ansoft Maxwell 3d教程.pdf
ansoft Maxwell 3d 向导式的用户界面、精度驱动的自适应剖分技术和强大的后处理器时的Maxwell 3D成为业界最佳的高性能三维电磁设计软件。可以分析涡流、位移电流、集肤效应和邻近效应具有不可忽视作用的系统，得到电机、母线、变压器、线圈等电磁部件的整体特性。功率损耗、线圈损耗、某一频率下的阻抗（R和L）、力、转矩、电感、储能等参数可以自动计算。同时也可以给出整个相位的磁力线、B和H分布图、能量密度、温度分布等图形结果。本文件是软件使用教程.希望能帮助大家·Printing HistorNew editions of this manual include material up dated since theprevious edition. The manual printing date, indicating the manualscurrent edition, changes w hen a ncw edition is printed. Minorcorrections and updates incorporated al reprint do not cause the daleto changeUpdate packages may be issued betw een editions and containadditional and/ or rep lacement pages to be merged into the manualby the user Pages which are rearranged because of changes on aprevious page are not considered to be revised.EditionDateSoftwareRevisionFebruary 1991April 199212December 1993October 19964.1September 19995.06December 20006.0WWW⊥nmTypeface ConventionsComputerCter type is used fon promptsand messages, for field names, and for keyboard entries that must be ty ped in theirentirety exactly as shown. For example, thenstruction"copy filel"means to type the w ordcopy, to type a space. and then to type filelMenu/Command Computer type is also used to display the commands that are needed to perform a specifictask Menu levels are separated by forwardslashes (/) For example, the instructionhoose File/Open"means to choose the Opencommand under the file menuItalicsItalic type is used for emphasis and for thetitles of manuals and other publications. Italictype is also used for key board entries when aname or a variable must be typed in place ofthe words in italics. For example, the instruc-rion“ copy filename” means to type the wordcopy, to type a space, and then to type then amc of a filc. such as filelKeysHelvetica type is used for labeled keys on thecomputer keyboard. For example, the instruc-tion"Press Return?"means to press the key onthe com puter that is lahcled Returnwww.docin.coInstallationBefore you use Maxwell 3D, you must1. Set up your systems graphical windowing systerm2. Install the Maxwell softw are, using the directions in theAnsell PC or UNIX Installation guideIf you have not yet done these steps, refer to the ansoft installetionguides and the documentation that came w ith your computer systemor ask your system administrator for helpsing a Graphical User InterfaceIf you are familiar with the concepts of using a mouse, menus, andother graphical user interface(GUn)tools, skip to Chapter 1“ IntroductionIf you have not used GuI systems before, this section will help youunderstand some of the terminology used in this guide. Since GUIare basically visual, the best way to learn to use them is by practicingon your systemMost gui systcms usc a mouseas a poinTing device, with whichyou can select areas on the screenfor command execution andmoving from one program toanother. Your mouse may have 2www.door 3 buttons; Maxwell 3D ignoresthe middle button on 3-buttondelsAnsoft products donot usc this button. You canprogram mouse buttons to work in non-standard ways, as you mightwant to if you are left-handed. For simplicity, the left-hand hutton(under your forefinger if you are right-handed) is called the leftbutton, and the one on far right is the right mouse button. You willprobably find the terms intuitive once you use these buttons a fewtimesPoint and click; Right clickTo choose an item with the mouse, first move it on your desk until thearrow cursor is on that item; you are now pointing" at the item. Next,ress and release the left bu tton thlled"clicking " Point-andclick is the most common action you will make with your mouseally, click" refers to a lefise button clickYou can sometimes use your right mouse button to access or entercommands. In the 3d Modeler for instance, a right mouse buttonclick causes a short menu of commands to appear at the moustcursor. Generally, right click "refers to a right mouse button clickDouble-ClickOccasionally you may want to sclect all of thc text in a box,orperform a special lask(such as indicating the end of drawing a linewhile you are using Maxwell 3D. You can do this efficiently byquickly clicking twice with your left mouse button -a doubleDragging objects; Click and HoldWhen you are drawing in the 3D Modeler, you can often use yourmouse to enter objects and move around the screen. Frequently, youwill click the mouse button and hold it down until the next part of thecommand is reached (the object is oved, the next point is enteredand so forth). If you click and hold on the edge of a w indow, you canposition, or drag, the window on your screen. You can often dragobjects in Maxwell; experiment to see w hat will moveTool BarsTool bars are shortcut methods for entering commands. There is atool bar in the 3d Modeler and most of the setup modules for severalcommand s. To use a tool bar. click the mouse cursor on the buttonyou want to use. Here is an example of a tool bar囗。圖哦良风≌固函MenusWithin each screen of maxwell 3d are areas w hich list subsets ormenus,of commands. You can access a menu by clicking your mouseon the word or button that indicates the menu. The menu is pulleddown, listing the commands available on that menu. (For examplethc New command is availablc on the File mcnu. Usually, thc mcnuwill remain displayed until you choose a command, or click on thedesktop to exit. If the menu does not remain displayed, click and holdthe mouse button, then release the button to make your choiceFile Edit viewNewopenCloseSavectrl+SSave AsImportExportExitctrl+QAn arrow on the right side of a command indicates that there is asubmenu for that command. An ellipsis (. )indicates that a pop-upwindow appears aftcr choosing this commandWhen you are asked to use a menu command, each level is separatedby a"/". Thus, to zoom in on a drawing, you would choose the viewLoom In menu command To open a new file, you would choose File/There are also pop-up menus, which appear when you righL-click ona maxwell modeler window. choose commands from thcsc menus inthe same way as from menu barsFor more information on using GUIs, refer to"User Interface"in theMaxwell Control Panel,s online help systemOther ReferencesFor detailed information on Maxwell 3d commands refer to theonline documentation for the maxwell 3d field simulatorTo start maxwell 3d, you must first access the maxwell controlPanel. for more detailed inform ation on the maxwell control panelcommands, refer to the Maxwell Control Panels online help systemwww.docin.comTable of Contents1. Introduction1-1General Procedure.1-2The Sample Problem1-4Meshes.....,,,,,,,,面2. Create aAccess the maxwell Control Panel·:.·:·甲,,,,,,,,,,2-2Start the Project managerCreate a Project directoryCreate a New project··,···············,·,,,,,,,,,,2-6Enter notes2-73. Draw the model3-1Open the project3-2Start. the 3D Modeler3-3Side window........................snaps3-6Define the problem region: Coordinates and Units ..,...... 3-7Absolute and relative coordinates3-7Grids3-7Zooming in and out of the view window3-9Create the electromagnet3-10Draw the Coil...,,.,..,3-10Draw thc Circlc........,..,...,,,......,..........3-10Create the Cylinder,,3-11Create the hole for the Core3-12Draw the Core·中··············3-13SavingP3-14Create the magnel翻...3-15Draw the magnet3-15Move the magnet3-15Toggle Off the Background..................3-16Create a termini..........,,,,,..,,,,......,,,..3-17Create the Coil terminal..........,,......,,,.,..3-18Define the Problem Region;..,;;“;##.3-20Define the Problem Region .................. 3-21Shading and rendering . ......................................3-22Exit the 3d modeler3-234 Define The problemAccess the Material Manager4-2Exclude the background·····+···,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.4-2Assign Steel to the CoreAssign Copper to the Coil4-3Assign vacuum to the problem Region.......4.......4-3Assign NdFe35 to the Magnet4-3Access the 3D Boundary/Source Manager45assign a current to the coil.....4-6Define the sourceAssigning the Source lo the Termina.........,..,,,,∴4-64-7Check the Direction of the CurrentExit the 3D Boundary/Source Manager4-85. Generate a Solution5-1Setup executive Parameters······5-2Create a Force Setup for the Magnet.5-3Create a Force Setup for the Coil and Core5-3Create a Force Setup for the entire model·········Exiting the Executive Parameters moduleSpecifying Solution Criteria·非5-5Solver type11翻自。■非非首·····:.··.·Magnetic Field SolveResidualSolve for Field and Parameters+++++++++++++++++++++;,+“++Adaptive analysisContents-2
- 2020-11-27下载
- 积分：1
微波网络及其应用.pdf
微波网络及其应用 免费分享85,6直接耦合谐振器笮带带通§7.8支线定向合器…………滤波器………………………§7.9混合电桥的基本概念3!9§区.71/4波长短截线和联接线宽§7.10魔?和折叠双T接头………3I带带通滤波器…957.11矩形波导裂缝电桥§5.8平行耦合线带通滤泼器…20087.12环形电桥h十酽■■■冒吾1·P■■··3了3§59交指型带通滤波器……………6§7.13三端功率分配器…§5.10微带阻滤波器习趣§5,11徼波分路滤波器……………26§5,12微波滤波酱的相移和时延第八章微速铁氧体元件……特性司卓p自申●■啁口中●口啁■四●d自■口■§8.1引言……………………3日§5.13元件损耗对滤波器性能的§82张量导磁率和本征导磁率…影响4■即22383铁氧体非互易网络-346习题230§8,4Y型结环行器分析…………370§8.5双模移相器分析第大拿.阻抗匹配网络「2§8.6边导模器件…39§6.1引言23题………397§6.2抗匹配网络的宽带极……233§631/4波长阶梯阻抗变换器…a九章微渡系統分析中·“章自甲·‘86,4渐变线阻抗变换器…7§9.1引6.5低通港波阻抗变换器25289.2复杂网络的一般婢论……………4§6.6电抗性负载阻抗匹配网络……25939.3微波混合系统分析……n09§67负阻负载随抗匹配网络……21§9.4微波复杂系统分析…………43对题27589.5徼波溅量系统分柝·§9.6长馈线网络反射系数的概第七蠶微波定向網合器、沮合电桥及率分布+66功率分配器27T习趙87,1引肓……27§72定向耦合器的基本概念第十章计算乱输助设计网络初步…4537了§7.3平行矩形披导圆孔阵定向§1.1引言476合器21§1.2计鲜机辅助设计的一般§7.4正交矩形波导十字槽定向问题45构合器■·十■■平■■+·4女■画■p■b■29010,3矩量法S75单节平行糊合线定向糊§1合,4微波网络的优化99合器…295§10.5模拟技术§7.6多节平行耦合线定向§10.6计算机辅助设计的发展糊合楼越势50r§77不均匀耦合线高通定向耦合器……附录四单纯形优计录附录五长愦缤网络反射系数的附录一矩阵代数模拟程序及其说明附录二互易定理参考书目…晶幽"55附录三行主元消去法求逆矩阵…506第一章微波网络基础§1.1引言任何一个微波系统,都是由各种微波元件和徽波传输线连接而成。微波传输线特性可以用广义传输线方程来描述,徼波元件特性可以《类似低频网络)等效电路来描述,于是复杂的徽波系统,就可以用电磁理论和低频网络理论相绪合来求解,成为一门傲波网络理诒。每个微菠元件都可飴和几个微波传输线相连接,按照所连接传输线数目多少,微波元件可以分成苧端口、双端『、三端口、四端口等微波元件。每个微波元件都可以看成个微波网络,堕着徵波元件端口数的不同,微波网络也分为单端口、双端『、三端口、四端口等微波网络。实际所用的微波元件可高达四端口,凹端厂以上的徽波元件就很少应用了微波网络理论的主要目的,在于分析做波元件的工作特性,或依据它的工作特性,综合出微波元件结构和设讨方法,以便工程应用。分析微波元件的工作特性的方法有二,是应用麦克斯韦方程和元件的特定边界条件,求出其场强的分布、波的振荡和传输等特性;另一是把微波元件等效成微波网络,把连接它的传输縐等效成双导线传输线,然后用网络方法进行分菥。第一种方法比迹严格,听得结果ⅸ较全面正确,但其数学送算繁琐,所得结果通常都是特妹函缴,不便于下程应用。第种方法是近似的,能够得到微波元件主要传输特性,并且网络参薮可用测量方法来确定,便于工程应用,但不能得出元件内部场的分布情況。昱然如此,但由于网络方法计算简便,易于测量,又为广大工程技术人员所熟知,揿应用较为广泛。徽波电磁理论与徹波网络理论域是两大独立分支,但两者是相互连系的,微波网络理论是微波电磁理论的工程化,只信在微波电憾理论的基础上来探讨和发展微波网络理论,才是正确的方向微波网络理论又分为线性网绉理论和非线性网络理论,本书只讨论线性网络理论微波网络方法分析法和综合法两种,分析法是按已经掌握的基本微波网络结构及其特性,进行各种组合,来满足工作要求;综合法则根预定工作特性要求,来实现徼波网络结构。前者设计比较简单,但往往得不到性能优良而元件较少的最佳结果;后者虽然设计理论比较复杂,但能得到性能优良而元件较少的最佳设计。现在由于电子计算机的发展网络猕合所雷要的繁琰计算,都可用计算机来完成,一些主要元件设计都有现成图表数据备查,因而网络综合法已成为设计微波元件的主要方法。本书就是以网络综合法作为主要方法本章日的在于给定微波阿络的一些基本概念和基本参数。首先讨论广义传输线理论3从而定义出微波网络的电压和电流,这对了解等效电路的意义是很必要的。然后导出网络的阻抗矩阵、导纳矩阵、A矩阵、散射矩阵以及传输矩阵,并讨论它们的性质与相互变换,这给我们分析徽波网络是供数学工具。最后,讨论徼波闼络的本征值问题、网络参数浏量理论以及讯号流图,这对我们求解微波网络问题提供些必要的手。§1.2做波传输线及其特性电磁波可以用导体战介质进行引导,使其按一定方向传输·这种引导电磁被的装置叫妝传输线。在微波波段内,导行波的现象特明显,特别容彭b,因而有各种各样的微波传输线。图1.2-1示出几种常见的微波传输线,它们都是直的〔轴向),可以很长,直至无穷远。它们的横截面(横〕的几旋早4)矩形导(Abet〔c)同抽线何形状和媒质分布处处灬样,不因轴向位置不同而改变n这类传轴线叫做均匀传输线。在这些传输线中,电磁波沿着轴向传输,横截面上电磁场按一定规律分t带线布,所以这类电磁场问题可分为d)带状线两部分来研究。一是研究轴向的团12-1各种做菠传输线传输问题,叫做纵向问题;一是研究横截面上电磁场分布问题,叫做横向问题。两者相互联系,相互制约,究竟先研究哪个阿题,在理论上是无关紧要的。本背先从麦克斯韦方程发,简略叙速这类传输线的分析方法,从而得出其传输特性和等效电路。、微波传输线的电磁场方架研究任意檢截面的均匀徼波传输线中的电碱场,应从麦克斯韦方程出发。在正弦交变场情况下支克斯韦方程的复数形式是vxH=OEYXE=-FoWH.2-1·E=0V·=Q式屮∈是媒质的介电常数,μ是导磁率,它们都是与场强无关的當数。为求解传输线中电场E和磁场酽的方便,通常引入两个赫兹矢量位。由VH=0出发,可引入一个矢量位∏,使得≡{×∏,它消足回·H=jω∈V·(Vⅹn)=0,因为任何欠量旋度的散度恒等于零。矢量位∏°叫做赫兹电矢量,它揣足三维亥姆霍茨方程V2T+2T-0H=j∈V×T(1.2-2E=V(∏)+kT由￠-E=0出发,还可引入另一个矢量位冂,使得E=-fμ×n,并满足方程,j0v·(×T")=0。矢量位∏叫做赫兹磁矢量,它也满足三维亥姆霍茯·EVm+2r”=E=-jcV×nH=V(·T")+2n式中k=v比∈是无限媒质的波数。为解出均匀传输线中电磁场的普遍关系式,我们釆用广义正交柱坐标系(,琶,2)其中z是纵向直坐标,而,v是横截面上的曲线坐标,如图1.2-2所示。对于直角坐标系,“=%,U=y。在此坐标系中,为求解方程常数(12-2)和(12-3)筒便起见,可令『和∏t情数只有z方间分量,即=ir=ili同时担算符Ⅴ写成Ⅴ=4十--,其中Ⅴ是横截面型标的算符、L是之方向的单位矢。将上述关图122广叉止交坐訴系系代入(1.22)和(12-3)式中即可得到H=冖jo∈XV∏EA=v022十2∏z以及V21]z+21i=0E=j四Hz=×Ⅴm(1.2-5FI = =vp点2丑由此可见,在惹电矢量只有z分量的情况F,电磁波在2方向只有电场分量Ex而磁场分量Hx=,掀叫橫磁波(TM模),又叫徹哐波(E貘)。在勅兹磁矢量只有z分量的情况下,电磁波在z方向只有磁场分量II,而电场分量x=0,故叫做横忠波(TE模),又叫徹磁波(摸)这些模式能否在传输线中存在,是出其边界条件来决定的。对于TM模,在W=常数或U=常数的电壁(殚想导体表面)上!9=0;在H=常数的磁壁⊥d=0,在=常数的磁壁上(理想导磁体表面),。0=0,对于模,在2常数的电壁上,0,在=常数的电壁上,a门=0;在=砦数或v=常数的磁瑾上,巧=0在徽彼传输线中,如果单纯TM模或TE核不能满足逊界条件时,两者必须同时存在此时电磁就既有Ex分量,也有丑分量,叫做混合模。在直型标系中,混合模有两种简单形式,可令(12-2)或(1.2-3)式中=,「=求得。它们的表示式是∏6+hnr+R s上x=0d+们(1.2-7)EPoYEHII∵x由此可见,在赫兹电矢量只有x分量的情况下,电憾波的电场和磁场都具有之分量,仨磁场没有分量,即H=0,磁力线分纵向截上,叫做纵向磁波,筒称LSM模或TM模。在赫兹磁欠量只有x分量的情况下,电磁波的电场和磁场都有z分量,但电场没有x分量,即E:=0,电力线分布在纵向截面上,叫做纵向电波,简称LSE模或TEx棋。广义传输线方程我竹已知:求解黴波传输线的电磁场时,不管其中存在何种传输模式:槨要解赫兹矢量的三维亥姆霍茨方程,特别重要的是求解其中某一坐标分量的三维亥姆霍茨方积Van+kl o即YAI T五↓高I=0式中波函数Ⅱ既可以代表赫兹电矢量的κ分量(M模〉或x分量(LSM模),也可以代表赫兹磁矢量的2分量(TE模)或分量(LSE樸)。(1.2-8)式是个二阶偏微分方程,可用分离交量法求解。求解时令∏(#,沙,2)=∫(#,v)ψ(212-9式中f(u,t)只是横截面平标和的函数,ψ(x)只是纵向坐标之的图数。将(1,2-9式代入(1.2-8)式中就得到Vif(m, v)d2p(2)上式芹边仅仅是和U的数,与2无关;右边仅仅是z的函数,与和矿无关。两边相等,表明它们都必须等于常数。设此分离常数为一,则有(1.2-10)y2(2)=0(1.2-11)式中γ=k一由此可见,波函数∏(,U,2)可分离成f(u,)烈ψ(2)两个函教之积,其中f(,v)满足横坐标和v的二维亥姆霍茨方程,它决定横截面上电磁场分布。ψ(2)满足纵巫标z的传输线方程,它决定轴向电磁波的传输特性,故此方程称为广义传输线方程。由于我们所研究的微波传输线是无穷长,没有反射波,,故(1.2-11)式的解是2〕=Ag式中A是一个常缴,决定波的振幅。于是波函数n是∏(u,,z)=f(,u)ψ(z)=Af(n,)e(1.2-12)已知波函数后,传输线中各种模式的电戤场可由(1.2-4)到(1.2-7)式求得例如对于TM模∈A2xV(H,U)EE1=一YAVf(,t)e1.2-13)42)e对」IEE=j甲A2×Vf(,)e1(1.2-14)ustkA(u, ue传输特性电磁波在微波传输线中的传输特性,通常用其相速、波阳抗以及传输功率来表征,因为用它们可以确定波的传输快慢、强弱以及电场与磁场间的关系。一般说来,波的这些特性都与传输线的横截面的儿何结构有关,也就是与其边界条件关。下面分别叙述之1.被的速度在(12-2)式中波函数具有因子cY,它表示电磁波沿2方向的传输情况。ˇ叫做传输常数,通常是个复数,可以写为y=a+。其中叫做衰减常数,表示波在传输过程中振幅哀减的快慢β叫做相移常数,表示波不传输过程中相位变化的快慢。如果我们假设媒质是无耗的,μ和∈郗是实常数,则波数長=如vμ也是实数,这样,由y2后一}2可知,y的性质随者的不同而异,而是白横截面的边界条件决定的但是,不管横截画的几何结构如何,只可能有三种情况:(1)是的=0,(2)是>0,(3)是A0的情况下,电磁波的E。或H不等于,可以是M糖、E模或混合模这时传掏常数是即1.2-1?)如果令h=-5=2x/2n,B=/=2x/入,h=2τ/A其中是无限媒质中的波长,2是波导波长,A是截止波长,则(12-17)式变为(λ3/A入)21.2-18}由此可见,当為a,kx>λ,即波的相速大子无限媒质的光速,叫做快波。快波的波长大于无限媒质的波长。当λ>λa时,相速和波长都是虚激,没有物理意义,但这时=kk式中α是实数,故此电磁波变成衰减电磁场,随着轴向距离的增大,场的振幅逐惭衰演,但其相位不变,故衰减场是不能在传输线上传输的。0=是传输线中传输快波还是衰减场的临界情况,这时=0,月=0,传输线中既没有快波传输,也不是衰减场,而是等福的电磁场。λ之所以叫儆截止铍长,是因为当λ≥λe时,传输线中没有电磁波传输。在始8:因此Y=vR一的=v1+(B/R)=f于是波的相速和波长是1.2-19)2兀=入/V1+(戶,/)2由此可见,这类波的相速小于无阳媒质中的光速,岍做慢波,慢波的波长小于无限媒中的波长
- 2020-12-10下载
- 积分：1
