fuzzy

  Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) with spatial constraints (FCM_S) is an effective algorithm suitable for image segmentation. Its effectiveness contributes not only to introduction of fuzziness for belongingness of each pixel but also to exploitation of spatial contextual information. Although the contextual information can raise its insensitivity to noise to some extent, FCM_S (1) still lacks enough robustness to noise and outliers and (2) is not suitable for revealing non-Euclidean structure of the input data due to the use of Euclidean distance (L2 norm).