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适应蚁群算法的最短路径搜索方法研究比较详细地介绍了如何使用蚁群优化算法来进行最短路径搜索

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关于认知无线电频谱分配方面的知识，希望对寻找资源的同学有帮助第37卷第19期何利,郑湘渝,刘振坤:基于图着色理论的最大效用频谱分配算法9542最大平均效用ISAA,但小于CSGC的时问开销。但是由图2可知,在同一图2分别给出了CSGC、ISAA和MUAA3种算法在用频谱数目下,MUAA算法的最大平均效用是最高的,并且随户取值为7和12时的最大平均效用。随着系统中频谱数的不着系统中频谱数目的増多,MUAA算法的最大平均效用高于淅增加,3种算法的最大平均效用基本呈现上升趋势,但是SAA算法,ISAA算法和(S(C算法的效用相同。MUAA算MUAA算法的最大平均效用増加趋势大于CSGC和ISAA算法以牺牲较少的时间开销获得了较大的系统效用,可见,法,这是因为随着频谱数目增加,MUAA算法的用户提高了MUAA算法是这3种算法中最优的。频谱的复用率。5结束语120本文研究了认知无线电网络屮基于图论着色模型的频谱H-ISAAMUAA分配算法,在分析CSGC、ISAA存在的问题基础上,提出兼CSGC顾系统效用和时间开销的MUAA算法,并对3种算法在系统效用和时间开销方面进行仿真比较。仿真结果表明,MUAA算法是有效的。下一步工作是将ISAA的并行计算方法应用2个到MUAA屮,在不增加时间开销的基础上,提高频谱分配的系统效用。参考文献[1] Shared Spectrum Company. Dynamic Spectrum Use[EB/OLI频谱数日(2007-04-25).http://www.sharedspectrum.com(an=7[2]Zheng Haitao, Peng Chunyi. Collaboration and Fairness inOpportunistic Spectrum Access[C]/Proc. of the 40th AnnuaMUAAInlernatiunal Conference on Communications. Seoul Kurea: Ieee3]廖楚林,陈劼,唐有喜,等.认知无限电中的并行频谱分配算法[J.电子与信息学报,2007,29(7:1608-1611[4 Wang Jiao, Huang Yuqing, Jiang Hong. Improved algorithm ofSpectrum Allocation Based on Graph Coloring Model in CognitiveRadio[clproc. of International Conference on Communicationsand Mubile Conputing. Washington D. C, USA: IEEE CoInputer频谱数目ociety,2009:353-357[S]彭振,赵知劲.基于混合蛙跣算法的认知无线电频谱分配[门.图2CsGC、ISAA和MUAA的最大平均效用计算机工程,2010,36(6):210-212.综上所述,由图1可知,MUAA算法的时间开销稍大」编辑陆燕菲(上接第92页信道下本地频谱感知和认知网络合作频谱感知进行研究和仿真,结果表明,合作频谱感知能明显改善 Rician衰洛信道的检测效果。下一步工作是研究其他衰落信道如 Nakagami信道下无线认知网络的合作频谱感知参考文献[]周贤伟.软件无线电M].北京:国防工业出版社,2008AWGN[2 Ghascmi A, Sousa E s. Collaborative Spcctrum Sensing forOpportunistic Access in Fading Environments[C]//Proc. of the Ist10IEEE SYmp. on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Baltimore,103锴误警报概率USA: IEEE Press. 2005: 131-136图4不同用户数目时合作频谱感知的ROC曲线[3] Digham FF, Alouini M S, Simon M K On the Energy Detection of4绪束语Unknown Signals over Fading Channels[C]/Proc. of ICC"03在深度阴影衰落环境屮,认知用户需要合作频谱感知来Ottawa Canada: IEEE Press. 2003: 3575-3579检测到主用户的存在。 Rician信道模型适用于郊区或农村建4 Fctc b a.认知无线电技术lMJ.赵知劲,郑什链,尚俊娜,译模,以后将可能广泛应用,因此,对 Rician衰落信道的认知北京:科学出版社,2008网络合作频谱感知的研究具有重要意义。本文对 Rician衰落编辑金胡考C1994-2012ChinaAcademicJournalElcctronicPublishinghOusc.Allrightsrescrved.http://www.cnki.nct

matlab实现蝙蝠算法（BA）代码，可用于智能算法的优化

这个程序能将仿真动画以gif格式的图片保存下来。

详细介绍了状态观测器及其在控制系统中的应用。Observers inControl SystemsA Practical guideGeorge ellisDanaher corporation4ACADEMIC PRESSAn imprint of elsevier ScienceAmsterdam Boston London New York Oxford ParisSan Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney TokyoThis book is printed on acid-free paper ooCopyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA)All rightsNo part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informationstorage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requestsfor permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to thefollowing address: Permissions Department, Harcourt, Inc, 6277 Sea Harbor DriveOrlando. Florida. 32887-6777.ACADEMIC PRESSAn imprint of Elsevier Science525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USAhttp://www.academicpress.comAcademic pr84 Theobalds Road. London WCIX 8RR. UKhttp://www.academicpress.comLibrary of congress control Number: 2002104256International Standard book Number: 0-12-237472-XPrinted in the United States of america020304050607MB987654321TO Lee Ann, my loving wife, and our daughter Gretchen, who makes us both proud.Observers in Control Systems■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■Acknowledgments■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■Safety■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■1 Control Systems and the role of observers■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■1.1 Overviewaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa1.2 Preview of observers21.3 Summary of the book2 Control-System Background52.1 Control-System Structures52.2 Goals of control systems132.3 Visual Model Simulation Environment2. 4 Software Experiments: Introduction to Visual ModelQ182.5 Exercises393 Review of the Frequency Domain.■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■3. 1 Overview of the s-domain413.2 Overview of the z-Domain543.3 The Open-Loop Method593.4 A Zone-Based Tuning Procedure623.5 Exercises664 The Luenberger observer: Correcting SensorProblems674. 1 What Is a luenberger observer?674.2 Experiments 4A-4C: Enhancing Stability with an Observer724.3 Predictor-Corrector Form of the Luenberger Observer774. 4 Filter Form of the luenberger observer. ..................................784.5 Designing a Luenberger observer824.6 Introduction to Tuning an observer compensator9047 Exercises955 The Luenberger Observer and Model Inaccuracy... 975.1 Model Inaccuracy.........….……,975.2 Effects of Model Inaccuracy .............................................1005.3 Experimental Evaluation1025.4 Exercises1146 The Luenberger observer and disturbances1156.1 Disturbances1156.2 Disturbance Response1236.3 Disturbance DecouplingIB..-.81296.4 Exercises1387 Noise in the Luenberger Observer…,,,…,,…,…,1417.1 Noise in Control Systems1417.2 Sensor noise and the luenberger observer1457.3 Noise Sensitivity when Using Disturbance Decoupling1567. 4 Reducing Noise Susceptibility in Observer-Based Systems1617.5 Exercises1708 Using the Luenberger Observer in Motion Control1738.1 The Luenberger observers in motion Systems1738.2 Observing Velocity to Reduce Phase Lag1858.3 Using observers to Improve Disturbance Response..... 2028.4 Exercises212Referencesn213A Observer-Based resolver conversion in industrialServo Systems1■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■217B Cures for mechanical resonance in IndustrialServo Systems227Introductionaaa日aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa日aaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa日aa227TWo-Part Transfer function228LOW-Frequency Resonance229Velocity Control Law…...8....230Methods of Correction Applied to Low-Frequency Resonance231Conc| usion.…235Acknowledgments235References235C European Symbols for Block Diagrams237Part Linear functions237Part l: nonlinear functions238D Development of the bilinear transformation241Bilinear Transformation241Prewarning242Factoring polynomials243Phase Advancing………………………,243Solutions toChapter 2245Chapter 3245Chapter 4246Chapter 5重口m口m246Chapter 6247Chapter7.….B..8..8..8...248Chapter 8249Index251AcknowledgmentsWriting a book is a large task and requires support from numerous people, and thosepeople deserve thanks. First, I thank LeeAnn, my devoted wife of more than 20 yearsShe has been an unflagging fan, a counselor, and a demanding editor. She taught memuch of what I have managed to learn about how to express a thought in ink. Thanksto my mother who was sure I would grow into someone in whom she would be proudwhen facts should have dissuaded her Thanks also to my father for his insistence thatI obtain a college education; that privilege was denied to him, an intelligent man borninto a family of modest meansI am grateful for the education provided by Virginia Tech Go Hokies. The basicsof electrical engineering imparted to me over my years at school allowed me to graspthe concepts I apply regularly today. I am grateful to Mr. Emory Pace, a toughprofessor who led me through numerous calculus courses and, in doing so, gaveme the confidence on which I would rely throughout my college career and beyondI am especially grateful to Dr Charles Nunnally; having arrived at university froma successful career in industry, he provided my earliest exposure to the practicalapplication of the material I strove to learn. I also thank Dr robert lorenz of theUniversity of Wisconsin at Madison, who introduced me to observers some years agoHis instruction has been enlightening and practical. Several of his university coursesare available in video format and are recommended for those who would like toextend their knowledge of controls. In particular, readers should consider ME 746which presents observers and numerous other subjectsI thank those who reviewed the manuscript for this book. Special thanks goes toDan Carlson for his contributions to almost every chapter contained herein Thanksalso to Eric Berg for his numerous insights. Thanks to the people of KollmorgenCorporation(now, Danaher Corporation), my long-time employer, for their continuing support in writing this book. Finally, thanks to Academic Press, especially to JoelClaypool, my editor, for the opportunity to write this edition and for editing, printing, distributing, and performing the myriad other tasks required to publish a bookX1

通过MATLAB对发现的目标属性进行分析判断，对威胁等级进行排序，代码实测有效。

自动控制课程设计，角度随动系统，有需要的同学可以来下载一下。包括proteus仿真，protel 99se的ddb，和实验报告。