计算机专业毕设（论文,源码,任务书,开题报告,答辩ppt）

提供了kf，ekf，ukf的详细推导过程，从标量推导开始，进而转入矢量推导，非常详细卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著第一步、时间更新29第二步、测量更新“““““““+““44““““42924特殊情况.30第一种情况、先验误差极小...-.----130第二种情况、先验误差极大.30第三种情况、测量噪声极大.…31第三章、标量EKF画,通通画4“““““+44=“++“““++4“4“+“4“““-“++323.1非线性状态模型.323.2模型线性化33.2.1过程噪声项的线性化.333.2.2测量噪声项的线性化...11-343.2.3过程和测量噪声项同时线性化…35324过程的线性化…0353.25测量的线性化…363.3EKF滤波器…1373.31应用卡尔曼滤波器.3733,2计算先验均方差373.33计算后验均方差373.3.4计算k值4a“44444“;4444454a44“44444=424444441“如44444;44444“44.45“#4444444a444444443833.5k值为最优时的后验均方差3834算法39第一步、时间更新………9第二步、测量更新393.5EKF的缺陷44“==++++4=++44日+“44=“““+440第四章、矢量EKF4141非线性矢量状态模型4142矢量模型线性化单“““·***“““***“““““***“““***4““-***4““*“→“““*→*-““““““*“““*+4““→*“·““·““““*4242.1矢量泛函的泰勒展开42.2过程噪声项的线性化424.2.3测量噪声项的线性化.→“““#+4+“44“““-4+44→“““4“4+-““+43424过程和测量噪声项同时线性化4442.5过程的线性化4“““4““*“4““*→““*+“4“““““““*4“““4“““++4““44“““4“44““““七426测量的线性化“““““·+““““*““““+“““““““+4“““““““+4“““→·“““+“4543矢量EKF滤波器面面面面46画面和面面,43.1应用矢量卡尔曼滤波器44““++“44“““*44“““++444““4+444“+“44““““+444643.2计算先验均方差4643.3计算后验均方差4““+44““““44““““+→4““““+4““““4“44““““.47434计算k值47435k值为最优时的后验均方差4845算法“““+““““*“““““+…““““*“+44““48第一步、时间更新.…49第3页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著第二步、测量更新““4--““44-4494.4特殊情况.““““4444“画画新通画通49第一种情况、先验误差极小.画画,画画画园画画,画画画面请通.50第二种情况、先验误差极大….----50第三种情况、测量噪声极大44“““+44““=++“44“““+444““4+“44““44+50第五章、标量无迹变换UT5251无迹变换的任务5252真值“““““++“++4“4“““+4“++4“““““+““+“““““525.3无迹测试点1101453.1标量的无迹测试点………154532无迹权重系数翻国口道55533统计性质公式…5554测试点的无迹变换.565.4.1从测试点得到后验期待值.画画通通画画山通画画新56542从测试点得到后验方差“““+4“++“4“++““平““上“““4““平中“+““““平“4+“=575.5讨论品aB444a日日+44日4日日“4日a4日+a日本“日日日和本上日和4日““458第六章矢量无迹变换UT4“““4“44“““4++44“““4+““4+2+“++“4“++4=“++“““2++““““++““4+““““++5961矢量微分回顾5961.1计算真值会用到的恒等式1962矢量无迹变换的任务中本““丰二“中““6063真值6163无迹测试点63.1矢量的无迹测试点画面通自品面画画面自自通国画日画面国通画日通山国国画山山面通画山山丽右日日画画画画画山63632无迹权重系数64633UT变换下的对称性64测试点的无迹变换6564.1几个恒等式…65642从测试点得到后验期待值.…---1----66642从测试点得到后验协方差.6765讨论68第七章、无迹滤波器UKF11116971高维非线性问题.069711标量特例画画画画画画新画画画画画画““*#“““““44“…4“““““4““+““→““““44““47072无迹滤波器面,面面面面面面面“面画70721无迹测试点““*4“““““44““+44““““*44“““++444“““4““+“44“““““722无迹权重系数通画画通画画通通画画通山请画画画画画画出画请画画副。723先验估计画画·画‘画4““+44““““44““““+→4““““+““““+“444““““+472724应用卡尔曼滤波器737.2.5计算后验均方差…737.2.6计算k值…444““+44“““*447473算法75第4页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著第零步、初始化..-75第一步、时间更新175第二步、测量更新画画,画画画园画画,画画画面请通176第5页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著第一章、标量线性系统实际工作中的线性系统很少有标量的,但是标量的卡尔曼滤波器的理论推导比较直观、易于理解,因此作为学习的切入点比较合适首先必须清楚地陈述卡尔曼滤波器要解决的问题。1.1卡尔曼问题在离散时间中,一个标量线性系统的状态演化常常可以表述为下面的随机差分方程式:x=ax,+bu其中t为时间。x,是一个标量随机变量,代表t时刻系统的内禀状态。a和b为常标量。u,为t-1时刻的输入,也是一个标量。111信号流程图上面的(1)式也可以用下面的信号流程图表示u-1)X()Ibax(t-1)直线表示信号的传送,箭头代表传送的方向。流程图中的图标有三种,第一种方框图标代表时间延迟,见下图x(t)TX(t-1)第二种方框图标代表乘法(增益),见下图第6页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著aax第三种圆形图标代表加法(混合),见下图a-b+CbG这些图标可以按照有意义的方式组合起来,描述一个差分方程。必须指出,这些图标并不局限于标量情形,而且适用于矢量情形,譬如x为一个矢量,而a和b可以为矩阵。112加入白噪声假设在这个线性过程中有一个噪声项v鬟x2=ax21+bu-1+W1-1则此方程式可以用下面的信号流程图表示w(t=1)u(-1)中+baX(-1)假定这个噪声ν是一个高斯白噪声,它满足3N(9),(Q20)〈ww)=0(≠)3在本文采用物理学中常用的记号,(x)=E(x)表示x的期待值第7页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著此外假定w与u.没有关联,也即113加入可测量假设系统的状态量x是不可以直接测量的。可以测量的是另外一个量z,称为可测量。可测量z依赖于系统的状态量x和一个激励倍数h,见下式。hx. +v(5)在实际工作中h可能会随着时间而变化,但在这里假定为常数,为常标量。此时流程图如下。wt-1)u(t-1)+b±2(ax(t-1)测量过程本身带有一个噪声ν,影响了测量的准确度。同样我们假定ν是一个白噪声(,R)(R≥0)(")≥=0(s≠)此外假定ν与w和u都没有关联,也即()=v)=0(s1)114卡尔曼问题陈述现在要考虑的是如何从可观测量z;的观测数据中得出x的最优估计值,把噪声w和v尽最大可能过滤出去,把它们的影响减到最小。这就是卡尔曼滤波器要解决的问题。1.2标量卡尔曼滤波器卡尔曼对这个问题的解答就是卡尔曼滤波器。下面的流程图可以分成上下两个部分:上半部分就是问题本身,下半部分就是卡尔曼滤波器。第8页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著u(-1)X()bh+(aX(t-1)bb(()2()+ak文-b)+Residual在图中,z1代表实际测量值,x代表过程的真值。此外在卡尔曼滤波器的流程图中出现了几种新的符号,分别是x代表先验估计( A priori estimate),和E代表后验估计(A posteriori estimate)4.对一个随机变量当前值的先验估计是根据前一个时刻以及更早的历史观测信息所作出的估计:后验估计是根据当前时刻以及更早的历史观测信息所作出的估计。x1的先验估计是由上一个时间点的后验估计值和输入信息给出的,x,=ax+ bur-p卡尔曼使用x的先验估计给出可测量E的(先验估计)预测5,而z,的实际测得值与预测值之间的差称为滤波过程的革新( nnovation)或者残余( Residua,即Residual=(10)本文采取通用的符号,以表示对某变量y在t时刻的后验估计,而表示对y的先验估计。在某些文献中y又记作y(|t-1),又记作y(t|t)5对于z,而言后验估计没有意义。z,是可观测量,在后验时刻已经有实际观测值了。第9页(共77页)卡尔曼滤波器简介(阎泓著残余反映了预测值和实际值之间的差别。残余为零的话,估计值和实际值完全吻合。如果残余很小,表明估计值很好,反之就不好。卡尔曼滤波器可以利用残余的这一信息改善对x,的估计,给出后验估计。也就是x=x:+k(Residual)=*+k(z,-hR-其中的k称作卡尔曼增益或卡尔曼混合系数( Blending factor)现在剩下的问题就是如何找到k的值,使得估计为最优。为此需要定义先验均方差和后验均方差。121最优的k值先验误差和后验误差分别定义为(12)它们的方差就是先验均方差和后验均方差P≡varP, =vale(13)最优的k值是使后验均方差为最小的值,就是下式成立时的k值(14)ak122计算先验均方差先验均方差为≡war(15)因为(2)式及(8)试式x,=ax_+ bu+we=ax+bu可得e:=x-x=ax+bu +w_)-(ax +bur=a(xx_1)+W因此第10页(共77页)

思岚的激光雷达底盘小车stm32程序，拥有超声波，激光雷达，红外，自动回充，碰撞检测的代码(注此代码需要用IAR编译器，不用KEIL)

南京光研出版的zemax宏语言讲义，包含多个设计实例。

本人大学中做得最完美的课程设计。采用的是VS2005+SQL Server 2000。基于对话框的MFC程序。花了较多的精力，绝对原版。内含开发的全部文档和代码，经测试，功能都已经实现。由于未详细测试，估计还是有错误。有关文档和代码的问题不能解决，可加本人QQ：269858997，私聊。

本项目是机器人课程的一个课程设计，能利用A星（A*）算法搜索出最有路径，包括方格地图和谷歌地图，采用matlab开发，在地图上设置起点终点，系统可找出最短路径

ArcGIS9.2的全套软件，并包含其破解文件，好的很与大家分享！

文档包括实验过程以及核心代码，有兴趣的朋友可以参考。开始定时器初始化按键按下?是切换控制自动模式?>>是一否按键按下是最近分钟是检测到有人?降低亮度检测环境亮度否熄灭台灯调节台灯亮度是按键按下?增加亮度否距离面过近?是否蜂鸣器提醒结束图软件流程图调光程序设计称为脉冲宽度调制,调光的原理主要是首先确定一个固定的时间周期,在木设计中把这个周期定为亳秒,这个周期的时间不宜过长,否则会有台灯闪烁的现象。然后在这个周期里面,确定不同的高低电平比例,即可确定不同的台灯亮度。如下流程图所示,假如的取值是,那么就是点亮台灯亳秒,熄灭台灯毫秒,然后又重新点亮亳秒,熄灭亳秒,依此循环。这样亮灭的时间比例就是,亮的时间所占的比例越大,台灯就越亮。开始点亮台灯延时毫秒(熄灭台灯延时毫秒(结束图3PWM调光程序流程图硬件工作图红外测距传感器动态数码管人体传感器日日日日管光敏电阻n蜂吗器模数转换控制键盘T指示灯图4硬件工作图程序原理图如图所示图5原埋图智能台灯程序及注释另附于附录总结本文课题内容涉及到单片机,传感器及模块的的综合运用。实现了用传感器检测现实生活中的模拟量,通过进行模拟量和数字量的的转换,交由单片杋进行处理,从而实现∫智能台灯的功能

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不确定度计算器，可算A类和B类不确定度及方差、平均值等

使用CC2591作为CC2530的功放, CC2591 PAThe absolute maximum ratings and operating conditions listed in the CC2530 datasheet [1]and the CC2591 datasheet [4] must be followed at all times. Stress exceeding one or more ofthese limiting values may cause permanent damage to any of the devicesNote that these characteristics are only valid when using the recommended register settingspresented in Section 4.6 and in Chapter 8, and the CC2530 - EM reference designOperating Frequency240524835MHzOperating Supply Voltage2036VOperating Temperature-40CTC=25C, VDD=3.0V, f=2440 MHz if nothing else is stated. All parameters are measuredon the CC2530-Cc2591EM reference design [11] with a 50 Q2 loadReceive CurrentWait for sync, -90 dBm input levelWait for sync, -50 dBm input level24mATXPOWER OXE5166mATXPOWER OXD5149mATXPOWER OXC5138mATXPOWER OXB5127mATransmit currentTXPOWER OXA5115ATXPOWER = 0X95100mATXPOWER = 0X8594ATXPOWE=0×75mATXPOWE=0×6579APower Down Current PM2UAISTRUMENTSPage 3 of 19SWRA308ATC=25C, Vdd=3.0V, f= 2440 MHz if nothing else is stated. All parameters are measuredon the CC2530-CC2591 EM reference design with a 50 Q2 loadReceive Sensitivity HGM 1 %PER, IEEE 802. 15.4[6] requires -85 dBm-988dBmReceive Sensitivity LGM1 PER, IEEE 802. 15.4 [6] requires -85 dBm-90.4dBmSaturationlEEE 802.15. 4 [6] requires-20 dBm10dBmWanted signal 3 db above the sensitivity levelIEEE 802.15.4 modulated interferer at ieee 802.15.4 channelsInterferer Rejection+5 MHz from wanted signal, IEEE 802. 15. 4 [6] requires 0 dBdB+10 MHz from wanted signal, IEEE 802. 15. 4 [6] requires 30 dB49dB+20 MHz from wanted signal wanted signal at- 82d BmdBdue to in the external lna and the offset in cc2530 the rssi readouts from cc2530CC2591 is different from rssi offset values for a standalone cc2530 design the offsetvalues are shown in table 4.4High Gain Mode79LoW Gain mode67Real rssi Register value-Rssl offsetISTRUMENTSPage 4 of 19SWRA308ATc=25C, Vdd=3.0V, f=2440 MHz if nothing else is stated All parameters are measuredon the CC2530-CC2591 EM reference design with a 50 Q2 load Radiated measurements aredone with the kit antennaRadiated Emissionwith TXPOWer Oxe5Conducted 2. RF (FCC restricted band)-462|dBmConducted 3. RF(FCC restricted band46.5 dBmComplies withFCC 15.247. SeeChapter 7 for moredetails about regulatoryRadiated 2.RF(FCC restricted band)42.2dBmrequirements andcomplianceIEEE 802.15.4[6]requires max.35%%Measured as defined by IEEE 802.15. 4 6TXPOWER OxE5. f= EEE 802.15. 4 channels13TXPOWER= OXD5. f= EEE 802.15.4 channelsTXPOWER= OXC5 f= EEE 802.15.4 channelsMax error∨ ectorTXPOWER OxB5 f= IEEE 802.15. 4 channelsMagnitude(EVM)TXPOWER OxA5. f= IEEE 802.15.4 channelsTXPOWER 0X95. f= IEEE 802. 15.4 channels643333%%%%%%%TXPOWER= 0x85. f= iEEE 802. 15.4 channelsTXPOWER =0x75 f= IEEE 802. 15.4 channels%TXPOWER= 065. f= iEEE 802. 15.4 channelsThe RF output power of the CC2530- CC2591 EM is controlled by the 7-bit value in theCC2530 TXPOWER register. Table 4.6 shows the typical output power and currentconsumption for the recommended power settings The results are given for Tc= 25 C, Vdd3.0V and f= 2440 MHz, and are measured on the cC2530-CC2591 EM reference designwith a 50 Q2 load. For recommendations for the remaining CC2530 registers, see Chapter 8 oruse the settings given by SmartRF StudioOXE520166OxD519149OxC18138OxB517127OxA5161150x95141000x8513940X75860x651079Note that the recommended power settings given in Table 4.6 are a subset of all the possibleTXPOWER register settings. However, using other settings than those recommended mightINSTRUMENTSPage 5 of 19SWRA308Aresult in suboptimal performance in areas like current consumption, EVM, and spuriousemissionTc=25C, Vdd=3.0V, f=2440 MHz if nothing else is stated All parameters are measuredon the CC2530-CC2591EM reference design with a 50 32 load2221-2V201918171611121314151617181920212223242526251510OxE5OxC5OxA50X850x65540-30-20-1001020304050607080ISTRUMENTSPage 6 of 19SWRA308A98Avg 3.6VAva 3vAvg 2V110111213141516171819202122232425261023.6V-1062V-110-40-30-20-100102030405060708070604020-Wanted signal at:-82 dBm10ISTRUMENTSPage 7 of 19SWRA308ACC2530-CC2591EM High Gain ModeC C2530-CC2591EM Low Gain Mode- CC2530EM40000-100110100908070-60-50-40-30-20-100The IEEE standard 802.15. 4 [8] requires the transmitted spectral power to be less than thelimits specified in table 4.7If-fc>3.5 MHz-20 dB-30 dBmThe results below are given for Tc=25 C, Vdd=3.0V and f= 2440 MHz, and are measuredon the CC2530-CC259 1EM reference design with a 50 Q loadIEEE absoluteChannel 182432.52435243752442524452447.5ISTRUMENTSPage 8 of 19SWRA308AOnly a few external components are required for the CC2530-CC2591 reference design. Atypical application circuit is shown below in Figure 5.1. Note that the application circuit figuredoes not show how the board layout should be done. The board layout will greatly influencethe RF performance of the CC2530-CC2591EM. TI provides a compact CC2530CC2591 EM reference design that it is highly recommended to follow. The layout, stack-upand schematic for the CC2591 need to be copied exactly to obtain good performance. Notethat the reference design also includes bill of materials with manufacturers and part numbersL102 L10=TI INF inductorVDD13cc2530LA 1RF PANTCC2591 RF NFNPA EN(P1 1)i工工I NA FNP:1HGM ENPO 7)T:1Proper power supply decoupling must be used for optimum performance. In Figure 5.1, onlythe decoupling components for the CC2591 are shown. This is because, in addition todecoupling, the parallel capacitors C11, C101, and C131 together with, L101, L102, TL11TL101 and TL131 also work as RF loads. These therefore ensure the optimal performancefrom the CC2591. C161 decouples the AvDD blAs power.The placement and size of the decoupling components, the power supply filtering and thePCB transmission lines are very important to achieve the best performance Details about theimportance of copying the CC2530-CC2591EM reference design exactly and potentialconsequences of changes are explained in chapter 6The RF input/output of CC2530 is high impedance and differential. The CC2591 includes abalun and a matching network in addition to the PA, LNa and RF switches which makes theinterface to the CC2530 seamless. Only a few components between the CC2530 andCC2591 necessary for RF matching For situation with extreme mismatch(VSWR 6: 1 till 12: 1out-of-band as shown in Figure 6.2) it is recommended to include all the components asshown in Figure 5.1ISTRUMENTSPage 9 of 19SWRA308ANote that the PCB transmission lines that connect the two devices also are part of the RFmatching. It is therefore important to copy the distance between the devices, the transmissionlines and the stack-up of the PCB according to the reference design to ensure optimumperformanceThe network between the CC2591 and the antenna(L111, C112, C111 C113 and L112matches the CC2591 to a 50 2 load and provides filtering to pass regulatory demands. C111also works as a dc-blockR151 is a bias resistor the bias resistor is used to set an accurate bias current for internaluse in the cc2591The TI reference design contains two antenna options. As default, the Sma connector isconnected to the output of CC2591 through a 0 Q2 resistor. This resistor can be soldered offand rotated 90 clockwise in order to connect to the PCB antenna, which is a planar invertedF antenna(PIFA). Note that all testing and characterization has been done using the SMAconnector. The PCB antenna has only been functionally tested by establishing a link betweentwo EMs. Please refer to the antenna selection guide [6] and the Inverted F antenna designnote [7 for further details on the antenna solutionsISTRUMENTSPage 10 of 19SWRA308A