GPRS编程DTU资料

模式识别的几个经典分类器，附matlab程序。模式识别 分类器 贝叶斯 感知器模式识别的几个经典分类器，附matlab程序。

MCP3421使用STM32实现电压采集，可以选择多种模式。

我自己原创的用verilog hdl语言编写的一个(7,3)循环码的编码器.文件压缩包中除了有.v的源文件外,还把在maxplusII下仿真波形图的文件也包括进去了,供网友参考.仿真中输入了两个信息码字分别是"011"和"101".生成多项式采用的是x^4+x^3+x^2+1

【实例简介】粒子群神经网络混合算法在负荷预测中的应用

Python语言，用邻接矩阵实现图 通过二维数组建立无向图 通过二维数组建立有向图 通过边建立有向图 为方便查看，通过NetworkX显示图。

Two Dimensional Phase Unwrapping Theory Algorithms and Software，扫描文档，清晰度一般。GTWO-DIMENSIONALPHASE UNWRAPPINGTHEORY ALGORITHMSAND SOFTWAREDennis C. ghigliaSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New MexMark D. PrittLockheed Martin CorporationGaithersburg, Maryland藏A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATIONJOHN WILEY SONS, INCNew York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore / Toronto2005060radar interferogram generated byDeathon each pass, The terrain elevations can be computed from thebut the phase differences must fig problem In regions of steeprrupted where there are radar shadow and "layover"effects. Surfaceoccurred between the two passes, which were 24 days apar alsopThis image was acquired as part of a program for the Terrain Modeling Project Officended byEngineering Center. The SAR data was provided by Radarsat Intenational THinterferogram was generated and provided by Vexcel Corporation, Boulder, Coloradop00This text is printed on acid-free paper.Copyright o 1998 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reservedNo part of this publicationreproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitted in any form or by any means, elechanical photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise,xcept as permitted under Sections 107 or 1O% of the 1976of the Publisher or authorization through payment of theontates Copyright Act, without cither theppropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission show(978)ood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978)750-8400, faxnc.. 605 Third A venue. New York, NY 10158-0012(212)850-6011fax(212)850-6008,E-Mail:PERMREQ@WILEY.COMTwo-dimensional phase unwrapping: theory, algorithms, andsoftware/Dennis C Ghiglia and Mark D Pritt.SBN0-471-24935-1(cloth: alk. paper)1. Synthetic aperture radar. 2. Signal processing--Mathematics3. Interferometry. I Pritt. Mark D. [L. Title621.367-dc2l97-3803410987654321;4TWO-DIMENSIONALPHASE UNWRAPPINGFOREWORDTwo-dimensional phase unwrapping is the type of problem that is typically thedomain of the mathematician. It is both complex and abstract However, phaseunwrapping is also the core technology that enables radar interferometryOver the past decade interferometry has changed the way that we use radardata. Radar data are now used for precise measurement of surface topography inclouded regions. Additionally, spaceborne radar systems have proved effectivefor measuring surface changes from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Theseapplications have created a new class of radar data users primarily involved inmapping and remote sensing applicationIn Two-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping: Theory, Algorithms, and Softwarethe authors unlock the mystery of phase unwrapping in interferometric datarocessing. This text provides a clear, concise treatment of phase unwrappingthat cannot be found in any other source. It presents for the first time therelationship between theory and application. Its uniform treatment of thevarious phase unwrapping techniques makes it a valuable resource for anyengineer or scientist involved in processing or exploitation of interferometricexpect that radar interferometry will increase in importance over the comingdecade with the development of airborne and spaceborne sensor systemsdesigned to optimally exploit this tcchnology. Two- Dimensionsping: Theory, Algorithms, and Software is an important contribution to ourinderstanding of radar interferometry that will bencfit both research intoadvanced techniques and the design of these future sensor systemsJOHN C. CURLANDEPresident and CEOVexcel CorporationPREFACETwo-dimensional phase unwrapping arises most naturally in, but is notrestricted to, interferometric applications. Measured or calculated phasevalues from two or more mutually coherent multidimensional signals are relatedn a nonlinear manner to a desired physical quantity of interest. The nonlinearityis in the form of"wraps"or cycle discontinuities where an underlying two-dimensional phase is wrapped into the interval (T, r. The wrapped phasemust somehow be unwrapped in order to provide an estimate of the underlyingphysical quantity. Estimation of surface topography from interferometricsynthetic aperture radar(SAR)or extremely accurate profiling of mechanicaparts by optical interferometers are two such examplesOriginally developed for military reconnaissance, SAR is now experiencingnew life in civil applications. In fact civilian and commercial interests are rapidlbecoming the drivers of technology. Clever utilization of the coherent SArimagery in interferometric configurations makes possible the measurement ofsurface topography to accuracies much better than the spatial resolution( 0.3meters to several meters)of the SaR images themselves. Indeed, as is commonplace with interferometers, measurement sensitivities are on the order of theoperating wavelength, which is typically a few centimeters for SAR. Imaginggeometries, noise, and other operational factors degrade performance some-what from centimeter-scale accuracies, but nevertheless SAR interferometrymakes possible global topographic mapping in a timely fashion, in daylight or atnight, in all weather conditions, and with unprecedented accuracyinterferometry also can detect deformations of the earths crust on the orderof millimeters, a capability that shows promise for the timely detection ofearthquakes or volcanic eruptionsThese exciting possibilities have led to an explosive growth in the field of phaseunwrapping as indicated by the increasing number of journal publicationsNewcomers to SAR interferometry and related disciplines will eventuallyonfront the phase unwrapping problem and, undoubtedly, will encounter arather bewildering variety of ideas and algorithms, including those based onneural networks, simulated annealing, cellular automata, genetic algorithms,and other unusual constructs. Which of these are good? Which are not? We doThroughout this book we use the notation(-丌,丌 to represent the interval-丌

Matlab实现EM算法，用于解决混合高斯模型， 包含用混合高斯模型生成测试数据的代码，包含二维图像生成代码，模式随机选取初值 和 用kmeans方法选取初值两种方式

无线电导航系统

本书致力于利用随机噪声理论分析和解释电子系统中噪声的产生和传播问题，介绍各种噪声源相关的机制和模型，说明不同噪声的特性和传播方式，以及线性电路中的噪声分析方法和噪声特性测量方法，并详细介。。。内容简介电子噪声包括内部固有噪声和外部干扰噪声。电子噪声是影响检测系统性能的主要因素之一。在通信系统中,噪声可能导致信息传输错误本书致力于利用随机噪声理论分析和解释电子系统中噪声的产生和传播冋题,介绍各种噪声源相关的机制和模型,说明不同噪声的特性和传播方式,以及线性电路中的噪声分析方法和噪声特性测量方法,并详细介绍各种不同噪声的抑制方法,给出大量实例,总结出低噪声设计的规则和要点。木书可用作电子工程、自动化、测试技术与仪器等专业的本科生或研究生教材,也可供涉及电子噪声和电磁兼容性的工程技术人员参考。本书封面贴有清华大学出版社防伪标签,无标签者不得销售版权所有,侵权必究。侵权举报电话:010-6278298913701121933图书在版编目(CIP)数据电子噪声与低噪声设计/高晋占编著.一北京:清华大学出版社,2016ISBN978-7302-43559-4I.①电…Ⅱ.①高…Ⅲ.①电子系统一噪声②电子系统一低噪声一设计ⅣN.①TN911.4②TN722.3中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2016)第081960号责任编辑:王一玲封面设计:常雪影责任校对:梁毅责任印制:沈露出版发行:清华大学出版社pogtlt:http://www.tup.com.cn,http://www.wqbook.com地址:北京清华大学学研大厦A座邮编:100084社总机:010-62770175邮购:010-62786544投稿与读者服务:010-62776969,c-service(@tup.tsinghua.edu.cn质量反馈:010-62772015, zhiliang tup. tsinghua.edu.cn印装者:清华大学印刷厂经销:全国新华书店开本:185mm×260mm印张:21字数:522千字版次:2016年6月第1版印次:2016年6月第1次印刷印数:1~1500定价:59.00元产品编号:06269401在电子电路和系统中,噪声是个重要问题。噪声污染有用信号,并使信号包含的信息增加了不确定性。电子噪声是影响检测系统性能的主要因素之一。在通信系统中,噪声可能导致信息传输错误。即使在噪声阈值较高的数字电路和计算机系统中,严重的噪声可能造成存储位的变化和程序运行混乱噪声包括内部固有噪声和外部干扰噪声。内部固有噪声是由载流子的随机运动引起的,有些固有噪声源可以通过在制造过程中提高加工质量加以控制,但其中大多数是基础噪声,不取决于技术。而外部干扰噪声是由外部噪声源发岀,经过某种耦合渠道对电路污染的结果。这两种噪声具有不同原因,它们需要不同的处理方法,在多数书籍和文献中,这两种噪声都是分别对待的,外部干扰噪声通常是电磁兼容性(EMC)相关书籍的主题。但是,这两种噪声引起的问题是类似的,应该综合在一起考虑。在处理其中的一种噪声时,有理由必须把另一种噪声也考虑在内。例如,当处理弱信号的电路无法正常工作时,污染了有用信号的噪声是源自于该电路本身还是从外部拾取的,从用户的角度来看都是无关紧要的。在这两种情况下噪声都会掩盖信号,在最坏的情况下则不能恢复信息内容。因此,只努力抑制电路的固有噪声,但缺乏抵御干扰噪声的保护手段,电路的噪声特性就会大打折扣。另外,在设计屏蔽措施时,努力把干扰噪声降低到固有噪声幅度之下,往往没有多大意义。本书涵盖上述两种噪声,致力于分析和解释电子系统中各种噪声的来源和性质,介绍各种噪声源的机制和模型,说明不同噪声的特性和耦合方式,以及线性电路中的噪声分析方法和噪声特性测量方法,介绍各种噪声的抑制措施,给出低噪声设计的规则和方法。许多种噪声具有随机性,其描述方式和分析方法不同于确定性信号,不太容易理解,本书第1章首先介绍随机噪声的基本原理和特性,这是后续各章及延续阅读的理论基础。第2~5章致力于固有噪声,这种噪声取决于电子器件和电路设计。第2章介绍各种固有噪声源的特性和描述方法;第3章介绍各种噪声参数和噪声分析方法;第4章介绍电子系统中常见的电子器件的噪声源、噪声模型和噪声特性;第5章介绍常用的噪声性能测量方法。前言第6~8章致力于外部干扰噪声,这种噪声受设备的物理结构和电路布局的影响很大。第6章介绍各种干扰噪声源和干扰耦合途径,除电磁噪声外,还特别介绍机械原因或温度扰动引起的噪声;第7章介绍干扰噪声抑制方法,重点是屏蔽和接地;第8章介绍常见干扰噪声源的噪声产生机制和预防措施。第9章介绍低噪声电路设计的方法和技术,包括选择低噪声有源器件,确定电路组态和工作点,噪声匹配的实现等,特别分析了反馈对噪声性能的影响。本书可用作电子、通信、自动化、测试技术与仪器等专业的高年级本科生或研究生教材,也可供涉及电子噪声和电磁兼容性的工程技术人员参考。由于作者水平所限,书中难免存在缺点和错误,恳请广大读者批评指正高晋占2015年10月于清华园符号說明1.基本符号X电抗的通用符号,单位为Ω频率通用符号,单位为Hz导纳的通用符号,单位为Sfo中心频率,单位为Hz阻抗的通用符号,单位为Ω截止频率,单位为Hz角频率通用符号,单位为rad/s电流通用符号,单位为A2.线性系统符号距离或长度,单位为mA(t)幅度函数电压通用符号,单位为V)相位函数器件内部的等效电阻,单位为9G(a)幅频特性函数B系统频带宽度,单位为Hz相频特性函数B电纳的通用符号,单位为Sh(t)冲激响应函数C电容的通用符号,单位为FH(j)频率响应函数E数学期望运算子H()传递函数电导的通用符号,单位为SH(x1)离散传递函数电流的有效值,单位为A3.随机噪声符号平均直流电流,单位为A噪声电压L电感的通用符号,单位为H噪声电流互感的通用符号,单位为H噪声电压的均方值P功率的通用符号,单位为W噪声电流的均方值R电阻或等效电阻,单位为ΩE电路的输入电阻,单位为Ω噪声电压的有效值,En=√eR电路的输出电阻,单位为噪声电流的有效值,n=√R负载电阻,单位为Ω噪声电压的平方根谱密度,单位R信号源内阻,单位为Ω为V/√Hz电压的有效值,单位为V噪声电流的平方根谱密度,单位热力学温度(旧称绝对温度),单为A/√Hz位为K热噪声电压符号说明热噪声电流共射接法下集射极之间的微变电散弹噪声电压阻散弹噪声电流场效应管漏源之间的等效电阻1/f噪声电压导通电阻1/f噪声电流二极管,场效应管的漏极F噪声系数( noise factor)场效应管的栅极噪声因数( noise figure),单位为dBS场效应管的源极S信噪比二极管电流,漏极电流B等效噪声带宽共射接法下的基极电流△f窄带宽度共射接法下的集电极电流p(x)x的概率密度函数共射接法下的发射极电流x的均值共基接法下的电流放大倍数,a=x的方差△Ic/△Ix的标准差共射接法下的电流放大倍数,B=x的均方值△Ic/△IBC2(x)x的自协方差函数共射接法下的直流电流放大倍Cx(x)x的归一化自协方差函数数,B=Ic/IBCx(z)x和y的互协方差函数5.其他符号Cx(x)x和y的归一化互协方差函数电磁辐射速度,c=2.998×10m/sR2(r)x的自相关函数h普朗克( Planck)常数,h=6.62R2(x)x和y的互相关函数1034JsS(f)噪声的功率谱密度函数k玻耳兹曼( Boltzmann)常数,k=S2(f)噪声电压的功率谱密度函数1.38×1023J/K(f)噪声电流的功率谱密度函数电子电荷,q=1.602×10-°C2(f)x的功率谱密度函数波长,mS2(f)x和y的互功率谱密度函数介质的介电常数p(x)x的归一化自相关函数自由空间的介电常数,Eo=8.85×(x)x和y的归一化互相关函数10 pF/mmJ|雅可比( Jacobi)行列式对自由空间的相对介电常数,En=4.半导体器件参数符号基极介质的磁导率C集电极自由空间的磁导率,A0=4x发射极10Hm1=4x×10pH/mmfr晶体管的特征频率,即共射接法对自由空间的相对磁导率,=下电流放大倍数为1的频率,单/0位为Hz介质的电导g跨导铜的电导,=5.82×107S/m基区体电阻对铜的相对电导,01=a/0rb’e发射结的微变等效电阻CMRR共模抑制比第1章随机噪声基础1.1随机噪声概述…………1.1.1噪声定义与分类1111.1.2内部固有噪声和外部干扰噪声比较1.1.3噪声的影响1.2随机噪声的概率分析方法…3471.3随机噪声的统计特征…1.3.1均值、方差与均方值········,····,·,,··,,,,,,······,·······,·,,1.3.2相关函数与协方差函数…1.3.3功率谱密度函数151.4常见随机噪声171.4.1白噪声与有色噪声171.4.2窄带噪声………………………………………………………191.5随机噪声通过电路系统的响应…211.5.1随机噪声通过线性系统的响应……………………………211.5.2随机噪声通过非线性系统的响应24第2章电子系统中的固有噪声源……………………………………………………292.1热噪声302.1.1热噪声的起源…302.1.2热噪声的特性……………………302.2扩散噪声……………………………………352.3散弹噪声362.4量子噪声………………………………………………………………………………39Ⅵ目录2.5产生-复合噪声(G-R噪声)…………………………………………………………402.61/f噪声…422.7爆裂噪声……………………………………………………………………452.8雪崩噪声…第3章噪声参数与噪声分析503.1.功率和增益3.1.1功率的各种常用定义513.1.2资用功率和资用功率增益…3.1.3可交换功率和可交换功率增益553.2等效噪声带宽…563.3线性一端口的噪声参数……603.3.1等效噪声电阻…………………………………613.3.2等效噪声温度623.3.3其他噪声参数……633.4线性二端口的噪声模型与噪声参数653.4.1E-Ⅰ噪声模型及等效输入噪声电阻…………………3.4.2等效输入噪声温度………693.4.3工作噪声温度……………723.4.4噪声系数……733.4.5噪声测度………………………………………………………………813.5二端口噪声分析………833.5.1二端口的噪声模型变换…………………………………………………833.5.2等效噪声源相关时二端口的噪声分析…………84第4章电子器件噪声884.1电阻噪声………884.1.1电阻的噪声机制与噪声指标…………………………894.1.2低噪声电阻的选择4.2电容、电感和电池噪声934.3半导体二极管的噪声特性…………………………………………………………954.4双极型晶体管(BJT)的噪声特性……994.4.1BJT的结构、等效电路和噪声源………………………………………994.4.2BJT的噪声参数1024.4.3BJT噪声的频率分布……………………………………………………1044.5场效应管(FET)的噪声特性1075.1FET的结构与噪声源…………1074.5.2FET的噪声等效电路与噪声参数1104.6运算放大器的噪声特性………………………………………………………113目录4.6.1运算放大器的等效输入噪声模型………………………………1134.6.2运算放大器噪声性能计算1164.7传感器电路噪声分析………………………………………………………122第5章噪声性能测量1335.1噪声测量常用方法……1335.2噪声测量中的检波器和平均器………………………………………………………1365.3噪声功率和有效值的测量误差1404噪声功率谱密度测量………………………………………………………1425.5二端口等效输人噪声测量1465.6噪声系数测量…………………………………………………………………1475.7噪声温度测量……1545.8其他噪声性能的测量和计算………………………………………………1575.9噪声发生器160第6章干扰噪声1666.1外部噪声源………………………………………1676.1.1自然噪声源…1686.1.2电磁噪声源1706.1.3静电噪声源…1736.1.4非电起源的干扰噪声源………………………………………………1746.1.5干扰噪声的频谱分布1766.2干扰噪声耦合途径……………………………………………………………1776.2.1传导耦合…1796.2.2电场耦合………………………………………………………1836.2.3磁场耦合………1866.2.4电磁辐射耦合………1916.2.5耦合模式……………………………193第7章干扰噪声抑制方法…1967.1电磁屏蔽………………………………………………………………………1967.1.1场传播与波阻抗1977.1.2屏蔽层的吸收损耗……………………………………………………2007.1.3屏蔽层的反射损耗2027.1.4屏蔽层中的多次反射…………………………………………2067.1.5屏蔽效能分析与综合2087.1.6影响屏蔽效能的其他因素…………………………………2117.1.7屏蔽总结2147.2电缆屏蔽层接地216

基于粒子群算法的配电网无功优化程序，利用了IEEE30节点进行MATLAB编程