉方法[期刊论文]中南大学学报(自然科学版)2010(2)2.张伟.安鲁陵.邵挠眀.郑盈一种矩形件分层排样算法[期刊论文]宇航材料工艺2010(1)3.陈婷.许超钣金零件排样技术及其发展[期刊论文]锻压装备与制造技术2008(4)本文链接http://d.wanfangdata.comcn/periodicAlyhclgy200704005.aspx授权使用:广东工业大学图书馆( gdgydxtsg),授权号:4flc88c5-bfdd-4dec-8ebf-9ec501113fe6下载时间:2011年4月14日

本论文包括网络工程投标书范本并阐述了撰写投标书的过程中应该注意的问题，也详细讲解了投标书的格式，标书范本做的比较规范,确实有参考意义，对从事或学习网络系统集成工作的人很有帮助

博洛尼亚大学（University of Bologna）Stefano Mattoccia教授的讲义，是双目立体视觉入门必读资料，200页PPT系统的讲解了双目视觉原理、双目整个流程、立体匹配算法的对比及常见的问题等。网上讲解双目视觉相关知识的博客，很多都引用过该PPT中的图片。

本文档主要定义了汽车故障码，以及汽车故障码的定义。可以帮助大家很快的了解汽车诊断故障码soDs15031-63ContentsForewardIntroduction,…,…,Scope..…n-n-n-……n1Normative references…,2345Terms and definitionsGeneral specifications.…,,,…,,,Format structure5.1 Description256675.2 ISO/SAE controlled codes(core DTCs5.3 Manufacturer controlled codes(non-uniform DTCs)....5.4 Body system groupings85.4.1 B0XXX ISO/SAE controlled542B1 XXX manufacturer contro∥ep∴885. 4.3 B2XXX manufacturer controlled8544B3 XXX reserved by document.…..,,,…,…,…………………85.5Chassis system groupings.85.5.1 COXXX ISO/SAE controlled85.52c1XXXmanufacturercontroled..85.5.3 C2XXX manufacturer controlled8Powertrain system groupings -DTC numbers and descriptions are given in AnnexB. BM,....5.5. 4 C3XXX reserved by document85.65.6.1 POXXX ISO/SAE controlled85.6.2 P1XXX manufacturer control85.63P2XXX|SOSAEcontoed…85.6.4 P3XXX manufacturer controlled and iso/sae reserved5.7Network groupings- dtc numbers and descriptions are given in Annex c5.7.1 UOXXX ISO/SAE controlled5.7.2 U1XXX manufacturer controlled5.7.3 U2XXX manufacturer controlled5.7.4 3XXX reserved88888896Diagnostic trouble code descriptions.……Change requests,.,,,,,,,,,…,…,10Annex a (normative)Diagnostic trouble code naming guidelines11A1 DiscussionAnnex B(normative) Powertrain system diagnostic trouble code...14B. 1 PooXX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls.14B2P01 XX Fuel and air metering-….…17B.3P02XX Fuel and air metering20B.4P03 XX Ignition system or misfire……………,……,.,…………………………………23B5P04 XX Auxiliary emission controls.……,…,………,……,,……………,………………27B6P05 XX Vehicle speed, idle control, and auxiliary inputs,,,,,,…,…,…,…,…30o Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.3B7 P06XX Computer and auxiliary outputs3B.8P07XX Transmission画画画画国面面国面面画画面B国画面画国36B 9P08 XX Transmission…………39B.10P09XXTransmissSion.42B11 P0AXX Hybrid Propulsion..l量amB12 POBXX Reservedn47B13 PoCXX Reserved by Document画B47B14 PODXX Reserved by Document………47B15 POEXX Reserved by documentB16P0 FXX Reserved by d。 cument…,,,,,…,,…47B 17 P10XX Manufacturer controlled fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls....... ....47B 18 P11XX Manufacturer controlled fuel and air metering....47B19P12 XX Manufacturer controlled fuel and air metering……….…....….…..….…….…….47B20P13 XX Manufacturer controlled ignition system or misfire…………47B21 P14XX Manufacturer controlled auxiliary emission controls.................47B22 P15XX Manufacturer controlled vehicle speed, idle control,B23 P16XX Manufacturer controlled computer and auxiliary outputs......47B24 P17XX Manufacturer controlled transmission47B.25P18XXManufacturercontro|ledtransmission∴…47B26 P19XX Manufacturer controlled transmission47B27 P20XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls48B28 P21XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls..m..8…………51B 29 P22XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls54B 30 P23XX Ignition system or58B31 P24XX Auxiliary Emission Controls59B32 P25XX Auxiliary Inputs61B33P26 XX Computer& Auxiliary outputs.……63B, 34 P27XX Transmission66B,35 P28XX ISO/SAE reserved69B 36 P29XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls69B 37 P30XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls69B38 P31XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls........69B39P32 XX Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls……………a69B40 P33XX ignition system or misfire69B41 P34XX Cylinder Deactivation...n69B, 42 P35XX ISO/SAE reservedB.43P36XS0SAEeserved.73B.44P37XXSOSAEreserVved173B, 45 P38XX ISO/SAE reserved∴73B, 46 P39XX ISO/SAE reserved73Annex C(normative)Network communication groupings74C,1 U00XX Network electricala74C2 U01XX Network Communication77C,3 U02XX Network Communication80C, 4 U03X Network Software81C 5 U04XX Network Data83o ISo 2002- All rights reservedsoDs15031-6.3ForewardISo(the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies(Isomember bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISo technicalcommittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established hasthe right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, inliaison with Iso, also take part in the work. Iso collaborates closely with the International ElectrotechnicalCommission(EC)on all matters of electrotechnical standardizationInternational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the iSo/EC Directives, Part 3Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votingPublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 of the member bodies casting a voteAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of iso 15031 may be the subject of patentrights. ISo shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rightsInternational Standard ISo 15031-6 was prepared by Technical Committee ISo/C 22, Road vehiclesSubcommittee SC3, Electric and electronic eguipmentThis second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (1.DIs) dated June 2000 of which has been technicallyrevisedISo 15031 consists of the following parts, under the general title Road vehicles-Communication between vehicleand external test equipment for emissions-related diagnosticsPart 1: Genera/ informationPart 2: Terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronymsPart 3: Diagnostic connector and related electrical circuits: specification and usePart 4: EXternal test equipment- Part 5: Emissions-related diagnostic servicesPart 6: Diagnostic trouble code definitionso Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.3IntroductionIso 15031 consists of a number of parts which taken together provides a coherent self consistent set ofspecifications to facilitate emissions-related diagnostics. Parts 2 through 7 are based on SAE recommendedracticesThis part is based on SAE J2012: MAR99(Recommended Practice for Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions)ISo 15031-1 General information, provides an introduction to the standardMost automobile manufacturers are equipping at least a portion of their product line with some on-board diagnostic(OBD) capability. These systems provide an indication as to the general location of the diagnosed malfunction. Thisinformation is provided through an alphanumeric codeo ISo 2002- All rights reservedDRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDlso/D|s150316.3Road vehicles -Communication between vehicle and externaltest equipment for emissions-related diagnostics- Part 6Diagnostic trouble code definitions1 ScopeThis part of iso 15031 provides some recommended uniformity for alphanumeric trouble codes. It further providesguidance for uniform messages associated with these codesIt specifies several sections addressing format, structure, messages, and a few examples, and is applicable toelectricallelectronic systems diagnostics of motor vehiclesAnnex A specifies the diagnostic trouble code naming guidelines for signals from componentsAnnex B specifies the actual code assignments and description for Powertrain system diagnostic trouble codesAnnex C specifies the actual code assignments and description for network communicationAdditional annexes for body systems and chassis systems are under preparation2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis part of iso 15031. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publicationsdo not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of iso 15031 are encouraged to investigate thepossibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of iso and IEC maintainregisters of currently valid International StandardsSo15031-2Road vehicles -Communication between vehicle and external equipment for emissionsrelated diagnostics- Part 2: Terms, definitions, abbreviations, and acronymsSO15031-5Road vehicles- Communication between vehicle and external equipment for emissionsrelated diagnostics- Part 5: Emissions-related diagnostic serviceso Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.33 Terms and definitionsFor the purpose of this part of Iso 15031, the following definitions apply. terms and definitions of iso 15031 -1 maybe used to hold definitions of terms used within more than one part of iso 15031. It is not intended to be used forterms and definitions of vehicle component terminology: these may appear in ISo 15031-23.1circuit/openfixed value or no response from the system where specific high or low detection is not feasible or can be used inconjunction with circuit low and high codes where all three circuit conditions can be detectedNOTEThe term"malfunction"has, in most cases, been deleted from the dtC description3.2range/performancecircuit is in the normal operating range, but not correct for current operating conditions, it may be used to indicatestuck or skewed values indicating poor performance of a circuit, component, or system3.3low inputcircuit voltage, frequency, or other characteristic measured at the control module input terminal or pin that is belowthe normal operating range3.4high inputcircuit voltage, frequency, or other characteristic measured at the control module input terminal or pin that is abovethe normal operating range3.5bankspecific group of cylinders sharing a common control sensor, bank 1 always contains cylinder number 1, bank 2 isthe opposite bankNOTE If there is only one bank, use bank #1 DTCs and the word bank may be omitted. With a single"bank"system usingmultiple sensors, use bank #13.6sensor locationlocation of a sensor in relation the engine air flow, starting from the fresh air intake through to the vehicle tailpipe orfuel flow from the fuel tank to the engine in order numbering 1, 2, 3 and so onNOTEsee figures 1-42o ISo 2002- All rights reservedso/Ds15031-63B1 S3B1 S1B1S2(wide range)(heated)CatalystCatalystTail PipeCyl.1 Cylinder Bank 1V6/8/V12 CylinderEngingCylinder Bank 2Exhaust Bank 2analystCatalystTail PipeB2 S12S2(Bank 2- Sensor 1) Bank 2-Sensor 2B2 S3(Bank 2-Sensor 3)Figure 1-V6/v8/12 Cylinder Engine with 2 exhaust banks and 4 Catalysts example1s1(Bank 1- Sensor 1)(Banκ1- Sensor2)CaiystExhaust bankB1 S3yC ylinder bank 1(heatedV6/V8/V12 CylinderCatalystTail PipeEngineC ylinder bank 2Exhaust Bank 2B2 S2(Bank 2- sensor 2)32S1heated(Bank2· sensor1)Figure 2-V6/8/V12 Cylinder Engine with 2 exhaust banks and 3 Catalysts exampleo Iso 2002- All rights reservedso/D|s15031-6.3B1 S3B1 S1B1 S2(Bank 1-Sensor 1)(Bank 1-Sensor 2)(Bank 1-Sensor 3(heated(wide range)(heated)兰∞Sx山CatalystCatalystTail PipeFigure 3-L4/L5/L6 Cylinder Engine with 1 exhaust bank and 2 Catalysts exampleB1 S1B1 S2(Bank 1- Sensor 1)(Bank 1-Sensor 2(wide range)(heated)=2CatalystTail Pipe834Figure 4-L4/L5/L6 Cylinder Engine with 1 exhaust bank and 1 Catalyst example3.7eft/right and front/rearcomponent identified by its position as if it can be viewed from the drivers seating position3.8ABwhere components are indicated by a letter (i.e., A,B, C, etc. this would be manufacturer defined, starting withcomponent A3.9intermittent/erraticthe signal is temporarily discontinuous, the duration of the fault is not sufficient to be considered an open or shortor the rate of change is excessiveo ISo 2002- All rights reserved