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说明：  Objects forming possible solution within original problem context are called phenotypes, their encoding, the individuals within the GA, are called genotypes. The representation step specifies the mapping the phenotypes onto a set of genotypes. Candidate solution, phenotype and individual are used to denotes points of the space of possible solutions. This space is called phenotype space. Chromosome, and individual can be used for points in the genotye space. Elements of a chromosome are called genes. A value of a gene is called an allele. Variation Operators The role of variation operators is to create new individuals old ones. Variation operators form the implementation of the elementary steps with the search space.