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研究生自适应信号处理课程用书 信号与信息处理专业研究生系列教材自适应信号处理沈福民编著西安电子科技大学出版社2001内容简介木书主要介绍自适应信号处理的基本理论、基本电路与系统的性能和应用以及近年来的新进展。全书共分10章,在第三、四、五、六章中,着重分析和讨论自适应基本准则和自适应主要算法;为了便于理解和掌握自适应的基本理论,在本书的第一、二章中介绍了有关自适应及自适应信号处理的基本概念,发展概况和有关的基础知识;自第七章后,特别增加了关于自适应信号处理基本电路与系统的性能和应用方面的内容。本书可作为通信、电子信息工程专业及其他相关专业大学高年级学生和研究生的教科书,也可以作为从事自适应信号处理研究领域工程技术人员的自学用书。图书在版编目CIP)数据自适应信号处理/沈福民编著.一西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2001.3研究生系列教材ISBN7-5606-0979-11.自…Ⅱ.沈…Ⅱ.自适应通信系统一信号处理一研究生一教材Ⅳ,TN914中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2000第82675号责任编辑夏大平出版发行西安电子科技大学出版社(西安市太白南路2号)电话(029)8227828邮编710071http://www.xduph.comE-mail: xdupfxb@ pub. xaonline com经销新华书店印刷西安市第三印刷厂版次2001年3月第1版2001年3月第1次印刷开本787毫米×1092毫米1/16印张14.625字数341千字印数1~4000册定价16.00元ISBN7-5606-0979-1/TN·0170*如有印装问题可调换**本书封面贴有西安电子科技大学出版社的激光防你标志,无标志者不得锵售。前言随着信号处理学科领域理论与技术的迅速发展,自适应信号处理作为一门新的学科分支应运而生,并在诸如通信、雷达、工业控制、地震勘探及生物医学电子学等领戎获得愈来愈广泛的应用。近儿十年来,在自适应信号处理的理论、方法与应用技术方面的研究己取得了丰硕成果,与之相关的研究文献及论著也不断问世。然而,作为适合该学科领域研究生教学与培养专业技术人才的教科书数量甚少,特别在我国还未见到。这就很难满足实际教学及科研工作的迫切需要。本书的编写旨在弥补在自适应信号处理理论、方法与应用技术的学习及研究之中教材的不足。全书以“自适应性能测度”、“自适应算法”等基本現论的介绍分析及应用方面的讨论贯穿前后各章内容。全书共分10章,其主要内容可概括如下:1.随机信号与信号矩阵理论(第一、二章):为便于初学者入门,在本书前面增加了有关自适应信号处理理论学习必备知识方面的内容。2.性能测度与性能表面搜索(第三、四章):这是自适应信号处理全部理论的核心思想与基本出发点,由此可推导出冬种形式的自适应基本算法和相应的改进算法。3.基本自适应算法与适于不同应用情况下的自适应改进算法(第五、六章):这是本书最重要的内容,它体现了自适应信号处理理论与技术发展的方向与水平。本书除介绍较早期的研究成果和基本理论外,同玗关注近年来取得的新成果。4.自适应模拟与逆模拟,自适应于扰对消与自逅应预测滤波电路〔第七、八章):主要分析了它们的基本原理和有针对性地介绍了它们的实际应用。5.自适应阵列与自适应波束形成(第九章):较详细地介绍了阵列波束形成的一般原理、旁瓣对消器和各种自适应波束形成器及它们的应用。6.自适应控制(第十章):这涉及到一个专门的学科领域,但本书主要想使读者了解和掌握自适应信号处理理论与技术在该领域的应用情况,并不想全面深入地研究整个领域。读者应当从以下几个方面把握本书的主要特色:1.较全面地集中介绍了自适应信号处理的基本理论与方法。2.为了不使学生的学习仅仅停留在比绞抽象的理论之上,在本书中特别用较多的篇幅介绍了各种自适应算法在多个学科领域内的应用(其中包括对各种不同自适应电路与系统的分析),但主要侧重于通信、雷达及阵列信号处理等方面的实际应用。3.基于对复随机信号(或复确知信号)的自适应信号处理理论,从而使研究更具普遍性,本书的研究内容不仅针对复信号,而且也同样包含了(适合)实信号。本书是在作者参加科研工作及承担本课程的多年研究生教学工作基础上编写完成的,因而较多地考虑到了教学工作中的实际要求和一般有关专业人员的自学需要。但是,由于本学科的发展十分迅速,本书对有些近年来才获得的新成果还不能满意地介绍给大家,加之作者水平所限,书肀难免有错误与不当之处,敬请广大读者谅解并不吝赐教。淸华大学张贤达教授在百忙之中对书稿进行了认真审阅,并对书稿提出了十分宝贵的修改意见,在此深表感谢。本书的编写与出版工作得到了西安电子科技大学教材建设基金和研究生教材建设基金的专项资助,在此也特表感谢。沈福民2000年9月于西安电子科技大学目录第一章概论1.1主要研究领域1.2发展和应用………自。·鲁音◆◆◆··鲁···4●音●·●鲁命鲁鲁·鲁非●●命21.3章节内容安排第二章信号矩阵理论2.1信号、信号向量与权向量…2.2输入信号的相关矩阵……2.3信号子空间和噪声子空间…457◆··●●鲁鲁●●●。●●鲁鲁·啁●·晋●··番·。鲁自·鲁●。。·●·●●曹春鲁鲁●·鲁布·自。。●垂●·●b曹2.4梯度运算··鲁音自·普p·自自●非●·看自鲁。鲁自●●●鲁·非奇自·晋带●··●鲁自4音●●·q●非ψ●●鲁●●·音●·●●山◆。鲁鲁●鲁●·第三章性能测量方法3.1均方误差(MSE)性能测度……………………………………………………113.2最大信噪比(MSN)性能测度……………●·●●·●●···普●命●垂●●命·自曹鲁●·鲁●音备3.3最大似然(ML)性能测度…183.4最小噪声方差(MV)性能测度19习题…………………………………………………………………21第四章性能表面的搜索4.1最速下降法梯度搜索……………………………………224.2牛顿法梯度搜索·音音鲁●。◆.鲁●···●●···命命……264,3梯度估值及其对自适应过程的影响●带●P。鲁●30习题……………ss46第五章基本自适应算法5.1LMS算法485.2序贯回归(SER)算法……………………………………563RLS算法………………625.4随机搜索算法…665.5直接矩阵求逆(DMI法…………………………………………7习题···鲁鲁鲁看··非●··甲垂●电●75第六章自适应算法的改进形式6.1约束LMS算法………………………………776.2自适应递归滤波器…………………………………816.3自适应格型滤波器…866.4用正交信号的自适应滤波…986.5解相关LMS算法…鲁●·●·自曹D曹看垂备春●咖↓◆事●4l046.6一种新的拟牛顿自适应滤波算法……………………………………106习题…………………………108第七章自适应模拟与逆模拟7.1概述………………………………………………………………………1117.2多径通信信道的自适应模拟……ss…ss1147.3FIR滤波器综合的自适应模拟……………………………………118电话信道的自适应均衡…………………………………………………1217.5雪达信道的自适应均衡………1247.6IR滤波器自适应综合125习题………130第八章自适应干扰对消8.1概述………13682单信道噪声对消器…………………………………1378.3用作陷波滤波器的自适应干扰对消器1448.4自适应预测器的几种应用…147具有多参考输入的噪声对消……………………153习题…………………………辛鲁垂●垂鲁·。·●154第九章自适应阵列与自适应波束形成9.1阵列波束形成的基本原理……………………1579.2自适应天线旁瓣对消……………………………1619.3采用引导信号的波束形成…………1689.4格里菲思LMS波束形成器………………………………………1769.5弗罗斯特自适应波束形成器…………:1789.6具有零点和极点的自适应波束形成器………1829.7杜瓦尔自适应波束形成器……………………………………1849.8跳频扩谱技术…●香●鲁鲁●鲁命p●鲁垂…ss1879.9超分辨波束形成…89习题195第十章自适应控制系统10.1白适应控制的基本概念…………………………………19910.2自适应模型控制(AMC)……………………………………,20210.3自适应逆控制…………………20410.4被控系统噪声及过滤后ⅹ-LMS算法………●●·◆····哥··。··音非自··。·。●;·●·●20710.5模型参考自适应控制●●◆鲁·◆··昏··自曹●辛●香●非●音··●●。自。鲁音非·●D●◆自····昏·番209习题…●鲁。鲁211附录附录A信号复包络表示◆…·214附录B有用的矩阵关系和施瓦茨不等式……………216附录C多变量的高斯分析………………………………….217C.1实高斯随机向量…………218C.2复高斯随机向量···●···P··。●·········:·;s··s;s·s.saa219参考文献鲁·●···章……………………………222第一章概论自适应信号处理( Adaptive Signal Processing)是近40年来发展起来的信号处理领域一个新的分支。随着人们在该领域研究的不断深入,自适应信号处理的理论和技术日趋完善,其应用的范围也愈来愈广泛通过信号和信号的传送,人们可以获取(有用)信息,而经对信号进行处理使蕴含于信号中的(有用)信息提取出来。由于信号形式及信号传送方式和传送环境的复杂性(例如信号在传送过程中受到噪声和干扰的污染等),促使信号处理理论和技术不断发展,从而使人们更有效地、最大可能地获取信息。1.1主要研究领域自适应信号处理是研究一类结构可变或可以调整的系统,它可以通过自身与外界环境的接触来改善自身对信号处理的性能。通常这类系统是时变的非线性系统,可以自动适应(即“自适应”)信号传送变化的环境和要求,无须详细知道信号的结构和信号的实际知识无须精确设计信号处理系统本身。自适应系统( Adaptive System)的非线性特性主要是由系统对不同信号环境实现自身调整确定的。假如一个自适应滤波器( Adaptive Filter)的输入仅为有用信号,那么,它可以是个全通滤波器,但若输入为有用信号加噪声(或干扰),则可成为一个带通或带阻滤波器。自适应系统的时变特性主要是由其自适应响应(自适应“学习”)过程确定的。当自适应过程结束,系统调整不再进行时,有一类自适应系统可成为线性系统,并称为“线性自适应系统”( Linear Adaptive system)。因便于设计并易于作数学处理,这类自适应系统特别有用。自适应系统和一般系统类似,可以分为开环自适应和闭环自适应两种类型。开环自适应系统的工作主要为:对输入信号或信号环境进行测量,并用测量得到的信息形成公式或算法( Algorithm),用以调整自适应系统自身;而闭环自适应系统还利用系统调整所得纬果的有关知识去优化系统某种性能,即该类系统是一种带“性能反馈”的自适应系统。图1.1(a)表示一个开环自适应系统,控制该系统的自适应算法仅由输入确定。图1.1(b)则表示一个闭环自适应系统,控制该系统相应的自适应算法除取决于输入外,同时还依赖于系统输出的结果自适应信号处理所研究的信号既可以是随机平稳信号,也可以是局部平稳的随机信号。在大量的工程应用和研究中,又将信号在频率域分成窄带和宽带两种,在两种情况下研究或处理的方法及自适应系统的结构也不同。信号的统计量极其重要。人们最常用的统

美国NGSIM系统的使用手册，方便读者高效的利用NGSIM进行数据下载，完成交通领域的研究Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No2. Government Accession no3. Recipients Catalog NoFHWA-HOP-06-0124. Title and subtitle5. Report DateNext Generation Simulation(NGSIM) Data Format Planly20046. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s8. Performing Organization report noVijay Kovvali, richard margiotta, Robert franc, vassiliAlexiadis9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit NoCAMBRIDGE SYSTEMATIC INC150 CAMBRIDGE PARK DRIVE SUITE 400011. Contract or grant noCAMBRIDGE MA 02140DTFH61-02-C-0003612. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredDepartment of transportationFinal reportFederal Highway AdministrationJuly 2003-july 2004Office of Acquisition Management14. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street SW, RM 4410Washington, DC 2059015. Supplementary notesFHWA COTR: John Halkias, Office of Operations, and James Colyar, Office of Operations r&d16. AbstractThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGSIM) Data Format Plan was developed to define thestructure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be collected for estimationcalibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. The development of the data Format Plan isbased on existing formats that are relevant to ngsim and augmented to fill in gaps. to this end, a reviewof existing data formats was undertaken and their relevance to NGSiM was assessed. The review includeddata standards developed for intelligent transportation systems(ITS), data formats developed specificallyfor traffic simulation models, and data formats developed for broader transportation applications. Thespecified data formats were developed with the objective of promoting efficient research by maintainingonsistency between data collection and research, and providing consistent storage and transmittalprotocols. On the other hand, this plan intentionally avoids over specification of data formats, so as tominimize unnecessary limitations to research. This document specifies the conceptual data model by meansof Unified Modeling Language UMl class diagrams; the data dictionary in the data standard prescribed bP1489-1999 format developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE); the dataexchange structure for data transfer from user to user or from the database/repository to users; and theNGSIM metadata17. Key words1 8. Distribution StatementNext generation simulation, NGSIM, trafficNo restrictions. This document is available to thesimulation, high-level plan, traffic data collection, public through the National Technical Informationvehicle trajectory dataService, Springfield, VA2216119. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages22. PriceUnclassifiedUnclassifiedForm dot e1700.7(8-72)Reproduction of completed pages authorizedTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1High- Level plan context……垂垂垂垂·着垂垂垂垂非垂·非垂垂看垂音非非;·垂垂音看垂看垂1.2 Background1.3 Data Collection Types……1344581. 4 Data Conversion1.5 Data Formats·····.···············.··.···.·;···..·.··..·.···2.0 NGSIM DATA REQUIREMENTS22 Microsimulation Software Data format,…………172.1 NGSIM Data…192.3 Rcquirements for NgsiM data Collection..................193.0 RECOMMENDED NGSIM DATA FORMATS..m. 233.1 NGSIM Data model233.2 NGSIM Data Dictionary……………243.3 NGSIM Metadata.............................253.4 NGSIM Data Exchange Format273.5 File and Directory Naming Convention……293.6 Summary30REFERENCES31APPENDIX A-REVIEW OF EXISTING TRANSPORTATION DATA FORMATS3APPENDIX B-ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR NGSIM DATACOLLECTION,45APPENDIX C-DATA MODEL∴….,,53APPENdIXD-DATA DICTIONARY.APPENDIX E-METADATA. ...........................................................................................99APPENdIX F-SYSTEM-STATE DATA看香音看音香n117List of FiguresFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies4Figure2. Diagran. Data format classification relevant to ngsim1………Figure 3. Diagram. Top level data model of general traffic simulation55Figure4. Diagram. Influencing factors database packages………………56Figure 5. Diagram. Behavioral models packages57Figure6. Diagran. Facility type generalization…………18Figure 7. Diagram. Traffic management systems generalization......59Figure 8. Diagram. Transit management systems generalizationFigure9. Diagran. nvironment generalization.………………………0Figure 10. Diagram NTCIP Controller class diagram61Figure 11 Diagram Actuated traffic signal controller generalization2Figure12 Diagram. Generalized microsimulation data model………………63Figure 13 Diagram Data concept components and constructs(IEEE Std 1489-1999)66List of tablesTable 1. Example validation data by algorithm categoryTable 2. Summary of NGSiM categorizations for data formatsTable 3. Accuracy requirements for vehicle trajectory data. ..45Table 4. Accuracy requirements for instrumented vehicle data.........46Table 5. Accuracy requirements for wide-area detector data......... 47Table 6. Accuracy requirements for nctwork-rclated data48Table 7. Accuracy requirements for representative transportation managementsystems data52Table 8. Terminology for UMLmodeler54Table 9. Data dictionary for NgSim.67Table 10 processing documentation metadata for ngsimwwwwwm116Table1l. Requisite vehicle trajectory data…………………………117Table 12. requisite wide-area detector data requirements……118EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Next Generation Simulation Program(NGsim) Data Format plan was developed todefine the structure, documentation, and transfer requirements for data that will be col-lected for estimation, calibration, and validation of core behavioral algorithms. Thedevelopment of the data format plan is based on existing formats that are relevant toNGSIM and augmented to fill in gaps. To this end, a review of existing data formats wasundertaken and their relevance to ngsim was assessed. The review included data standards developed for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), data formats developed spe-cifically for traffic simulation models and data formats developed for broader transporta-tion applications. The specified data formats were developed with the objective of pro-moting efficient research by maintaining consistency between data collection andresearch, and providing consistent storage and transmittal protocols. On the other handthis plan intentionally avoids overspecification of data formats, so as to minimize unnecessary limitations to researchFour data format components were specified in this document, including: 1)data model,2)data dictionary, 3 )metadata, and 4) data exchange formatNGSIM Data Model- The conceptual data model for NGSIM data formats is pre-sented by means of Unified Modeling Language() class diagrams. Used in con-junction with the data dictionary, the data model allows for construction of a formaldatabase/repository for NGSIM validation dataNGSIM Data Dictionary This provides definition of individual data elementsrequired by NGsim. It follows the data standard prescribed by P1489-1999 formatdeveloped by the Institutc of Elcctrical and Electronics Engineers(ieee)NGSIM Data Exchange Format- The data cxchange structure dcfincs how datashould be transferred from user to user or from the database /repository to users. Thisdocument specifies the framework for developing data exchange formats by providingthe data model and the data dictionary; it also provides clear guidance on the formatstandards with which the data exchange format should conform Currently it doesnot provide specific schema for the data exchange formatsNGSIM Metadata- This includes both traditional metadata(definitions, specificationsand valid value lists for data elements and general information about the dataset andits availability); and processing metadata(what has happened to the data from data col-lection to data archival). Administrative metadata formats were adapted fromContent Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata(FGDC-STD-001-1998), developedby the Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC). Recommendations for NGSiMprocessing metadata are based on the guidance provided in ASTM E2259-03, devel-oped by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTm)1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe objectives of the NGsim program include the followingDevelopment of a core set of open behavioral algorithms in support of traffic simulation with a primary focus on microscopic modelingCollection of extensive data that will be used for estimation calibration and validationof the core behavioral algorithms; and storing the data in a repository that can be uni-versally accessedThe High-Level Plan for DatasetsTask E3)identified different kinds of traffic data col-lection methods and technologies and recommended three kinds of data collection effortsfor ngsim, including vehicle trajectory data wide area detector data and instrumentedvehicle dataThis report Task F)presents the documentation, format structure, and transfer requirements for the ngsim data formats for these data collection efforts identified in task e3This report is organized as followsExecutive Summary -Provides an executive summary of this documentSection1.0-Provides an overview and introduction to this report, including the con-text of the data format plan within NGsIM, information on NGsim data collection anddata types, information on data conversion, general information on data formats, anda summary of available transportation data formats and their relevance for ngsimSection 2.0-Presents definitions and categorization for different data types, and pro-vides ngsim data requirementsSection 3.0-Presents data format recommendations for the NGsim program,including a data model, data elements for the data dictionary, metadata to describe thedata collection effort and data exchange formatsReferences-Presents references used in developing this data format planAppendix a-Presents a review of existing transportation data formatsAppendix B-Presents accuracy requirements for NGSiM data collectionAppendix C- Presents a UML representation of the ngsim data modelAppendix D-Presents a high-level NGSIM data dictionaryAppendix E- Presents metadata categories, dictionary, and recommended metadataformats for ngsim1.1 HIGH-LEVEL PLAN CONTEXTInterdependencies among NGSIM tasks are shown in figure 1. The High-Level Plan forDatasets(Task E. 3) presents an assessment of existing datasets of potential use for NGSIM,and makes recommendations on the focus for nGsim data collection methodologies. Thisreport on the data Format Plan task f) provides recommendations on the data exchangeformat(s) for NGSIM data collection efforts. The data formats are also influenced by theHigh-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e 2)Task E 1-1Core algorithmAssessmentTask e,3Task e.1-2Task e2High-LevelCore AlgorithmHigh-Level Verificationlan for DatasetsPlanandⅤ alidation planTask eData format planFigure 1 Diagram. NGSIM task interdependencies.1.2 BACKGROUNDThe NGSiM field data collection effort pursues data required for developing, estimating,calibrating and validating traffic behavioral algorithms. Tactical route execution, opera-tional driving, and en-route strategic traveler behaviors were identified as the focus of theNGSIM core behavioral algorithm research in the identification and prioritization of coreAlgorithms Task D)report. The High-Level Verification and Validation Plan(task e2)provides an example of the data collection datasets for each algorithm category as shownin table 1. the table illustrates the extent over which data must be collected for each levelof algorithm. For example, for operational driving algorithms, a single stretch of roadwayon a freeway will likely be sufficient, while, for development of tactical driving algo-rithms, the data collection effort should be expanded to include the freeway section andmultiple entry and exit ramps that feed the freeway. The data formats developed in thisplan address the data, both static and dynamic, that are pertinent to the data collectionefforts necessary for developing and validating all three categories of driver behavioralalgorithms4

It provides a uniform user interface for running and plotting the results from the following programs:kraken(normal mode model)，krakenc(complex normal mode model)，scooter(fast-field model)，bellhop(gaussian beam tracing)，bounce(bottom reflection coefficient from geoacoustic model)

基于STM32的ADC采样(双通道)

【实例简介】rv1108开发板资料 原理图和PCB文档 ALLEGRO格式

通过一个实例去理解OpenMP，看完后，就能完成初步OpenMP编程！十分适合入门！通过实例再回头学习原理，更清晰！希望对大家有帮助！谢谢！23int mcout

本人收集的16-17年全国研究生数学建模竞赛优秀论文，以供参赛人员下载参考。

第1章 绪 论温度控制，在工业自动化控制中占有非常重要的地位。将模糊控制方法运用到温度控制系统中，可以克服温度控制系统中存在的严重滞后现象，同时在提高采样频率的基础上可以很大程度的提高控制效果和控制精度。1.1 课题背景1965年,美国著名控制论学者L.A.Zadeh发表了开创性论文,《FUZZY SETS》首次提出了一种完全不同于传统数学与控制理论的模糊集合理论。在短短的30年里,以模糊集理论为基础发展而来的模糊控制策略已经成功为将人的控制经验纳入自动控制策略之中。在现今的模糊控制领域中，经典模糊控制理论已经在很多方面取得了一大批有实际意义的成果（如90年代日本家电模糊控制产品和工业模