Observers in Control Systems
详细介绍了状态观测器及其在控制系统中的应用。Observers inControl SystemsA Practical guideGeorge ellisDanaher corporation4ACADEMIC PRESSAn imprint of elsevier ScienceAmsterdam Boston London New York Oxford ParisSan Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney TokyoThis book is printed on acid-free paper ooCopyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA)All rightsNo part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informationstorage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requestsfor permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to thefollowing address: Permissions Department, Harcourt, Inc, 6277 Sea Harbor DriveOrlando. Florida. 32887-6777.ACADEMIC PRESSAn imprint of Elsevier Science525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USAhttp://www.academicpress.comAcademic pr84 Theobalds Road. London WCIX 8RR. UKhttp://www.academicpress.comLibrary of congress control Number: 2002104256International Standard book Number: 0-12-237472-XPrinted in the United States of america020304050607MB987654321TO Lee Ann, my loving wife, and our daughter Gretchen, who makes us both proud.Observers in Control Systems■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■Acknowledgments■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■Safety■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■1 Control Systems and the role of observers■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■1.1 Overviewaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa1.2 Preview of observers21.3 Summary of the book2 Control-System Background52.1 Control-System Structures52.2 Goals of control systems132.3 Visual Model Simulation Environment2. 4 Software Experiments: Introduction to Visual ModelQ182.5 Exercises393 Review of the Frequency Domain.■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■3. 1 Overview of the s-domain413.2 Overview of the z-Domain543.3 The Open-Loop Method593.4 A Zone-Based Tuning Procedure623.5 Exercises664 The Luenberger observer: Correcting SensorProblems674. 1 What Is a luenberger observer?674.2 Experiments 4A-4C: Enhancing Stability with an Observer724.3 Predictor-Corrector Form of the Luenberger Observer774. 4 Filter Form of the luenberger observer. ..................................784.5 Designing a Luenberger observer824.6 Introduction to Tuning an observer compensator9047 Exercises955 The Luenberger Observer and Model Inaccuracy... 975.1 Model Inaccuracy.........….……,975.2 Effects of Model Inaccuracy .............................................1005.3 Experimental Evaluation1025.4 Exercises1146 The Luenberger observer and disturbances1156.1 Disturbances1156.2 Disturbance Response1236.3 Disturbance DecouplingIB..-.81296.4 Exercises1387 Noise in the Luenberger Observer…,,,…,,…,…,1417.1 Noise in Control Systems1417.2 Sensor noise and the luenberger observer1457.3 Noise Sensitivity when Using Disturbance Decoupling1567. 4 Reducing Noise Susceptibility in Observer-Based Systems1617.5 Exercises1708 Using the Luenberger Observer in Motion Control1738.1 The Luenberger observers in motion Systems1738.2 Observing Velocity to Reduce Phase Lag1858.3 Using observers to Improve Disturbance Response..... 2028.4 Exercises212Referencesn213A Observer-Based resolver conversion in industrialServo Systems1■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■217B Cures for mechanical resonance in IndustrialServo Systems227Introductionaaa日aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa日aaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa日aa227TWo-Part Transfer function228LOW-Frequency Resonance229Velocity Control Law…...8....230Methods of Correction Applied to Low-Frequency Resonance231Conc| usion.…235Acknowledgments235References235C European Symbols for Block Diagrams237Part Linear functions237Part l: nonlinear functions238D Development of the bilinear transformation241Bilinear Transformation241Prewarning242Factoring polynomials243Phase Advancing………………………,243Solutions toChapter 2245Chapter 3245Chapter 4246Chapter 5重口m口m246Chapter 6247Chapter7.….B..8..8..8...248Chapter 8249Index251AcknowledgmentsWriting a book is a large task and requires support from numerous people, and thosepeople deserve thanks. First, I thank LeeAnn, my devoted wife of more than 20 yearsShe has been an unflagging fan, a counselor, and a demanding editor. She taught memuch of what I have managed to learn about how to express a thought in ink. Thanksto my mother who was sure I would grow into someone in whom she would be proudwhen facts should have dissuaded her Thanks also to my father for his insistence thatI obtain a college education; that privilege was denied to him, an intelligent man borninto a family of modest meansI am grateful for the education provided by Virginia Tech Go Hokies. The basicsof electrical engineering imparted to me over my years at school allowed me to graspthe concepts I apply regularly today. I am grateful to Mr. Emory Pace, a toughprofessor who led me through numerous calculus courses and, in doing so, gaveme the confidence on which I would rely throughout my college career and beyondI am especially grateful to Dr Charles Nunnally; having arrived at university froma successful career in industry, he provided my earliest exposure to the practicalapplication of the material I strove to learn. I also thank Dr robert lorenz of theUniversity of Wisconsin at Madison, who introduced me to observers some years agoHis instruction has been enlightening and practical. Several of his university coursesare available in video format and are recommended for those who would like toextend their knowledge of controls. In particular, readers should consider ME 746which presents observers and numerous other subjectsI thank those who reviewed the manuscript for this book. Special thanks goes toDan Carlson for his contributions to almost every chapter contained herein Thanksalso to Eric Berg for his numerous insights. Thanks to the people of KollmorgenCorporation(now, Danaher Corporation), my long-time employer, for their continuing support in writing this book. Finally, thanks to Academic Press, especially to JoelClaypool, my editor, for the opportunity to write this edition and for editing, printing, distributing, and performing the myriad other tasks required to publish a bookX1
- 2020-12-11下载
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《数字信号处理C语言程序集》 殷福亮 宋爱军
一本非常有用的书：数字信号处理C语言程序集,作者 殷福亮，宋爱军。清晰、完整。网上提供的有些版本残缺不全，存在漏页的情况，我上传的这个经仔细检查，不存在类似问题。本书内容十分丰富，紧贴工程应用实际，非常实用。提供了大量的函数及其源代码，利于读者参考。实在是不可多大的一本好书，你值得拥有！本书的具体内容不在此赘述，大家很容易百度得到的。图书在版编目(CIP)数据数字信号处理C语程序集/殷福亮、宋爱乍主编,-沈阳:辽宁科学学技术出版社,1997.7ISBN7-5381-25213数殷…Ⅲ.C语言-数学信号-信号处理应用程序Ⅳ.TN没1.72中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(97)第03286号辽宁科学技术出版社出版沈阳市和平区北马路1(8号邮政编码110001)地方国营新民印刷总厂印刷新华书店北京发行所发开本:787×10921/16印张:28字数:710.0001997年7月第1版1997年7月第1次印刷责任编辑:马旭东版式设计:于浪封面设计;邹君文责任校对:东戈印数:15,0(0定价:30.00元目录第一篇常用数字信号的产生第一章数字信号的产生§1.1均匀分布的随机数baaa‘·aa·a··‘s4···‘44‘4··44·····4··-···§1.2正态分布的随机数…§1.3指数分布的随机数…………·······◆÷·············:§1.4拉普拉斯( Laplace)分布的随机数单·鲁。非号。非●着鲁鲁导●·。香§1.5瑞利( Rayleigh)分布的随机数……………………………………9§1.6对数正态分布的随机数………:11§L.7柯西( Cauchy)分布的随机数………·…·.13§1.8韦伯( Weibul)分布的随机数……15§1.9爱尔朗( Erlang)分布的随机数………………17§1.10贝努里( Bernoulli1)分布的随机数………●看鲁ψ鲁曹●自●喜鲁。由看看自命曲D自看19§1.11贝努里高斯分布的随机数·●中·······甲§1.12二项式分布的随机数……§1.13泊松( Poisson)分布的随机数§1·14ARMA(pq)模型数据的产生命●·p·看D●·看·。普。··●曲也。b§1.15含有高斯白噪声的正弦组合信号的产生…………§1.16解析信号的产生………35第二篇数字信号处理第一章快速傅立叶变换…"39§1.1离散傅立叶变换……§1.2快速傅立叶变换鲁鲁··音····着·D。·协。中·咖4卡4●音备·由画口省画曲命··44§1.3基4快速傅立叶变换………●4bb●■·即·●··。···鄂甲,银●看§1.4分裂基快速傅立叶变换………………………………57§1·5实序列快速傅立叶变换(-)….°°··.·····“···。61§1.6实序列快速傅立叶变换(二)……§1.7用一个N点复序州的FFT同时计算两个N点实序列离散傅立叶变换…。b自4血者b自晶。aa·70§I.8共轭对称序列的快速傅立叶反变换73§1.9紊因子快速傅立叶变换…………………………………………80§1.10 Chirp乙-变换算法…………………………………96第二章快速离散正交变换…§2.1快速哈特莱( Hartley)变换…………………………§2.2基4快速哈待莱( Hartley)变换§2.3分裂基快速哈特莱( Hartley)变换…§2.4快速离散余弦变换……15§2.5快速离散余弦反变换…………····自··非·中中····曹...·.118§2.6N=8点快速高散余弦变换·······…··…·121§27N=8点快速离散余弦反变换●鲁鲁·香垂香●鲁§28快速离散正弦变换…………………………129§2.9快速沃尔什( Walsh)变换…133§2.10快速希尔伯特变换(一)………………鲁·鲁音辛章·看·争●·●自章·自··137§2.11快速希尔伯特变换(二)…141第三章快速卷积与相关§3.1快速卷积………………………144§3.2长序列的快速卷积……………………147§33特别长序列的快速卷积…中4·鼻●………………∵"……152§3.4快速相关…………………………………………………158第四章数字滤波器的时城和频域响应…………16341数字滤波器的频率响应b●4,4看香·……163§4.2级联型数字滤波器的频率响应………………………166s4.3数字滤波器的时域响应171§4.4直接型IR数字滤波(一)………………………………174§4.5直接型IR数字滤波(二)…………177§4.6级联型IR数字滤波§4.7并联型IR数字滤波…………………………………………185第五章IR数宇滤波器的设计………………………………189§5.1巴持沃兹和切比雪夫数字滤波器的设计……◆香音非杳D,看看§5.2任意幅庋IR数字滤波器的优化设计……………………………2082第六章FIR数字滤波器的设计……………………………227§6.1窗函数方法………………………………………227§6.2频域最小误差平方设计………238§6.3切比雪夫通近方法…………………………………242第三篇随机数字信号处理第一章经典谱佔计···:·a4a命a4264§1.1功率谱估计的周期图方法264§1.2功率谱估计的相关方法………………………………………271第二章现代谱佔计隐自·音鲁章自●·●4鲁自费●●看§2.1求解一般托布利兹方程组的莱文森算法……………………280§2.2求解对称正定方程组的乔里斯基算法…83§2.3求解尤利沃克方程的莱文森德宾算法§2.4计算ARMA模型的功率谱密度……………………………….289§2.5尤利沃克谱估计算法…………292§2.6协方差谱估计算法.·…·…297§2.7Burg谱估计算法30§2.8最大似然谱估计算法鲁t···章·。看e308第三章时频分析………….314§3.1维格纳( wigner)分布……………◆鲁毋■章鲁·●●·●非b曲。島曲…314§3.2离散小波变换…318第四章随机信号的数字滤波330§41维纳( Wiener)数字滤波…唱·喜非最330§42卡尔曼( Kalman)数字滤波…·。··●··命···◆··命·335§4.3最小均方(LMS)自适应数字滤波………341§44归一化LMS自适应数字滤波344§4.5递推最小二乘(RLS)自适应数字滤波……………………348第四篇数字图像处理第一章图像基本运算………………ss"sss352§1·1图像读取、存储与显示…§1.2图像旋转….·····鲁具··。366§1.3图像灰度级直方图的计算…………368§1.4图像二值化的固定阀值法…1.5图像二值化的自适应阀值法…·中··看辛中·鲁音·甲●·372第二章图像增强-………376§2.1图像直方图均衡…………………………376§2.2中值滤波香看春·鲁自。看●··….·········色·.···B···378§2.3图像锐化······.···········世·D“·中·中···中·;··容e·咱要382§2.4图像平滑………………………………………………………………383第三章图像边缘检测辛b鲁卡鲁中●●·§31 Roberts算子边缘检测“····.…·386§3.2拉普拉斯算子边缘检测…………………………………388§3.3 Sobel算子边缘检测………§3.4 Robinson算子边缘检测………………………392§3.5 Kirsch算子边缘检测…鲁鲁·看§3.6 Prewitt算子边缘检测第四章图像细化……………………………………………139§4.1 Hilditch细化算法看●看非。●命D看鲁●●;·着●画399§4.2 Pavlidis细化算法qq··中····.404§4.3 Rosenfeld细化算法………第五篇人工神经网络第一章神经网络模型……·…·…"·416§1.1多层感知器神经网络………………………………………………416§1.2离散 Hopfield神经网络……………………………………425§1.3连续 Hopfield神经网络……。辛b4··吾。自司b命°…·434§1.4Tank- Hopfield线性规划神经网络参考文献…●●●电·单·4是p中······鲁s自····4·●……………”442第一篇常用数字信号的产生第一章数字信号的产生§1.1均匀分布的随机数功能产生(a,b)区间上均匀分布的随机数、方法简介均匀分布的概率密度函数为,a≤x≤b0,其它通常用U(2)表示,均匀分布的均值为+2,方差为(b2产生均匀分布随机数的方法如下:首先,由给定的初值x,用混合同余法ai=(ai-1+ c)(mod M)产生(0,1)区间上的随机数y。其中a=2045,c=1,M=20;然后,通过变换x;=a(b-a)y产生(ab)区间上的随机数z三、使用说明1.子函数语句double uniform (a.b. seed)2.形参说明a—双精度实型变量。给定区间的下限。b—双精度实型变量。给定区间的上限seed—长整型指针变量。*seed为随机数的种子。四、子函数程序(文件名: uniform.c)double uniform (a, b, seed)ouble ai doubled=2045兴(兴seed)+1Seed=关seed一(兴seed/1048576)为1048576;t=(兴seed)/1048576.0;t=a-(beturn (t)五、例题产生50个0到1之间均匀分布的随机数。主函数程序(文件名: uniform.m):#include " stdio. h# includi double a, bngdouble uniform(double, double, long int *a=0.0;b-1.0;s=13579for(i=0;
- 2020-12-06下载
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